diff --git a/src/what-unsafe-does.md b/src/what-unsafe-does.md index 49cf121..7f13f93 100644 --- a/src/what-unsafe-does.md +++ b/src/what-unsafe-does.md @@ -16,10 +16,9 @@ to your program. You definitely *should not* invoke Undefined Behavior. Unlike C, Undefined Behavior is pretty limited in scope in Rust. All the core language cares about is preventing the following things: -* Dereferencing (using the `*` operator on) dangling, or unaligned pointers, or - wide pointers with invalid metadata (see below) +* Dereferencing (using the `*` operator on) dangling or unaligned pointers (see below) * Breaking the [pointer aliasing rules][] -* Unwinding into another language +* Calling a function with the wrong call ABI or unwinding from a function with the wrong unwind ABI. * Causing a [data race][race] * Executing code compiled with [target features][] that the current thread of execution does not support @@ -30,15 +29,15 @@ language cares about is preventing the following things: * a null `fn` pointer * a `char` outside the ranges [0x0, 0xD7FF] and [0xE000, 0x10FFFF] * a `!` (all values are invalid for this type) - * a reference that is dangling, unaligned, points to an invalid value, or - that has invalid metadata (if wide) - * slice metadata is invalid if the slice has a total size larger than - `isize::MAX` bytes in memory - * `dyn Trait` metadata is invalid if it is not a pointer to a vtable for - `Trait` that matches the actual dynamic trait the reference points to - * a `str` that isn't valid UTF-8 * an integer (`i*`/`u*`), floating point value (`f*`), or raw pointer read from [uninitialized memory][] + * a reference/`Box` that is dangling, unaligned, or points to an invalid value. + * a wide reference, `Box`, or raw pointer that has invalid metadata: + * `dyn Trait` metadata is invalid if it is not a pointer to a vtable for + `Trait` that matches the actual dynamic trait the pointer or reference points to + * slice metadata is invalid if the length is not a valid `usize` + (i.e., it must not be read from uninitialized memory) + * a `str` that isn't valid UTF-8 * a type with custom invalid values that is one of those values, such as a `NonNull` that is null. (Requesting custom invalid values is an unstable feature, but some stable libstd types, like `NonNull`, make use of it.) @@ -51,8 +50,10 @@ points to are part of the same allocation (so in particular they all have to be part of *some* allocation). The span of bytes it points to is determined by the pointer value and the size of the pointee type. As a consequence, if the span is empty, "dangling" is the same as "non-null". Note that slices point to their -entire range, so it's very important that the length metadata is never too -large. If for some reason this is too cumbersome, consider using raw pointers. +entire range, so it's important that the length metadata is never too large +(in particular, allocations and therefore slices cannot be bigger than +`isize::MAX` bytes). If for some reason this is too cumbersome, consider using +raw pointers. That's it. That's all the causes of Undefined Behavior baked into Rust. Of course, unsafe functions and traits are free to declare arbitrary other