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< h2 id = "附录-b运算符与符号" > < a class = "header" href = "#附录-b运算符与符号" > 附录 B： < / a > < / h2 >
< p > 该附录包含了 Rust 目前出现过的各种符号，这些符号之前都分散在各个章节中。< / p >
< h3 id = "运算符" > < a class = "header" href = "#运算符" > 运算符< / a > < / h3 >
< p > 表 B-1 包含了 Rust 中的运算符、上下文中的示例、简短解释以及该运算符是否可重载。如果一个运算符是可重载的，则该运算符上用于重载的特征也会列出。< / p >
< p > 下表中，< code > expr< / code > 是表达式，< code > ident< / code > 是标识符，< code > type< / code > 是类型，< code > var< / code > 是变量，< code > trait< / code > 是特征，< code > pat< / code > 是匹配分支(pattern)。< / p >
< p > < span class = "caption" > 表 B-1： < / span > < / p >
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< table >
< thead >
< tr > < th > 运算符< / th > < th > 示例< / th > < th > 解释< / th > < th > 是否可重载< / th > < / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr > < td > < code > !< / code > < / td > < td > < code > ident!(...)< / code > , < code > ident!{...}< / code > , < code > ident![...]< / code > < / td > < td > 宏展开< / td > < td > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > !< / code > < / td > < td > < code > !expr< / code > < / td > < td > 按位非或逻辑非< / td > < td > < code > Not< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > !=< / code > < / td > < td > < code > var != expr< / code > < / td > < td > 不等比较< / td > < td > < code > PartialEq< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > %< / code > < / td > < td > < code > expr % expr< / code > < / td > < td > 算术求余< / td > < td > < code > Rem< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > %=< / code > < / td > < td > < code > var %= expr< / code > < / td > < td > 算术求余与赋值< / td > < td > < code > RemAssign< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > & < / code > < / td > < td > < code > & expr< / code > , < code > & mut expr< / code > < / td > < td > 借用< / td > < td > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > & < / code > < / td > < td > < code > & type< / code > , < code > & mut type< / code > , < code > & 'a type< / code > , < code > & 'a mut type< / code > < / td > < td > 借用指针类型< / td > < td > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > & < / code > < / td > < td > < code > expr & expr< / code > < / td > < td > 按位与< / td > < td > < code > BitAnd< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > & =< / code > < / td > < td > < code > var & = expr< / code > < / td > < td > 按位与及赋值< / td > < td > < code > BitAndAssign< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > & & < / code > < / td > < td > < code > expr & & expr< / code > < / td > < td > 逻辑与< / td > < td > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > *< / code > < / td > < td > < code > expr * expr< / code > < / td > < td > 算术乘法< / td > < td > < code > Mul< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > *=< / code > < / td > < td > < code > var *= expr< / code > < / td > < td > 算术乘法与赋值< / td > < td > < code > MulAssign< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > *< / code > < / td > < td > < code > *expr< / code > < / td > < td > 解引用< / td > < td > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > *< / code > < / td > < td > < code > *const type< / code > , < code > *mut type< / code > < / td > < td > 裸指针< / td > < td > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > +< / code > < / td > < td > < code > trait + trait< / code > , < code > 'a + trait< / code > < / td > < td > 复合类型限制< / td > < td > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > +< / code > < / td > < td > < code > expr + expr< / code > < / td > < td > 算术加法< / td > < td > < code > Add< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > +=< / code > < / td > < td > < code > var += expr< / code > < / td > < td > 算术加法与赋值< / td > < td > < code > AddAssign< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > ,< / code > < / td > < td > < code > expr, expr< / code > < / td > < td > 参数以及元素分隔符< / td > < td > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > -< / code > < / td > < td > < code > - expr< / code > < / td > < td > 算术取负< / td > < td > < code > Neg< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > -< / code > < / td > < td > < code > expr - expr< / code > < / td > < td > 算术减法< / td > < td > < code > Sub< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > -=< / code > < / td > < td > < code > var -= expr< / code > < / td > < td > 算术减法与赋值< / td > < td > < code > SubAssign< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > -> < / code > < / td > < td > < code > fn(...) -> type< / code > , < code > |…| -> type< / code > < / td > < td > 函数与闭包，返回类型< / td > < td > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > .