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< div align = "center" > 正在努力学 Rust 的 Ferris< / div >
< br / >
< h2 id = "rust-发展历程" > < a class = "header" href = "#rust-发展历程" > Rust 发展历程< / a > < / h2 >
< p > Rust 最早是 Mozilla 雇员 Graydon Hoare 的个人项目。从 2009 年开始，得到了 Mozilla 研究院的资助， ， ～ ， > 崩溃的边缘反复横跳（历程极其艰辛），终于，在 2015 年 5 月 15 日发布 1.0 版。< / p >
< p > 在紧锣密鼓的开发过程中， ， （ ， ） < a href = "https://github.com/rust-lang/rust" > Rust 项目开发者社区< / a > 维护， < a href = "https://foundation.rust-lang.org" > Rust 基金会< / a > 赞助支持。< / p >
< p > 大家可能疑惑 Rust 为啥用了这么久才到 1.0 版本？ ， < / p >
< ul >
< li > 首先， < / li >
< li > 其次， < / li >
< li > 最后，一旦 1.0 快速发布，那绝大部分语言特性就无法再被修改，对于有完美强迫症的 Rust 开发者团队来说，某种程度上的不完美是不可接受的。< / li >
< / ul >
< p > 因此， < / p >
< blockquote >
< p > 大家知道 Rust 的作者到底因为何事才痛下决心开发一门新的语言吗？< / p >
< p > 说来挺有趣，在 2006 年的某天，作者工作到精疲力尽后，本想回公寓享受下生活，结果发现电梯的程序出 Bug 崩溃了，要知道在国外，修理工可不像在中国那样随时待岗，还要知道，他家在 20 多楼！< / p >
< p > 最后，他选择了妥协，去酒店待几天等待电梯的修理。< / p >
< p > 当然，一般人可能就这样算了，毕竟忍几天就过去了嘛。但是这名伟大的程序员显然也不是一般人，他面对害他流离失所的电梯拿起了屠龙宝刀 - Rust。< / p >
< p > 自此，劈开一个全新的编程世界。< / p >
< / blockquote >
< h2 id = "为何又来一门新语言" > < a class = "header" href = "#为何又来一门新语言" > 为何又来一门新语言？< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 简而言之，< strong > 因为还缺一门无 GC 且无需手动内存管理、性能高、工程性强、语言级安全性以及能同时得到工程派和学院派认可的语言< / strong > ，而 Rust 就是这样的语言。你也可以回忆下熟悉的语言，看是不是有另外一门可以同时满足这些需求：)< / p >
< p > 至于 Rust 最为人诟病的点，那也就一个：学习曲线陡峭。不过当语言生态起来后，这都不算问题。< / p >
< h3 id = "缓解内卷" > < a class = "header" href = "#缓解内卷" > 缓解内卷< / a > < / h3 >
< p > 有人说 Rust 作为新语言会增加内卷， ， < / p >
< p > 其实从我内心不可告人的角度出发，并不希望 Rust 大众化，因为这样可以保饭碗、保薪资，还能拥有行业内的地位。但是从对 Rust 的喜爱角度出发，我还是希望能卷一些。不过，目前来看真的卷不动，现在全世界范围内 Rust 的需求都大于供给，特别是优秀的 Rust 程序员更是难寻。< / p >
< p > 与 Go 语言相比，成为一名优秀的 Rust 程序员所需的门槛高得多，例如融汇贯通 Rust 语言各种中高级特性、闭着眼睛趟过各种坑、不用回忆无需查找就能立刻写出最合适的包/模块/方法、性能/安全/工程性的权衡选择信手拈来、深层性能优化易如反掌、异步编程小菜一碟，更别说 Rust 之外的操作系统、网络、算法等等相关知识。< / p >
< p > 所以， < / p >
< h3 id = "效率" > < a class = "header" href = "#效率" > 效率< / a > < / h3 >
< p > 下面从三个角度来谈谈 Rust 的效率：学习、运行、开发。< / p >
< h4 id = "学习效率" > < a class = "header" href = "#学习效率" > 学习效率< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 众所周知， ， ， ， < / p >
< ul >
< li > 实践中如何融会贯通的运用< / li >
< li > 遇到了坑时（生命周期、借用错误，自引用等）如何迅速、正确的解决< / li >
< li > 大量的标准库方法记忆及熟练使用，这些是保证开发效率的关键< / li >
< li > 心智负担较重，特别是初中级阶段< / li >
< / ul >
< p > 好在这本书就是干这个的，包君满意，不满意退… 要不还是骂我吧 :D< / p >
< h4 id = "运行效率" > < a class = "header" href = "#运行效率" > 运行效率< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 得益于各种零开销抽象、深入到底层的优化潜力、优质的标准库和第三方库实现， < a href = "https://benchmarksgame-team.pages.debian.net/benchmarksgame/fastest/rust.html" > 一个级别< / a > 。< / p >
