mirror of https://github.com/sunface/rust-course
You can not select more than 25 topics
Topics must start with a letter or number, can include dashes ('-') and can be up to 35 characters long.
357 lines
63 KiB
357 lines
63 KiB
3 weeks ago
|
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
|
||
|
<html lang="zh-CN" class="light" dir="ltr">
|
||
|
<head>
|
||
|
<!-- Book generated using mdBook -->
|
||
|
<meta charset="UTF-8">
|
||
|
<title>可变变量不可变? - Rust语言圣经(Rust Course)</title>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<!-- Custom HTML head -->
|
||
|
|
||
|
<meta name="description" content="">
|
||
|
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
|
||
|
<meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff">
|
||
|
|
||
|
<link rel="icon" href="../../favicon.svg">
|
||
|
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../../favicon.png">
|
||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../css/variables.css">
|
||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../css/general.css">
|
||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../css/chrome.css">
|
||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../css/print.css" media="print">
|
||
|
|
||
|
<!-- Fonts -->
|
||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../FontAwesome/css/font-awesome.css">
|
||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../fonts/fonts.css">
|
||
|
|
||
|
<!-- Highlight.js Stylesheets -->
|
||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../highlight.css">
|
||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../tomorrow-night.css">
|
||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../ayu-highlight.css">
|
||
|
|
||
|
<!-- Custom theme stylesheets -->
|
||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../theme/style.css">
|
||
|
|
||
|
</head>
|
||
|
<body class="sidebar-visible no-js">
|
||
|
<div id="body-container">
|
||
|
<!-- Provide site root to javascript -->
|
||
|
<script>
|
||
|
var path_to_root = "../../";
|
||
|
var default_theme = window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches ? "navy" : "light";
|
||
|
</script>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<!-- Work around some values being stored in localStorage wrapped in quotes -->
|
||
|
<script>
|
||
|
try {
|
||
|
var theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme');
|
||
|
var sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar');
|
||
|
|
||
|
if (theme.startsWith('"') && theme.endsWith('"')) {
|
||
|
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme.slice(1, theme.length - 1));
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
if (sidebar.startsWith('"') && sidebar.endsWith('"')) {
|
||
|
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', sidebar.slice(1, sidebar.length - 1));
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
} catch (e) { }
|
||
|
</script>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<!-- Set the theme before any content is loaded, prevents flash -->
|
||
|
<script>
|
||
|
var theme;
|
||
|
try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { }
|
||
|
if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; }
|
||
|
var html = document.querySelector('html');
|
||
|
html.classList.remove('light')
|
||
|
html.classList.add(theme);
|
||
|
var body = document.querySelector('body');
|
||
|
body.classList.remove('no-js')
|
||
|
body.classList.add('js');
|
||
|
</script>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<input type="checkbox" id="sidebar-toggle-anchor" class="hidden">
|
||
|
|
||
|
<!-- Hide / unhide sidebar before it is displayed -->
|
||
|
<script>
|
||
|
var body = document.querySelector('body');
|
||
|
var sidebar = null;
|
||
|
var sidebar_toggle = document.getElementById("sidebar-toggle-anchor");
|
||
|
if (document.body.clientWidth >= 1080) {
|
||
|
try { sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar'); } catch(e) { }
|
||
|
sidebar = sidebar || 'visible';
|
||
|
} else {
|
||
|
sidebar = 'hidden';
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
sidebar_toggle.checked = sidebar === 'visible';
|
||
|
body.classList.remove('sidebar-visible');
|
||
|
body.classList.add("sidebar-" + sidebar);
|
||
|
</script>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
||
|
<div class="sidebar-scrollbox">
|
||
|
