You can not select more than 25 topics Topics must start with a letter or number, can include dashes ('-') and can be up to 35 characters long.

395 lines
70 KiB

3 weeks ago
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html lang="zh-CN" class="light" dir="ltr">
<head>
<!-- Book generated using mdBook -->
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>使用初印象 - Rust语言圣经(Rust Course)</title>
<!-- Custom HTML head -->
<meta name="description" content="">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff">
<link rel="icon" href="../favicon.svg">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../favicon.png">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/variables.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/general.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/chrome.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/print.css" media="print">
<!-- Fonts -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../FontAwesome/css/font-awesome.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../fonts/fonts.css">
<!-- Highlight.js Stylesheets -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../highlight.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../tomorrow-night.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../ayu-highlight.css">
<!-- Custom theme stylesheets -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../theme/style.css">
</head>
<body class="sidebar-visible no-js">
<div id="body-container">
<!-- Provide site root to javascript -->
<script>
var path_to_root = "../";
var default_theme = window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches ? "navy" : "light";
</script>
<!-- Work around some values being stored in localStorage wrapped in quotes -->
<script>
try {
var theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme');
var sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar');
if (theme.startsWith('"') && theme.endsWith('"')) {
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme.slice(1, theme.length - 1));
}
if (sidebar.startsWith('"') && sidebar.endsWith('"')) {
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', sidebar.slice(1, sidebar.length - 1));
}
} catch (e) { }
</script>
<!-- Set the theme before any content is loaded, prevents flash -->
<script>
var theme;
try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { }
if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; }
var html = document.querySelector('html');
html.classList.remove('light')
html.classList.add(theme);
var body = document.querySelector('body');
body.classList.remove('no-js')
body.classList.add('js');
</script>
<input type="checkbox" id="sidebar-toggle-anchor" class="hidden">
<!-- Hide / unhide sidebar before it is displayed -->
<script>
var body = document.querySelector('body');
var sidebar = null;
var sidebar_toggle = document.getElementById("sidebar-toggle-anchor");
if (document.body.clientWidth >= 1080) {
try { sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar'); } catch(e) { }
sidebar = sidebar || 'visible';
} else {
sidebar = 'hidden';
}
sidebar_toggle.checked = sidebar === 'visible';
body.classList.remove('sidebar-visible');
body.classList.add("sidebar-" + sidebar);
</script>
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
<div class="sidebar-scrollbox">
<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../about-book.html">关于本书</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../into-rust.html">进入 Rust 编程世界</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../first-try/sth-you-should-not-do.html">避免从入门到放弃</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../community.html">社区和锈书</a></li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../some-thoughts.html">Xobserve: 一切皆可观测</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../beat-ai.html">BeatAI: 工程师 AI 入门圣经</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><li class="part-title">Rust 语言基础学习</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../first-try/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 寻找牛刀,以便小试</a><a class="toggle"><div></div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../first-try/installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 安装 Rust 环境</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../first-try/editor.