nomicon/vec-final.md

% The Final Code

```rust
#![feature(unique)]
#![feature(alloc, heap_api)]

extern crate alloc;

use std::ptr::{Unique, self};
use std::mem;
use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
use std::marker::PhantomData;

use alloc::heap;

struct RawVec<T> {
    ptr: Unique<T>,
    cap: usize,
}

impl<T> RawVec<T> {
    fn new() -> Self {
        unsafe {
            // !0 is usize::MAX. This branch should be stripped at compile time.
            let cap = if mem::size_of::<T>() == 0 { !0 } else { 0 };

            // heap::EMPTY doubles as "unallocated" and "zero-sized allocation"
            RawVec { ptr: Unique::new(heap::EMPTY as *mut T), cap: cap }
        }
    }

    fn grow(&mut self) {
        unsafe {
            let elem_size = mem::size_of::<T>();

            // since we set the capacity to usize::MAX when elem_size is
            // 0, getting to here necessarily means the Vec is overfull.
            assert!(elem_size != 0, "capacity overflow");

            let align = mem::align_of::<T>();

            let (new_cap, ptr) = if self.cap == 0 {
                let ptr = heap::allocate(elem_size, align);
                (1, ptr)
            } else {
                let new_cap = 2 * self.cap;
                let ptr = heap::reallocate(*self.ptr as *mut _,
                                            self.cap * elem_size,
                                            new_cap * elem_size,
                                            align);
                (new_cap, ptr)
            };

            // If allocate or reallocate fail, we'll get `null` back
            if ptr.is_null() { oom() }

            self.ptr = Unique::new(ptr as *mut _);
            self.cap = new_cap;
        }
    }
}

impl<T> Drop for RawVec<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        let elem_size = mem::size_of::<T>();
        if self.cap != 0 && elem_size != 0 {
            let align = mem::align_of::<T>();

            let num_bytes = elem_size * self.cap;
            unsafe {
                heap::deallocate(*self.ptr as *mut _, num_bytes, align);
            }
        }
    }
}





pub struct Vec<T> {
    buf: RawVec<T>,
    len: usize,
}

impl<T> Vec<T> {
    fn ptr(&self) -> *mut T { *self.buf.ptr }

    fn cap(&self) -> usize { self.buf.cap }

    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Vec { buf: RawVec::new(), len: 0 }
    }
    pub fn push(&mut self, elem: T) {
        if self.len == self.cap() { self.buf.grow(); }

        unsafe {
            ptr::write(self.ptr().offset(self.len as isize), elem);
        }

        // Can't fail, we'll OOM first.
        self.len += 1;
    }

    pub fn pop(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
        if self.len == 0 {
            None
        } else {
            self.len -= 1;
            unsafe {
                Some(ptr::read(self.ptr().offset(self.len as isize)))
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn insert(&mut self, index: usize, elem: T) {
        assert!(index <= self.len, "index out of bounds");
        if self.cap() == self.len { self.buf.grow(); }

        unsafe {
            if index < self.len {
                ptr::copy(self.ptr().offset(index as isize),
                          self.ptr().offset(index as isize + 1),
                          self.len - index);
            }
            ptr::write(self.ptr().offset(index as isize), elem);
            self.len += 1;
        }
    }

    pub fn remove(&mut self, index: usize) -> T {
        assert!(index < self.len, "index out of bounds");
        unsafe {
            self.len -= 1;
            let result = ptr::read(self.ptr().offset(index as isize));
            ptr::copy(self.ptr().offset(index as isize + 1),
                      self.ptr().offset(index as isize),
                      self.len - index);
            result
        }
    }

    pub fn into_iter(self) -> IntoIter<T> {
        unsafe {
            let iter = RawValIter::new(&self);
            let buf = ptr::read(&self.buf);
            mem::forget(self);

            IntoIter {
                iter: iter,
                _buf: buf,
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn drain(&mut self) -> Drain<T> {
        unsafe {
            let iter = RawValIter::new(&self);

            // this is a mem::forget safety thing. If Drain is forgotten, we just
            // leak the whole Vec's contents. Also we need to do this *eventually*
            // anyway, so why not do it now?
            self.len = 0;

            Drain {
                iter: iter,
                vec: PhantomData,
            }
        }
    }
}

impl<T> Drop for Vec<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        while let Some(_) = self.pop() {}
        // allocation is handled by RawVec
    }
}

impl<T> Deref for Vec<T> {
    type Target = [T];
    fn deref(&self) -> &[T] {
        unsafe {
            ::std::slice::from_raw_parts(self.ptr(), self.len)
        }
    }
}

impl<T> DerefMut for Vec<T> {
    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [T] {
        unsafe {
            ::std::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(self.ptr(), self.len)
        }
    }
}





struct RawValIter<T> {
    start: *const T,
    end: *const T,
}

impl<T> RawValIter<T> {
    unsafe fn new(slice: &[T]) -> Self {
        RawValIter {
            start: slice.as_ptr(),
            end: if mem::size_of::<T>() == 0 {
                ((slice.as_ptr() as usize) + slice.len()) as *const _
            } else if slice.len() == 0 {
                slice.as_ptr()
            } else {
                slice.as_ptr().offset(slice.len() as isize)
            }
        }
    }
}

impl<T> Iterator for RawValIter<T> {
    type Item = T;
    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
        if self.start == self.end {
            None
        } else {
            unsafe {
                let result = ptr::read(self.start);
                self.start = self.start.offset(1);
                Some(result)
            }
        }
    }

    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
        let elem_size = mem::size_of::<T>();
        let len = (self.end as usize - self.start as usize)
                  / if elem_size == 0 { 1 } else { elem_size };
        (len, Some(len))
    }
}

impl<T> DoubleEndedIterator for RawValIter<T> {
    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
        if self.start == self.end {
            None
        } else {
            unsafe {
                self.end = self.end.offset(-1);
                Some(ptr::read(self.end))
            }
        }
    }
}




pub struct IntoIter<T> {
    _buf: RawVec<T>, // we don't actually care about this. Just need it to live.
    iter: RawValIter<T>,
}

impl<T> Iterator for IntoIter<T> {
    type Item = T;
    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<T> { self.iter.next() }
    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) { self.iter.size_hint() }
}

impl<T> DoubleEndedIterator for IntoIter<T> {
    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<T> { self.iter.next_back() }
}

impl<T> Drop for IntoIter<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        for _ in &mut *self {}
    }
}




pub struct Drain<'a, T: 'a> {
    vec: PhantomData<&'a mut Vec<T>>,
    iter: RawValIter<T>,
}

impl<'a, T> Iterator for Drain<'a, T> {
    type Item = T;
    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<T> { self.iter.next_back() }
    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) { self.iter.size_hint() }
}

impl<'a, T> DoubleEndedIterator for Drain<'a, T> {
    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<T> { self.iter.next_back() }
}

impl<'a, T> Drop for Drain<'a, T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        // pre-drain the iter
        for _ in &mut self.iter {}
    }
}

/// Abort the process, we're out of memory!
///
/// In practice this is probably dead code on most OSes
fn oom() {
    ::std::process::exit(-9999);
}

# fn main() {}
```