<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../about-book.html">关于本书</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../into-rust.html">进入 Rust 编程世界</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../first-try/sth-you-should-not-do.html">避免从入门到放弃</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../community.html">社区和锈书</a></li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../some-thoughts.html">Xobserve: 一切皆可观测</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../beat-ai.html">BeatAI: 工程师 AI 入门圣经</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><li class="part-title">Rust 语言基础学习</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 寻找牛刀,以便小试</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 安装 Rust 环境</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/editor.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 墙推 VSCode!</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 认识 Cargo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/hello-world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> 不仅仅是 Hello world</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/slowly-downloading.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 下载依赖太慢了?</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Rust 基础入门</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/variable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 变量绑定与解构</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 基本类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/numbers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> 数值类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/char-bool.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> 字符、布尔、单元类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/statement-expression.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> 语句与表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/function.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.4.</strong> 函数</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 所有权和借用</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.1.</strong> 所有权</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/borrowing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.2.</strong> 引用与借用</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 复合类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/string-slice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.1.</strong> 字符串与切片</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/tuple.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.2.</strong> 元组</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/struct.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.3.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.4.</strong> 枚举</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/array.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.5.</strong> 数组</a></l
|
||
|
</div>
|
||
|
<div id="sidebar-resize-handle" class="sidebar-resize-handle">
|
||
|
<div class="sidebar-resize-indicator"></div>
|
||
|
</div>
|
||
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<!-- Track and set sidebar scroll position -->
|
||
|
<script>
|
||
|
var sidebarScrollbox = document.querySelector('#sidebar .sidebar-scrollbox');
|
||
|
sidebarScrollbox.addEventListener('click', function(e) {
|
||
|
if (e.target.tagName === 'A') {
|
||
|
sessionStorage.setItem('sidebar-scroll', sidebarScrollbox.scrollTop);
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
}, { passive: true });
|
||
|
var sidebarScrollTop = sessionStorage.getItem('sidebar-scroll');
|
||
|
sessionStorage.removeItem('sidebar-scroll');
|
||
|
if (sidebarScrollTop) {
|
||
|
// preserve sidebar scroll position when navigating via links within sidebar
|
||
|
sidebarScrollbox.scrollTop = sidebarScrollTop;
|
||
|
} else {
|
||
|
// scroll sidebar to current active section when navigating via "next/previous chapter" buttons
|
||
|
var activeSection = document.querySelector('#sidebar .active');
|
||
|
if (activeSection) {
|
||
|
activeSection.scrollIntoView({ block: 'center' });
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
</script>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
|
||
|
|
||
|
<div class="page">
|
||
|
<div id="menu-bar-hover-placeholder"></div>
|
||
|
<div id="menu-bar" class="menu-bar sticky">
|
||
|
<div class="left-buttons">
|
||
|
<label id="sidebar-toggle" class="icon-button" for="sidebar-toggle-anchor" title="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-label="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-controls="sidebar">
|
||
|
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
<button id="theme-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Change theme" aria-label="Change theme" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="theme-list">
|
||
|
<i class="fa fa-paint-brush"></i>
|
||
|
</button>
|
||
|
<ul id="theme-list" class="theme-popup" aria-label="Themes" role="menu">
|
||
|
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="light">Light</button></li>
|
||
|
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="rust">Rust</button></li>