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 墙推 VSCode!</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../first-try/cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 认识 Cargo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../first-try/hello-world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> 不仅仅是 Hello world</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../first-try/slowly-downloading.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 下载依赖太慢了?</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Rust 基础入门</a><a class="toggle"><div></div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/variable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 变量绑定与解构</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/base-type/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 基本类型</a><a class="toggle"><div></div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/base-type/numbers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> 数值类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/base-type/char-bool.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> 字符、布尔、单元类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/base-type/statement-expression.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> 语句与表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/base-type/function.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.4.</strong> 函数</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/ownership/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 所有权和借用</a><a class="toggle"><div></div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/ownership/ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.1.</strong> 所有权</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/ownership/borrowing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.2.</strong> 引用与借用</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/compound-type/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 复合类型</a><a class="toggle"><div></div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/compound-type/string-slice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.1.</strong> 字符串与切片</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/compound-type/tuple.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.2.</strong> 元组</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/compound-type/struct.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.3.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/compound-type/enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.4.</strong> 枚举</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/compound-type/array.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.5.</strong> 数组</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/flow-control.html"><strong a
</div>
<div id="sidebar-resize-handle" class="sidebar-resize-handle">
<div class="sidebar-resize-indicator"></div>
</div>
</nav>
<!-- Track and set sidebar scroll position -->
<script>
var sidebarScrollbox = document.querySelector('#sidebar .sidebar-scrollbox');
sidebarScrollbox.addEventListener('click', function(e) {
if (e.target.tagName === 'A') {
sessionStorage.setItem('sidebar-scroll', sidebarScrollbox.scrollTop);
}
}, { passive: true });
var sidebarScrollTop = sessionStorage.getItem('sidebar-scroll');
sessionStorage.removeItem('sidebar-scroll');
if (sidebarScrollTop) {
// preserve sidebar scroll position when navigating via links within sidebar
sidebarScrollbox.scrollTop = sidebarScrollTop;
} else {
// scroll sidebar to current active section when navigating via "next/previous chapter" buttons
var activeSection = document.querySelector('#sidebar .active');
if (activeSection) {
activeSection.scrollIntoView({ block: 'center' });
}
}
</script>
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
<div class="page">
<div id="menu-bar-hover-placeholder"></div>
<div id="menu-bar" class="menu-bar sticky">
<div class="left-buttons">
<label id="sidebar-toggle" class="icon-button" for="sidebar-toggle-anchor" title="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-label="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-controls="sidebar">