< / code > < / td > < td > < code > expr.ident< / code > < / td > < td > 成员访问< / td > < td > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > ..< / code > < / td > < td > < code > ..< / code > , < code > expr..< / code > , < code > ..expr< / code > , < code > expr..expr< / code > < / td > < td > 右半开区间< / td > < td > PartialOrd< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > ..=< / code > < / td > < td > < code > ..=expr< / code > , < code > expr..=expr< / code > < / td > < td > 闭合区间< / td > < td > PartialOrd< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > ..< / code > < / td > < td > < code > ..expr< / code > < / td > < td > 结构体更新语法< / td > < td > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > ..< / code > < / td > < td > < code > variant(x, ..)< / code > , < code > struct_type { x, .. }< / code > < / td > < td > “代表剩余部分”的模式绑定< / td > < td > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > ...< / code > < / td > < td > < code > expr...expr< / code > < / td > < td > (不推荐使用，用< code > ..=< / code > 替代) 闭合区间< / td > < td > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > /< / code > < / td > < td > < code > expr / expr< / code > < / td > < td > 算术除法< / td > < td > < code > Div< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > /=< / code > < / td > < td > < code > var /= expr< / code > < / td > < td > 算术除法与赋值< / td > < td > < code > DivAssign< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > :< / code > < / td > < td > < code > pat: type< / code > , < code > ident: type< / code > < / td > < td > 约束< / td > < td > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > :< / code > < / td > < td > < code > ident: expr< / code > < / td > < td > 结构体字段初始化< / td > < td > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > :< / code > < / td > < td > < code > 'a: loop {...}< / code > < / td > < td > 循环标志< / td > < td > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > ;< / code > < / td > < td > < code > expr;< / code > < / td > < td > 语句和语句结束符< / td > < td > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > ;< / code > < / td > < td > < code > [...; len]< / code > < / td > < td > 固定大小数组语法的部分< / td > < td > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > < < < / code > < / td > < td > < code > expr < < expr< / code > < / td > < td > 左移< / td > < td > < code > Shl< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > < < =< / code > < / td > < td > < code > var < < = expr< / code > < / td > < td > 左移与赋值< / td > < td > < code > ShlAssign< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > < < / code > < / td > < td > < code > expr < expr< / code > < / td > < td > 小于比较< / td > < td > < code > PartialOrd< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > < =< / code > < / td > < td > < code > expr < = expr< / code > < / td > < td > 小于等于比较< / td > < td > < code > PartialOrd< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > =< / code > < / td > < td > < code > var = expr< / code > , < code > ident = type< / code > < / td > < td > 赋值/等值< / td > < td > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > ==< / code > < / td > < td > < code > expr == expr< / code > < / td > < td > 等于比较< / td > < td > < code > PartialEq< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > => < / code > < / td > < td > < code > pat => expr< / code > < / td > < td > 匹配分支语法的部分< / td > < td > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > > < / code > < / td > < td > < code > expr > expr< / code > < / td > < td > 大于比较< / td > < td > < code > PartialOrd< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > > =< / code > < / td > < td > < code > expr > = expr< / code > < / td > < td > 大于等于比较< / td > < td > < code > PartialOrd< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > > > < / code > < / td > < td > < code > expr > > expr< / code > < / td > < td > 右移< / td > < td > < code > Shr< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > > > =< / code > < / td > < td > < code > var > > = expr< / code > < / td > < td > 右移与赋值< / td > < td > < code > ShrAssign< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > @< / code > < / td > < td > < code > ident @ pat< / code > < / td > < td > 模式绑定< / td > < td > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > ^< / code > < / td > < td > < code > expr ^ expr< / code > < / td > < td > 按位异或< / td > < td > < code > BitXor< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > ^=< / code > < / td > < td > < code > var ^= expr< / code > < / td > < td > 按位异或与赋值< / td > < td > < code > BitXorAssign< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > |< / code > < / td > < td > < code > pat | pat< / code > < / td > < td > 模式匹配中的多个可选条件< / td > < td > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > |< / code > < / td > < td > < code > expr | expr< / code > < / td > < td > 按位或< / td > < td > < code > BitOr< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > |=< / code > < / td > < td > < code > var |= expr< / code > < / td > < td > 按位或与赋值< / td > < td > < code > BitOrAssign< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > ||< / code > < / td > < td > < code > expr || expr< / code > < / td > < td > 逻辑或< / td > < td > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > ?< / code > < / td > < td > < code > expr?< / code > < / td > < td > 错误传播< / td > < td > < / td > < / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< / div >
< h3 id = "非运算符符号" > < a class = "header" href = "#非运算符符号" > 非运算符符号< / a > < / h3 >
< p > < span class = "caption" > 表 B-2： < / span > < / p >
< div class = "table-wrapper" >
< table >
< thead >
< tr > < th > 符号< / th > < th > 解释< / th > < / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr > < td > < code > 'ident< / code > < / td > < td > 生命周期名称或循环标签< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > ...u8< / code > , < code > ...i32< / code > , < code > ...f64< / code > , < code > ...usize< / code > , 等< / td > < td > 指定类型的数值常量< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > "..."< / code > < / td > < td > 字符串常量< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > r"..."< / code > , < code > r#"..."#< / code > , < code > r##"..."##< / code > , etc.< / td > < td > 原生字符串, 未转义字符< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > b"..."< / code > < / td > < td > 将 < code > & str< / code > 转换成 < code > & [u8; N]< / code > 类型的数组< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > br"..."< / code > , < code > br#"..."#< / code > , < code > br##"..."##< / code > , 等< / td > < td > 原生字节字符串，原生和字节字符串字面值的结合< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > '...'< / code > < / td > < td > Char 字符< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > b'...'< / code > < / td > < td > ASCII 字节< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > |…| expr< / code > < / td > < td > 闭包< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > !< / code > < / td > < td > 代表总是空的类型，用于发散函数(无返回值函数)< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > _< / code > < / td > < td > 模式绑定中表示忽略的意思；也用于增强整型字面值的可读性< / td > < / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< / div >
< p > 表 B-3 展示了模块和对象调用路径的语法。< / p >
< p > < span class = "caption" > 表 B-3： < / span > < / p >
< div class = "table-wrapper" >
< table >
< thead >
< tr > < th > 符号< / th > < th > 解释< / th > < / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr > < td > < code > ident::ident< / code > < / td > < td > 命名空间路径< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > ::path< / code > < / td > < td > 从当前的包的根路径开始的相对路径< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > self::path< / code > < / td > < td > 与当前模块相对的路径（如一个显式相对路径）< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > super::path< / code > < / td > < td > 与父模块相对的路径< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > type::ident< / code > , < code > < type as trait> ::ident< / code > < / td > < td > 关联常量、关联函数、关联类型< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > < type> ::...< / code > < / td > < td > 不可以被直接命名的关联项类型（如 < code > < & T> ::...< / code > ， < code > < [T]> ::...< / code > ， < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > trait::method(...)< / code > < / td > < td > 使用特征名进行方法调用，以消除方法调用的二义性< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > type::method(...)< / code > < / td > < td > 使用类型名进行方法调用, 以消除方法调用的二义性< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > < type as trait> ::method(...)< / code > < / td > < td > 将类型转换为特征，再进行方法调用,以消除方法调用的二义性< / td > < / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< / div >
< p > 表 B-4 展示了使用泛型参数时用到的符号。< / p >
< p > < span class = "caption" > 表 B-4： < / span > < / p >
< div class = "table-wrapper" >
< table >
< thead >