|
||
|
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="coal">Coal</button></li>
|
||
|
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="navy">Navy</button></li>
|
||
|
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="ayu">Ayu</button></li>
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
<button id="search-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Search. (Shortkey: s)" aria-label="Toggle Searchbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-keyshortcuts="S" aria-controls="searchbar">
|
||
|
<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
|
||
|
</button>
|
||
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<h1 class="menu-title">Rust语言圣经(Rust Course)</h1>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<div class="right-buttons">
|
||
|
<a href="../../print.html" title="Print this book" aria-label="Print this book">
|
||
|
<i id="print-button" class="fa fa-print"></i>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
<a href="https://github.com/sunface/rust-course" title="Git repository" aria-label="Git repository">
|
||
|
<i id="git-repository-button" class="fa fa-github"></i>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
<a href="https://github.com/sunface/rust-course/edit/main/src/compiler/pitfalls/the-disabled-mutability.md" title="Suggest an edit" aria-label="Suggest an edit">
|
||
|
<i id="git-edit-button" class="fa fa-edit"></i>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</div>
|
||
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<div id="search-wrapper" class="hidden">
|
||
|
<form id="searchbar-outer" class="searchbar-outer">
|
||
|
<input type="search" id="searchbar" name="searchbar" placeholder="Search this book ..." aria-controls="searchresults-outer" aria-describedby="searchresults-header">
|
||
|
</form>
|
||
|
<div id="searchresults-outer" class="searchresults-outer hidden">
|
||
|
<div id="searchresults-header" class="searchresults-header"></div>
|
||
|
<ul id="searchresults">
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
</div>
|
||
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<!-- Apply ARIA attributes after the sidebar and the sidebar toggle button are added to the DOM -->
|
||
|
<script>
|
||
|
document.getElementById('sidebar-toggle').setAttribute('aria-expanded', sidebar === 'visible');
|
||
|
document.getElementById('sidebar').setAttribute('aria-hidden', sidebar !== 'visible');
|
||
|
Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a')).forEach(function(link) {
|
||
|
link.setAttribute('tabIndex', sidebar === 'visible' ? 0 : -1);
|
||
|
});
|
||
|
</script>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<div id="content" class="content">
|
||
|
<!-- Page table of contents -->
|
||
|
<div class="sidetoc"><nav class="pagetoc"></nav></div>
|
||
|
<main>
|
||
|
<h1 id="失效的可变性"><a class="header" href="#失效的可变性">失效的可变性</a></h1>
|
||
|
<p>众所周知 Rust 是一门安全性非常强的系统级语言,其中,显式的设置变量可变性,是安全性的重要组成部分。按理来说,变量可变不可变在设置时就已经决定了,但是你遇到过可变变量在某些情况失效,变成不可变吗?</p>
|
||
|
<p>先来看段正确的代码:</p>
|
||
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">#[derive(Debug)]
|
||
|
struct A {
|
||
|
f1: u32,
|
||
|
f2: u32,
|
||
|
f3: u32
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
#[derive(Debug)]
|
||
|
struct B<'a> {
|
||
|
f1: u32,
|
||
|
a: &'a mut A,
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
fn main() {
|
||
|
let mut a: A = A{ f1: 0, f2: 1, f3: 2 };
|
||
|
// b不可变
|
||
|
let b: B = B{ f1: 3, a: &mut a };
|
||
|
// 但是b中的字段a可以变
|
||
|
b.a.f1 += 1;
|
||
|
|
||
|
println!("b is {:?} ", &b);
|
||
|
}</code></pre></pre>
|
||
|
<p>在这里,虽然变量<code>b</code>被设置为不可变,但是<code>b</code>的其中一个字段<code>a</code>被设置为可变的结构体,因此我们可以通过<code>b.a.f1 += 1</code>来修改<code>a</code>的值。</p>
|
||
|
<p>也许有人还不知道这种部分可变性的存在,不过没关系,因为马上就不可变了:)</p>
|
||
|
<ul>
|
||
|
<li>结构体可变时,里面的字段都是可变的,例如<code>&mut a</code></li>
|
||
|
<li>结构体不可变时,里面的某个字段可以单独设置为可变,例如<code>b.a</code></li>
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
<p>在理解了上面两条简单规则后,来看看下面这段代码:</p>
|
||
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">#[derive(Debug)]
|
||
|
struct A {
|
||
|
f1: u32,
|
||
|
f2: u32,
|
||
|
f3: u32
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
#[derive(Debug)]
|
||
|
struct B<'a> {
|
||
|
f1: u32,
|
||
|
a: &'a mut A,
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
impl B<'_> {
|
||
|
// this will not work
|
||
|
pub fn changeme(&self) {
|
||
|
self.a.f1 += 1;
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
fn main() {
|
||
|
let mut a: A = A{ f1: 0, f2: 1, f3: 2 };
|
||
|
// b is immutable
|
||
|
let b: B = B{ f1: 3, a: &mut a };
|
||
|
b.changeme();
|
||
|
|
||
|
println!("b is {:?} ", &b);
|
||
|
}</code></pre></pre>