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
</label>
<button id="theme-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Change theme" aria-label="Change theme" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="theme-list">
<i class="fa fa-paint-brush"></i>
</button>
<ul id="theme-list" class="theme-popup" aria-label="Themes" role="menu">
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="light">Light</button></li>
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="rust">Rust</button></li>
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="coal">Coal</button></li>
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="navy">Navy</button></li>
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="ayu">Ayu</button></li>
</ul>
<button id="search-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Search. (Shortkey: s)" aria-label="Toggle Searchbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-keyshortcuts="S" aria-controls="searchbar">
<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
</button>
</div>
<h1 class="menu-title">Rust语言圣经(Rust Course)</h1>
<div class="right-buttons">
<a href="../print.html" title="Print this book" aria-label="Print this book">
<i id="print-button" class="fa fa-print"></i>
</a>
<a href="https://github.com/sunface/rust-course" title="Git repository" aria-label="Git repository">
<i id="git-repository-button" class="fa fa-github"></i>
</a>
<a href="https://github.com/sunface/rust-course/edit/main/src/advance-practice/getting-startted.md" title="Suggest an edit" aria-label="Suggest an edit">
<i id="git-edit-button" class="fa fa-edit"></i>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div id="search-wrapper" class="hidden">
<form id="searchbar-outer" class="searchbar-outer">
<input type="search" id="searchbar" name="searchbar" placeholder="Search this book ..." aria-controls="searchresults-outer" aria-describedby="searchresults-header">
</form>
<div id="searchresults-outer" class="searchresults-outer hidden">
<div id="searchresults-header" class="searchresults-header"></div>
<ul id="searchresults">
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Apply ARIA attributes after the sidebar and the sidebar toggle button are added to the DOM -->
<script>
document.getElementById('sidebar-toggle').setAttribute('aria-expanded', sidebar === 'visible');
document.getElementById('sidebar').setAttribute('aria-hidden', sidebar !== 'visible');
Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a')).forEach(function(link) {
link.setAttribute('tabIndex', sidebar === 'visible' ? 0 : -1);
});
</script>
<div id="content" class="content">
<!-- Page table of contents -->
<div class="sidetoc"><nav class="pagetoc"></nav></div>
<main>
<h1 id="tokio-初印象"><a class="header" href="#tokio-初印象">tokio 初印象</a></h1>
<p>又到了喜闻乐见的初印象环节,这个环节决定了你心中的那 24 盏灯最终是全亮还是全灭。</p>
<p>在本文中,我们将看看本专题的学习目标、<code>tokio</code>该怎么引入以及如何实现一个 <code>Hello Tokio</code> 项目,最终亮灯还是灭灯的决定权留给各位看官。但我提前说好,如果你全灭了,但却找不到更好的,未来还是得回来真香 :P</p>
<h2 id="专题目标"><a class="header" href="#专题目标">专题目标</a></h2>
<p>通过 API 学项目无疑是无聊的,因此我们采用一个与众不同的方式:边学边练,在本专题的最后你将拥有一个 <code>redis</code> 客户端和服务端,当然不会实现一个完整版本的 <code>redis</code> ,只会提供基本的功能和部分常用的命令。</p>
<h4 id="mini-redis"><a class="header" href="#mini-redis">mini-redis</a></h4>
<p><code>redis</code> 的项目源码可以在<a href="https://github.com/sunface/rust-by-practice/tree/master/zh-CN/assets/mini-redis">这里访问</a>,本项目是从<a href="https://github.com/tokio-rs/mini-redis">官方地址</a> <code>fork</code> 而来,在未来会提供注释和文档汉化。</p>
<p>再次声明:该项目仅仅用于学习目的,因此它的文档注释非常全,但是它完全无法作为 <code>redis</code> 的替代品。</p>
<h2 id="环境配置"><a class="header" href="#环境配置">环境配置</a></h2>
<p>首先,我们假定你已经安装了 Rust 和相关的工具链,例如 <code>cargo</code>。其中 Rust 版本的最低要求是 <code>1.45.0</code>,建议使用最新版 <code>1.58</code>:</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">sunfei@sunface $ rustc --version
rustc 1.58.0 (02072b482 2022-01-11)
</code></pre>
<p>接下来,安装 <code>mini-redis</code> 的服务器端,它可以用来测试我们后面将要实现的 <code>redis</code> 客户端:</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo install mini-redis