< p > 同时 Rust 有一个极大的优点：只要按照正确的方式使用 Rust， ， ， < / p >
< p > 现在有不少用 Rust 重写的工具、平台都超过了原来用 C、C++ 实现的版本，将老前辈拍死在沙滩上，俨然成为一种潮流～～< / p >
< h4 id = "开发效率" > < a class = "header" href = "#开发效率" > 开发效率< / a > < / h4 >
< p > Rust 的开发效率可以用先抑后扬来形容。在最初上手写项目时，你的开发速度将显著慢于 Go、Java 等语言，不过，一旦开始熟悉标准库、熟悉生命周期和所有权的常用解决方法，开发效率将大幅提升，甚至当形成肌肉记忆后，开发效率将不会慢于这些语言，而且原生就能写出高质量、安全、高效的代码，可以说中高级 Rust 程序员就是高效程序员的代名词。< / p >
< h3 id = "个人的好处" > < a class = "header" href = "#个人的好处" > 个人的好处< / a > < / h3 >
< p > 学习 Rust 对个人也有极大的好处。< / p >
< h4 id = "成为更好的程序员" > < a class = "header" href = "#成为更好的程序员" > 成为更好的程序员< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 要学好 Rust， ， < / p >
< p > 同时，当你掌握 Rust 后，就会自发性的想要去做一些更偏底层的开发，这些都可以帮助你更加了解操作系统、网络、性能优化等底层知识，也会间接或者直接的接触到各种算法和数据结构的实现。< / p >
< p > 慢慢的，你就在成为那个更好的程序员，也是更优秀的自己。< / p >
< h4 id = "增加不可替代性" > < a class = "header" href = "#增加不可替代性" > 增加不可替代性< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 语言难学也有好处，一旦掌握，你将具备较强的不可替代性，不再是一个简单的工具人角色。看看现在内卷严重的 Java， ！ ， < / p >
< p > 当然，我不是说 Rust 会给公司带来这种隐形的维护成本，毕竟这其实是一种双赢，公司收获了更优秀的程序员（不可否认的是 Rust 程序员普遍来说水平确实更高，毕竟都是有很好的编程基础、也很有追求的自驱型人才），而你也收获了更稳定的工作环境，甚至是更高的收入。< / p >
< h3 id = "团队的好处" > < a class = "header" href = "#团队的好处" > 团队的好处< / a > < / h3 >
< p > 先不说安全、可靠性等对公司团队非常友好的特性，就说 Rust 程序只要能跑起来，那代码质量其实就是相当不错的，因为 Rust 编译器实在是一名严师厉友，甚至有些鸡毛。< / p >
< p > 正因为这较高的质量下限，我们在代码 review 时不用过于担心潜在的各种坑， ， < / p >
< p > 由于 Rust 语言拥有异常强大的编译器和语言特性， < / p >
< p > 也许 Rust 在开发速度上不是最快的，但是从开发 + 维护的角度来看，这个成本在各个语言中绝对是很小的。当然，如果你的公司就追求做出来能用就行，那 Rust 确实有些灰姑娘的感觉。< / p >
< p > 还有一点很重要，现在的 Rust 程序员往往拥有更出众的能力和学习自驱性，因此团队招到的人天然就保持了较高的底线。如果你有幸招到一个优秀的 Rust 程序员，那真是捡到宝了，他也会同时带动周围的人一起慢慢优秀（优秀的 Rust 程序员比较好辨别，门槛低的语言就并没有那么好辨别）。总之，一个这样的程序员会给团队带来远超他薪资的潜在回报和长远收益。< / p >
< h3 id = "开源" > < a class = "header" href = "#开源" > 开源< / a > < / h3 >
< p > 目前 Rust 的主战场是在开源上， < / p >
< ul >
< li > UI 层开发， ， < code > swc< / code > 、 < code > deno< / code > 等。同时 < code > nextjs< / code > 也是押宝 Rust， < / li >
< li > 基础设施层、数据库、搜索引擎、网络设施、云原生等都在出现 Rust 的身影，而且还不少。< / li >
< li > 系统开发，目前 Linux 已经将 Rust 语言纳入内核，是继 C 语言后第二门支持内核开发的语言，不过刚开始将主要支持驱动开发。< / li >
< li > 系统工具，现在最流行的就是用 Rust 重写之前 C、C++ 写的一票系统工具，还都获得了挺高的关注和很好的效果，例如 sd, exa, ripgrep, fd, bat 等。< / li >
< li > 操作系统，正在使用 Rust 开发的操作系统有好几个，其中最有名的可能就是谷歌的 Fuchsia， < / li >
< li > 区块链，如果 Rust 的份额说第二，应该没人敢稳说自己是第一吧？< / li >
< / ul >
< p > 类似的还有很多，我们就不一一列举。总之，现在有大量的项目正在被 Rust 重写，同时还有海量的项目在等待被重写，这些都是赚取 github 星星和认可的好机会。在其它语言杀成一片红海时， < / p >
< h3 id = "相比其他语言-rust-的优势" > < a class = "header" href = "#相比其他语言-rust-的优势" > 相比其他语言 Rust 的优势< / a > < / h3 >