|
||
|
<p>这段代码,仅仅做了一个小改变,不再直接修改<code>b.a</code>,而是通过调用<code>b</code>上的方法去修改其中的<code>a</code>,按理说不会有任何区别。因此我预言:通过方法调用跟直接调用不应该有任何区别,运行验证下:</p>
|
||
|
<pre><code class="language-console">error[E0594]: cannot assign to `self.a.f1`, which is behind a `&` reference
|
||
|
--> src/main.rs:18:9
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
17 | pub fn changeme(&self) {
|
||
|
| ----- help: consider changing this to be a mutable reference: `&mut self`
|
||
|
18 | self.a.f1 += 1;
|
||
|
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ `self` is a `&` reference, so the data it refers to cannot be written
|
||
|
</code></pre>
|
||
|
<p>啪,又被打脸了。我说我是大意了,没有闪,大家信不?反正马先生应该是信的:D</p>
|
||
|
<h2 id="简单分析"><a class="header" href="#简单分析">简单分析</a></h2>
|
||
|
<p>观察第一个例子,我们调用的<code>b.a</code>实际上是用<code>b</code>的值直接调用的,在这种情况下,由于所有权规则,编译器可以认定,只有一个可变引用指向了<code>a</code>,因此这种使用是非常安全的。</p>
|
||
|
<p>但是,在第二个例子中,<code>b</code>被藏在了<code>&</code>后面,根据所有权规则,同时可能存在多个<code>b</code>的借用,那么就意味着可能会存在多个可变引用指向<code>a</code>,因此编译器就拒绝了这段代码。</p>
|
||
|
<p>事实上如果你将第一段代码的调用改成:</p>
|
||
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
||
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
||
|
</span>let b: &B = &B{ f1: 3, a: &mut a };
|
||
|
b.a.f1 += 1;
|
||
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
|
||
|
<p>一样会报错!</p>
|
||
|
<h2 id="一个练习"><a class="header" href="#一个练习">一个练习</a></h2>
|
||
|
<p>结束之前再来一个练习,稍微有点绕,大家品味品味:</p>
|
||
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">#[derive(Debug)]
|
||
|
struct A {
|
||
|
f1: u32,
|
||
|
f2: u32,
|
||
|
f3: u32
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
#[derive(Debug)]
|
||
|
struct B<'a> {
|
||
|
f1: u32,
|
||
|
a: &'a mut A,
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
fn main() {
|
||
|
let mut a: A = A{ f1: 0, f2: 1, f3: 2 };
|
||
|
let b: B = B{ f1: 3, a: &mut a };
|
||
|
b.a.f1 += 1;
|
||
|
a.f1 = 10;
|
||
|
|
||
|
println!("b is {:?} ", &b);
|
||
|
}</code></pre></pre>
|
||
|
<p>小提示:这里<code>b.a.f1 += 1</code>和<code>a.f1 = 10</code>只能有一个存在,否则就会报错。</p>
|
||
|
<h2 id="总结"><a class="header" href="#总结">总结</a></h2>
|
||
|
<p>根据之前的观察和上面的小提示,可以得出一个结论:<strong>可变性的真正含义是你对目标对象的独占修改权</strong>。在实际项目中,偶尔会遇到比上述代码更复杂的可变性情况,记住这个结论,有助于我们拨云见日,直达本质。</p>
|
||
|
<p>学习,就是不断接近和认识事物本质的过程,对于 Rust 语言的学习亦是如此。</p>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<div id="giscus-container"></div>
|
||
|
</main>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<nav class="nav-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
|
||
|
<!-- Mobile navigation buttons -->
|
||
|
<a rel="prev" href="../../compiler/pitfalls/closure-with-lifetime.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
|
||
|
<i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<a rel="next prefetch" href="../../compiler/pitfalls/multiple-mutable-references.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
|
||
|
<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<div style="clear: both"></div>
|
||
|
</nav>
|
||
|
</div>
|
||
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<nav class="nav-wide-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
|
||
|
<a rel="prev" href="../../compiler/pitfalls/closure-with-lifetime.html" class="nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
|
||
|
<i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<a rel="next prefetch" href="../../compiler/pitfalls/multiple-mutable-references.html" class="nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
|
||
|
<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<script>
|
||
|
window.playground_copyable = true;
|
||
|
</script>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<script src="../../ace.js"></script>
|
||
|
<script src="../../editor.js"></script>
|
||
|
<script src="../../mode-rust.js"></script>
|
||
|
<script src="../../theme-dawn.js"></script>
|
||
|
<script src="../../theme-tomorrow_night.js"></script>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<script src="../../elasticlunr.min.js"></script>
|
||
|
<script src="../../mark.min.js"></script>
|
||
|
<script src="../../searcher.js"></script>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<script src="../../clipboard.min.js"></script>
|
||
|
<script src="../../highlight.js"></script>
|
||
|
<script src="../../book.js"></script>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8">
|
||
|
var pagePath = "compiler/pitfalls/the-disabled-mutability.md"
|
||
|
</script>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<!-- Custom JS scripts -->
|
||
|
<script src="../../assets/custom.js"></script>
|
||
|
<script src="../../assets/bigPicture.js"></script>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</div>
|
||
|
</body>
|
||
|
</html>
|