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<h1 id="失效的可变性"><a class="header" href="#失效的可变性">失效的可变性</a></h1>
<p>众所周知 Rust 是一门安全性非常强的系统级语言,其中,显式的设置变量可变性,是安全性的重要组成部分。按理来说,变量可变不可变在设置时就已经决定了,但是你遇到过可变变量在某些情况失效,变成不可变吗?</p>
<p>先来看段正确的代码:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">#[derive(Debug)]
struct A {
f1: u32,
f2: u32,
f3: u32
}
#[derive(Debug)]
struct B&lt;'a&gt; {
f1: u32,
a: &amp;'a mut A,
}
fn main() {
let mut a: A = A{ f1: 0, f2: 1, f3: 2 };
// b不可变
let b: B = B{ f1: 3, a: &amp;mut a };
// 但是b中的字段a可以变
b.a.f1 += 1;
println!(&quot;b is {:?} &quot;, &amp;b);
}</code></pre></pre>
<p>在这里,虽然变量<code>b</code>被设置为不可变,但是<code>b</code>的其中一个字段<code>a</code>被设置为可变的结构体,因此我们可以通过<code>b.a.f1 += 1</code>来修改<code>a</code>的值。</p>
<p>也许有人还不知道这种部分可变性的存在,不过没关系,因为马上就不可变了:)</p>
<ul>
<li>结构体可变时,里面的字段都是可变的,例如<code>&amp;mut a</code></li>
<li>结构体不可变时,里面的某个字段可以单独设置为可变,例如<code>b.a</code></li>
</ul>
<p>在理解了上面两条简单规则后,来看看下面这段代码:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">#[derive(Debug)]
struct A {
f1: u32,
f2: u32,
f3: u32
}
#[derive(Debug)]
struct B&lt;'a&gt; {
f1: u32,
a: &amp;'a mut A,
}
impl B&lt;'_&gt; {
// this will not work
pub fn changeme(&amp;self) {
self.a.f1 += 1;
}
}
fn main() {
let mut a: A = A{ f1: 0, f2: 1, f3: 2 };
// b is immutable
let b: B = B{ f1: 3, a: &amp;mut a };
b.changeme();
println!(&quot;b is {:?} &quot;, &amp;b);
}</code></pre></pre>
<p>这段代码,仅仅做了一个小改变,不再直接修改<code>b.a</code>,而是通过调用<code>b</code>上的方法去修改其中的<code>a</code>,按理说不会有任何区别。因此我预言:通过方法调用跟直接调用不应该有任何区别,运行验证下:</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">error[E0594]: cannot assign to `self.a.f1`, which is behind a `&amp;` reference
--&gt; src/main.rs:18:9
|
17 | pub fn changeme(&amp;self) {
| ----- help: consider changing this to be a mutable reference: `&amp;mut self`
18 | self.a.f1 += 1;
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ `self` is a `&amp;` reference, so the data it refers to cannot be written
</code></pre>
<p>啪,又被打脸了。我说我是大意了,没有闪,大家信不?反正马先生应该是信的:D</p>
<h2 id="简单分析"><a class="header" href="#简单分析">简单分析</a></h2>
<p>观察第一个例子,我们调用的<code>b.a</code>实际上是用<code>b</code>的值直接调用的,在这种情况下,由于所有权规则,编译器可以认定,只有一个可变引用指向了<code>a</code>,因此这种使用是非常安全的。</p>
<p>但是,在第二个例子中,<code>b</code>被藏在了<code>&amp;</code>后面,根据所有权规则,同时可能存在多个<code>b</code>的借用,那么就意味着可能会存在多个可变引用指向<code>a</code>,因此编译器就拒绝了这段代码。</p>
<p>事实上如果你将第一段代码的调用改成:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>let b: &amp;B = &amp;B{ f1: 3, a: &amp;mut a };
b.a.f1 += 1;
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>一样会报错!</p>
<h2 id="一个练习"><a class="header" href="#一个练习">一个练习</a></h2>
<p>结束之前再来一个练习,稍微有点绕,大家品味品味:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">#[derive(Debug)]
struct A {
f1: u32,
f2: u32,
f3: u32
}
#[derive(Debug)]
struct B&lt;'a&gt; {
f1: u32,
a: &amp;'a mut A,
}
fn main() {
let mut a: A = A{ f1: 0, f2: 1, f3: 2 };
let b: B = B{ f1: 3, a: &amp;mut a };
b.a.f1 += 1;
a.f1 = 10;
println!(&quot;b is {:?} &quot;, &amp;b);
}</code></pre></pre>
<p>小提示:这里<code>b.a.f1 += 1</code><code>a.f1 = 10</code>只能有一个存在,否则就会报错。</p>
<h2 id="总结"><a class="header" href="#总结">总结</a></h2>
<p>根据之前的观察和上面的小提示,可以得出一个结论:<strong>可变性的真正含义是你对目标对象的独占修改权</strong>。在实际项目中,偶尔会遇到比上述代码更复杂的可变性情况,记住这个结论,有助于我们拨云见日,直达本质。</p>
<p>学习,就是不断接近和认识事物本质的过程,对于 Rust 语言的学习亦是如此。</p>
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