< p > 由于篇幅有限，我们这里不会讲述详细的对比，就是简单介绍下 Rust 的优势，并不是说 Rust 优于这些语言，大家轻喷：)< / p >
< h4 id = "go" > < a class = "header" href = "#go" > Go< / a > < / h4 >
< p > Rust 语言表达能力更强，性能更高。同时线程安全方面 Rust 也更强，不容易写出错误的代码。包管理 Rust 也更好， < / p >
< h4 id = "c" > < a class = "header" href = "#c" > C++< / a > < / h4 >
< p > Rust 与 C++ 的性能旗鼓相当，但是在安全性方面 Rust 会更优， ， < / p >
< p > 语言本身的学习， ， ， < / p >
< h4 id = "java" > < a class = "header" href = "#java" > Java< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 除了极少数纯粹的数字计算性能， ， ， < / p >
< h4 id = "python" > < a class = "header" href = "#python" > Python< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 性能自然是 Rust 完胜，同时 Rust 对运行环境要求较低，这两点差不多就足够抉择了。不过 Python 和 Rust 的彼此适用面其实也不太冲突。< / p >
< h3 id = "使用现状" > < a class = "header" href = "#使用现状" > 使用现状< / a > < / h3 >
< ul >
< li > AWS 从 2017 年开始就用 Rust 实现了无服务器计算平台： AWS Lambda 和 AWS Fargate， < / li >
< li > Cloudflare 是 Rust 的重度用户， < / li >
< li > Dropbox 的底层存储服务完全由 Rust 重写，达到了数万 PB 的规模< / li >
< li > Google 除了在安卓系统的部分模块中使用 Rust 外，还在它最新的操作系统 Fuchsia 中重度使用 Rust< / li >
< li > Facebook 使用 Rust 来增强自己的网页端、移动端和 API 服务的性能，同时还写了 Hack 编程语言的虚拟机< / li >
< li > Microsoft 使用 Rust 为 Azure 平台提供一些组件，其中包括 IoT 的核心服务< / li >
< li > GitHub 和 npmjs.com， < / li >
< li > Rust 目前已经成为全世界区块链平台的首选开发语言< / li >
< li > TiDB， < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 尤其值得一提的是， ， < strong > first-class< / strong > 的地位。< / p >
< h2 id = "rust-语言版本更新" > < a class = "header" href = "#rust-语言版本更新" > Rust 语言版本更新< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 与其它语言相比， < / p >
< ul >
< li > 每 6 周发布一个迭代版本< / li >
< li > 2-3 年发布一个新的大版本，例如 Rust 2018 edition， < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 好处在于，可以满足不同的用户群体的需求：< / p >
< ul >
< li > 对于活跃的 Rust 用户，他们总是能很快获取到新的语言内容，毕竟，尝鲜是技术爱好者的共同特点：)< / li >
< li > 对于一般的用户， ： < / li >
< li > 对于 Rust 语言开发者，可以让他们的工作成果更快的被世人所知，不必锦衣夜行< / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "总结" > < a class = "header" href = "#总结" > 总结< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 连续 8 年最受欢迎的语言当然不是浪得虚名。 无 GC、效率高、工程性强、强安全性以及能同时得到工程派和学院派认可， < / p >
< p > 当然，语言毕竟只是工具，我们不能神话它，但是可以给它一个机会，也许，你最终能收获自己的真爱 ： < / p >
< p > 相信大家听了这么多 Rust 的优点，已经迫不及待想要开始学习旅程，那么容我引用一句 CS（ ： ） ： ’ < / p >
< blockquote >
< p > 本书是完全开源的，但是并不意味着质量上的妥协，这里的每一个章节都花费了大量的心血和时间才能完成，为此牺牲了陪伴家人、日常娱乐的时间，虽然我们并不后悔，但是如果能得到读者您的鼓励，我们将感激不尽。< / p >
< p > 既然是开源，那最大的鼓励不是 money， < strong > 如果大家觉得这本书作者真的用心了，就帮我们< a href = "https://github.com/sunface/rust-course" > 点一个 🌟 < / a > 吧，这将是我们继续前行的最大动力< / strong > < / p >
< / blockquote >
< / main >
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