</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>如果下载失败,也可以通过<a href="https://github.com/sunface/rust-by-practice/tree/master/zh-CN/assets/mini-redis">这个地址</a>下载源码,然后在本地通过 <code>cargo run</code>运行。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>下载成功后,启动服务端:</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ mini-redis-server
</code></pre>
<p>然后,再使用客户端测试下刚启动的服务端:</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ mini-redis-cli set foo 1
OK
$ mini-redis-cli get foo
&quot;1&quot;
</code></pre>
<p>不得不说,还挺好用的,先自我陶醉下 :) 此时,万事俱备,只欠东风,接下来是时候亮&quot;&quot;了:实现我们的 <code>Hello Tokio</code> 项目。</p>
<h2 id="hello-tokio"><a class="header" href="#hello-tokio">Hello Tokio</a></h2>
<p>与简单无比的 <code>Hello World</code> 有所不同(简单?还记得本书开头时,湖畔边的那个多国语言版本的<code>你好,世界</code>嘛~~)<code>Hello Tokio</code> 它承载着&quot;非常艰巨&quot;的任务,那就是向刚启动的 <code>redis</code> 服务器写入一个 <code>key=hello, value=world</code> ,然后再读取出来,嗯,使用 <code>mini-redis</code> 客户端 :)</p>
<h4 id="分析未到代码先行"><a class="header" href="#分析未到代码先行">分析未到,代码先行</a></h4>
<p>在详细讲解之前,我们先来看看完整的代码,让大家有一个直观的印象。首先,创建一个新的 <code>Rust</code> 项目:</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo new my-redis
$ cd my-redis
</code></pre>
<p>然后在 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 中添加相关的依赖:</p>
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
tokio = { version = &quot;1&quot;, features = [&quot;full&quot;] }
mini-redis = &quot;0.4&quot;
</code></pre>
<p>接下来,使用以下代码替换 <code>main.rs</code> 中的内容:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">use mini_redis::{client, Result};
#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -&gt; Result&lt;()&gt; {
// 建立与mini-redis服务器的连接
let mut client = client::connect(&quot;127.0.0.1:6379&quot;).await?;
// 设置 key: &quot;hello&quot; 和 值: &quot;world&quot;
client.set(&quot;hello&quot;, &quot;world&quot;.into()).await?;
// 获取&quot;key=hello&quot;的值
let result = client.get(&quot;hello&quot;).await?;
println!(&quot;从服务器端获取到结果={:?}&quot;, result);
Ok(())
}</code></pre></pre>
<p>不知道你之前启动的 <code>mini-redis-server</code> 关闭没有,如果关了,记得重新启动下,否则我们的代码就是意大利空气炮。</p>
<p>最后,运行这个项目:</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo run
从服务器端获取到结果=Some(&quot;world&quot;)
</code></pre>
<p>Perfect, 代码成功运行,是时候来解释下其中蕴藏的至高奥秘了。</p>
<h2 id="原理解释"><a class="header" href="#原理解释">原理解释</a></h2>
<p>代码篇幅虽然不长,但是还是有不少值得关注的地方,接下来我们一起来看看。</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>let mut client = client::connect(&quot;127.0.0.1:6379&quot;).await?;
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p><a href="https://docs.rs/mini-redis/0.4.1/mini_redis/client/fn.connect.html"><code>client::connect</code></a> 函数由<code>mini-redis</code> 包提供,它使用异步的方式跟指定的远程 <code>IP</code> 地址建立 TCP 长连接,一旦连接建立成功,那 <code>client</code> 的赋值初始化也将完成。</p>
<p>特别值得注意的是:虽然该连接是异步建立的,但是从代码本身来看,完全是<strong>同步的代码编写方式</strong>,唯一能说明异步的点就是 <code>.await</code></p>
<h4 id="什么是异步编程"><a class="header" href="#什么是异步编程">什么是异步编程</a></h4>
<p>大部分计算机程序都是按照代码编写的顺序来执行的:先执行第一行,然后第二行,以此类推(当然,还要考虑流程控制,例如循环)。当进行同步编程时,一旦程序遇到一个操作无法被立即完成,它就会进入阻塞状态,直到该操作完成为止。</p>
<p>因此同步编程非常符合我们人类的思维习惯,是一个顺其自然的过程,被几乎每一个程序员所喜欢(本来想说所有,但我不敢打包票,毕竟总有特立独行之士)。例如,当建立 TCP 连接时,当前线程会被阻塞,直到等待该连接建立完成,然后才往下继续进行。</p>
<p>而使用异步编程,无法立即完成的操作会被切到后台去等待,因此当前线程不会被阻塞,它会接着执行其它的操作。一旦之前的操作准备好可以继续执行后,它会通知执行器,然后执行器会调度它并从上次离开的点继续执行。但是大家想象下,如果没有使用 <code>await</code>,而是按照这个异步的流程使用通知 -&gt; 回调的方式实现,代码该多么的难写和难读!</p>
<p>好在 Rust 为我们提供了 <code>async/await</code> 的异步编程特性,让我们可以像写同步代码那样去写异步的代码,也让这个世界美好依旧。</p>
<h4 id="编译时绿色线程"><a class="header" href="#编译时绿色线程">编译时绿色线程</a></h4>
<p>一个函数可以通过<code>async fn</code>的方式被标记为异步函数:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>use mini_redis::Result;
use mini_redis::client::Client;
use tokio::net::ToSocketAddrs;
pub async fn connect&lt;T: ToSocketAddrs&gt;(addr: T) -&gt; Result&lt;Client&gt; {
// ...
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>在上例中,<code>redis</code> 的连接函数 <code>connect</code> 实现如上,它看上去很像是一个同步函数,但是 <code>async fn</code> 出卖了它。
<code>async fn</code> 异步函数并不会直接返回值,而是返回一个 <code>Future</code>,顾名思义,该 <code>Future</code> 会在未来某个时间点被执行,然后最终获取到真实的返回值 <code>Result&lt;Client&gt;</code></p>
<blockquote>
<p>async/await 的原理就算大家不理解,也不妨碍使用 <code>tokio</code> 写出能用的服务,但是如果想要更深入的用好,强烈建议认真读下本书的 <a href="https://course.rs/advance/async/intro.html"><code>async/await</code> 异步编程章节</a>,你会对 Rust 的异步编程有一个全新且深刻的认识。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>由于 <code>async</code> 会返回一个 <code>Future</code>,因此我们还需要配合使用 <code>.await</code> 来让该 <code>Future</code> 运行起来,最终获得返回值:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">async fn say_to_world() -&gt; String {
