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< h1 id = "工作空间-workspace" > < a class = "header" href = "#工作空间-workspace" > 工作空间 Workspace< / a > < / h1 >
< p > 一个工作空间是由多个 < code > package< / code > 组成的集合，它们共享同一个 < code > Cargo.lock< / code > 文件、输出目录和一些设置(例如 profiles : 编译器设置和优化)。组成工作空间的 < code > packages< / code > 被称之为工作空间的成员。< / p >
< h2 id = "工作空间的两种类型" > < a class = "header" href = "#工作空间的两种类型" > 工作空间的两种类型< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 工作空间有两种类型：< code > root package< / code > 和虚拟清单( virtual manifest )。< / p >
< h4 id = "根-package" > < a class = "header" href = "#根-package" > 根 package< / a > < / h4 >
< p > < strong > 若一个 < code > package< / code > 的 < code > Cargo.toml< / code > 包含了< code > [package]< / code > 的同时又包含了 < code > [workspace]< / code > 部分，则该 < code > package< / code > 被称为工作空间的根 < code > package< / code > < / strong > 。< / p >
< p > 换而言之，一个工作空间的根( root )是该工作空间的 < code > Cargo.toml< / code > 文件所在的目录。< / p >
< p > 举个例子，我们现在有多个 < code > package< / code > ，它们的目录是嵌套关系，然后我们在最外层的 < code > package< / code > ，也就是最外层目录中的 < code > Cargo.toml< / code > 中定义一个 < code > [workspace]< / code > ，此时这个最外层的 < code > package< / code > 就是工作空间的根。< / p >
< p > 再举个例子，大名鼎鼎的 < a href = "https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep/blob/master/Cargo.toml" > ripgrep< / a > 就在最外层的 < code > package< / code > 中定义了 < code > [workspace]< / code > :< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [workspace]
members = [
"crates/globset",
"crates/grep",
"crates/cli",
"crates/matcher",
"crates/pcre2",
"crates/printer",
"crates/regex",
"crates/searcher",
"crates/ignore",
]
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 那么< a href = "https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep" > 最外层的目录< / a > 就是 < code > ripgrep< / code > 的工作空间的根。< / p >
< h4 id = "虚拟清单" > < a class = "header" href = "#虚拟清单" > 虚拟清单< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 若一个 < code > Cargo.toml< / code > 有 < code > [workspace]< / code > 但是没有 < code > [package]< / code > 部分，则它是虚拟清单类型的工作空间。< / p >
< p > < strong > 对于没有主 < code > package< / code > 的场景或你希望将所有的 < code > package< / code > 组织在单独的目录中时，这种方式就非常适合。< / strong > < / p >
< p > 例如 < a href = "https://github.com/rust-analyzer/rust-analyzer" > rust-analyzer< / a > 就是这样的项目，它的根目录中的 < code > Cargo.toml< / code > 中并没有 < code > [package]< / code > ，说明该根目录不是一个 < code > package< / code > ，但是却有 < code > [workspace]< / code > :< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [workspace]
members = ["xtask/", "lib/*", "crates/*"]
exclude = ["crates/proc_macro_test/imp"]
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 结合 rust-analyzer 的目录布局可以看出，< strong > 该工作空间的所有成员 < code > package< / code > 都在单独的目录中，因此这种方式很适合虚拟清单的工作空间。< / strong > < / p >
< h2 id = "关键特性" > < a class = "header" href = "#关键特性" > 关键特性< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 工作空间的几个关键点在于:< / p >
< ul >
< li > 所有的 < code > package< / code > 共享同一个 < code > Cargo.lock< / code > 文件，该文件位于工作空间的根目录中< / li >
< li > 所有的 < code > package< / code > 共享同一个< a href = "https://course.rs/cargo/guide/build-cache.html" > 输出目录< / a > ，该目录默认的名称是 < code > target< / code > ，位于工作空间根目录下< / li >
< li > 只有工作空间根目录的 < code > Cargo.toml< / code > 才能包含 < code > [patch]< / code > , < code > [replace]< / code > 和 < code > [profile.*]< / code > ，而成员的 < code > Cargo.toml< / code > 中的相应部分将被自动忽略< / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "workspace" > < a class = "header" href = "#workspace" > [workspace]< / a > < / h2 >
< p > < code > Cargo.toml< / code > 中的 < code > [workspace]< / code > 部分用于定义哪些 < code > packages< / code > 属于工作空间的成员:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [workspace]
members = ["member1", "path/to/member2", "crates/*"]
exclude = ["crates/foo", "path/to/other"]
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 若某个本地依赖包是通过 < a href = "https://course.rs/cargo/reference/specify-deps.html#通过路径引入本地依赖包" > < code > path< / code > < / a > 引入，且该包位于工作空间的目录中，则该包自动成为工作空间的成员。< / p >
< p > 剩余的成员需要通过 < code > workspace.members< / code > 来指定，里面包含了各个成员所在的目录(成员目录中包含了 Cargo.toml )。< / p >
< p > < code > members< / code > 还支持使用 < a href = "https://docs.rs/glob/0.3.0/glob/struct.Pattern.html" > < code > glob< / code > < / a > 来匹配多个路径，例如上面的例子中使用 < code > crates/*< / code > 匹配 < code > crates< / code > 目录下的所有包。< / p >
< p > < code > exclude< / code > 可以将指定的目录排除在工作空间之外，例如还是上面的例子，< code > crates/*< / code > 在包含了 < code > crates< / code > 目录下的所有包后，又通过 < code > exclude< / code > 中 < code > crates/foo< / code > 将 < code > crates< / code > 下的 < code > foo< / code > 目录排除在外。< / p >
< p > 你也可以将一个空的 < code > [workspace]< / code > 直接联合 < code > [package]< / code > 使用，例如：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [package]
name = "hello"
version = "0.1.0"
[workspace]
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 此时的工作空间的成员包含:< / p >
< ul >
< li > 根 < code > package< / code > : “hello”< / li >
< li > 所有通过 < code > path< / code > 引入的本地依赖(位于工作空间目录下)< / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "选择工作空间" > < a class = "header" href = "#选择工作空间" > 选择工作空间< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 选择工作空间有两种方式：< code > Cargo< / code > 自动查找、手动指定 < code > package.workspace< / code > 字段。< / p >
< p > 当位于工作空间的子目录中时，< code > Cargo< / code > 会自动在该目录的父目录中寻找带有 < code > [workspace]< / code > 定义的 < code > Cargo.toml< / code > ，然后再决定使用哪个工作空间。< / p >
< p > 我们还可以使用下面的方法来覆盖 < code > Cargo< / code > 自动查找功能：将成员包中的 < code > package.workspace< / code > 字段修改为工作区间根目录的位置，这样就能显式地让一个成员使用指定的工作空间。< / p >
< p > 当成员不在工作空间的子目录下时，这种手动选择工作空间的方法就非常适用。毕竟 < code > Cargo< / code > 的自动搜索是沿着父目录往上查找，而成员并不在工作空间的子目录下，这意味着顺着成员的父目录往上找是无法找到该工作空间的 < code > Cargo.toml< / code > 的，此时就只能手动指定了。< / p >
< h2 id = "选择-package" > < a class = "header" href = "#选择-package" > 选择 package< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 在工作空间中，< code > package< / code > 相关的 < code > Cargo< / code > 命令(例如 < code > cargo build< / code > )可以使用 < code > -p< / code > 、 < code > --package< / code > 或 < code > --workspace< / code > 命令行参数来指定想要操作的 < code > package< / code > 。< / p >
< p > 若没有指定任何参数，则 < code > Cargo< / code > 将使用当前工作目录的中的 < code > package< / code > 。若工作目录是虚拟清单类型的工作空间，则该命令将作用在所有成员上(就好像是使用了 < code > --workspace< / code > 命令行参数)。而 < code > default-members< / code > 可以在命令行参数没有被提供时，手动指定操作的成员:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [workspace]
members = ["path/to/member1", "path/to/member2", "path/to/member3/*"]
default-members = ["path/to/member2", "path/to/member3/foo"]
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 这样一来， < code > cargo build< / code > 就不会应用到虚拟清单工作空间的所有成员，而是指定的成员上。< / p >
< h2 id = "workspacemetadata" > < a class = "header" href = "#workspacemetadata" > workspace.metadata< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 与 < a href = "https://course.rs/cargo/reference/manifest.html#metadata" > package.metadata< / a > 非常类似，< code > workspace.metadata< / code > 会被 < code > Cargo< / code > 自动忽略，就算没有被使用也不会发出警告。< / p >
< p > 这个部分可以用于让工具在 < code > Cargo.toml< / code > 中存储一些工作空间的配置元信息。例如:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [workspace]
members = ["member1", "member2"]
[workspace.metadata.webcontents]
root = "path/to/webproject"
tool = ["npm", "run", "build"]
# ...
< / code > < / pre >
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