String::from(&quot;world&quot;)
}
#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
// 此处的函数调用是惰性的,并不会执行 `say_to_world()` 函数体中的代码
let op = say_to_world();
// 首先打印出 &quot;hello&quot;
println!(&quot;hello&quot;);
// 使用 `.await` 让 `say_to_world` 开始运行起来
println!(&quot;{}&quot;, op.await);
}</code></pre></pre>
<p>上面代码输出如下:</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">hello
world
</code></pre>
<p>而大家可能很好奇 <code>async fn</code> 到底返回什么吧?它实际上返回的是一个实现了 <code>Future</code> 特征的匿名类型: <code>impl Future&lt;Output = String&gt;</code></p>
<h4 id="async-main"><a class="header" href="#async-main">async main</a></h4>
<p>在代码中,使用了一个与众不同的 <code>main</code> 函数 : <code>async fn main</code> ,而且是用 <code>#[tokio::main]</code> 属性进行了标记。异步 <code>main</code> 函数有以下意义:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>.await</code> 只能在 <code>async</code> 函数中使用,如果是以前的 <code>fn main</code>,那它内部是无法直接使用 <code>async</code> 函数的!这个会极大的限制了我们的使用场景</li>
<li>异步运行时本身需要初始化</li>
</ul>
<p>因此 <code>#[tokio::main]</code> 宏在将 <code>async fn main</code> 隐式的转换为 <code>fn main</code> 的同时还对整个异步运行时进行了初始化。例如以下代码:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
println!(&quot;hello&quot;);
}</code></pre></pre>
<p>将被转换成:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">fn main() {
let mut rt = tokio::runtime::Runtime::new().unwrap();
rt.block_on(async {
println!(&quot;hello&quot;);
})
}</code></pre></pre>
<p>最终Rust 编译器就愉快地执行这段代码了。</p>
<h2 id="cargo-feature"><a class="header" href="#cargo-feature">cargo feature</a></h2>
<p>在引入 <code>tokio</code> 包时,我们在 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 文件中添加了这么一行:</p>
<pre><code class="language-toml">tokio = { version = &quot;1&quot;, features = [&quot;full&quot;] }
</code></pre>
<p>里面有个 <code>features = [&quot;full&quot;]</code> 可能大家会比较迷惑,当然,关于它的具体解释在本书的 <a href="https://course.rs/cargo/intro.html">Cargo 详解专题</a> 有介绍,这里就简单进行说明。</p>
<p><code>Tokio</code> 有很多功能和特性,例如 <code>TCP</code><code>UDP</code><code>Unix sockets</code>,同步工具,多调度类型等等,不是每个应用都需要所有的这些特性。为了优化编译时间和最终生成可执行文件大小、内存占用大小,应用可以对这些特性进行可选引入。</p>
<p>而这里为了演示的方便,我们使用 <code>full</code> ,表示直接引入所有的特性。</p>
<h2 id="总结"><a class="header" href="#总结">总结</a></h2>
<p>大家对 <code>tokio</code> 的初印象如何?可否 24 灯全亮通过?</p>
<p>总之,<code>tokio</code> 做的事情其实是细雨润无声的,在大多数时候,我们并不能感觉到它的存在,但是它确实是异步编程中最重要的一环(或者之一),深入了解它对我们的未来之路会有莫大的帮助。</p>
<p>接下来,正式开始 <code>tokio</code> 的学习之旅。</p>
<div id="giscus-container"></div>
</main>
<nav class="nav-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
<!-- Mobile navigation buttons -->
<a rel="prev" href="../advance-practice/overview.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
<i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>
</a>
<a rel="next prefetch" href="../advance-practice/spawning.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i>
</a>
<div style="clear: both"></div>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
<nav class="nav-wide-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
<a rel="prev" href="../advance-practice/overview.html" class="nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
<i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>
</a>
<a rel="next prefetch" href="../advance-practice/spawning.html" class="nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i>
</a>
</nav>
</div>
<script>
window.playground_copyable = true;
</script>
<script src="../ace.js"></script>
<script src="../editor.js"></script>
<script src="../mode-rust.js"></script>
<script src="../theme-dawn.js"></script>
<script src="../theme-tomorrow_night.js"></script>
<script src="../elasticlunr.min.js"></script>
<script src="../mark.min.js"></script>
<script src="../searcher.js"></script>
<script src="../clipboard.min.js"></script>
<script src="../highlight.js"></script>
<script src="../book.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8">
var pagePath = "advance-practice/getting-startted.md"
</script>
<!-- Custom JS scripts -->
<script src="../assets/custom.js"></script>
<script src="../assets/bigPicture.js"></script>
</div>
</body>
</html>