< tr > < th > 符号< / th > < th > 解释< / th > < / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr > < td > < code > path< ...> < / code > < / td > < td > 为一个类型中的泛型指定具体参数（如 < code > Vec< u8> < / code > ） < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > path::< ...> < / code > , < code > method::< ...> < / code > < / td > < td > 为一个泛型、函数或表达式中的方法指定具体参数，通常指双冒号(turbofish)（如 < code > "42".parse::< i32> ()< / code > ） < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > fn ident< ...> ...< / code > < / td > < td > 泛型函数定义< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > struct ident< ...> ...< / code > < / td > < td > 泛型结构体定义< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > enum ident< ...> ...< / code > < / td > < td > 泛型枚举定义< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > impl< ...> ...< / code > < / td > < td > 实现泛型< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > for< ...> type< / code > < / td > < td > 高阶生命周期限制< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > type< ident=type> < / code > < / td > < td > 泛型，其一个或多个相关类型必须被指定为特定类型（如 < code > Iterator< Item=T> < / code > ） < / td > < / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< / div >
< p > 表 B-5 展示了使用特征约束来限制泛型参数的符号。< / p >
< p > < span class = "caption" > 表 B-5： < / span > < / p >
< div class = "table-wrapper" >
< table >
< thead >
< tr > < th > 符号< / th > < th > 解释< / th > < / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr > < td > < code > T: U< / code > < / td > < td > 泛型参数 < code > T< / code > 需实现< code > U< / code > 类型< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > T: 'a< / code > < / td > < td > 泛型 < code > T< / code > 的生命周期必须长于 < code > 'a< / code > （意味着该类型不能传递包含生命周期短于 < code > 'a< / code > 的任何引用）< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > T : 'static< / code > < / td > < td > 泛型 T 只能使用声明周期为’ < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > 'b: 'a< / code > < / td > < td > 生命周期< code > 'b< / code > 必须长于生命周期< code > 'a< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > T: ?Sized< / code > < / td > < td > 使用一个不定大小的泛型类型< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > 'a + trait< / code > , < code > trait + trait< / code > < / td > < td > 多个类型组成的复合类型限制< / td > < / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< / div >
< p > 表 B-6 展示了宏以及在一个对象上定义属性的符号。< / p >
< p > < span class = "caption" > 表 B-6： < / span > < / p >
< div class = "table-wrapper" >
< table >
< thead >
< tr > < th > 符号< / th > < th > 解释< / th > < / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr > < td > < code > #[meta]< / code > < / td > < td > 外部属性< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > #![meta]< / code > < / td > < td > 内部属性< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > $ident< / code > < / td > < td > 宏替换< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > $ident:kind< / code > < / td > < td > 宏捕获< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > $(…)…< / code > < / td > < td > 宏重复< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > ident!(...)< / code > , < code > ident!{...}< / code > , < code > ident![...]< / code > < / td > < td > 宏调用< / td > < / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< / div >
< p > 表 B-7 展示了写注释的符号。< / p >
< p > < span class = "caption" > 表 B-7： < / span > < / p >
< div class = "table-wrapper" >
< table >
< thead >
< tr > < th > 符号< / th > < th > 注释< / th > < / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr > < td > < code > //< / code > < / td > < td > 行注释< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > //!< / code > < / td > < td > 内部行(hang)文档注释< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > ///< / code > < / td > < td > 外部行文档注释< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > /*...*/< / code > < / td > < td > 块注释< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > /*!...*/< / code > < / td > < td > 内部块文档注释< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > /**...*/< / code > < / td > < td > 外部块文档注释< / td > < / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< / div >
< p > 表 B-8 展示了出现在使用元组时的符号。< / p >
< p > < span class = "caption" > 表 B-8： < / span > < / p >
< div class = "table-wrapper" >
< table >
< thead >
< tr > < th > 符号< / th > < th > 解释< / th > < / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr > < td > < code > ()< / code > < / td > < td > 空元组（亦称单元），即是字面值也是类型< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > (expr)< / code > < / td > < td > 括号表达式< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > (expr,)< / code > < / td > < td > 单一元素元组表达式< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > (type,)< / code > < / td > < td > 单一元素元组类型< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > (expr, ...)< / code > < / td > < td > 元组表达式< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > (type, ...)< / code > < / td > < td > 元组类型< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > expr(expr, ...)< / code > < / td > < td > 函数调用表达式；也用于初始化元组结构体 < code > struct< / code > 以及元组枚举 < code > enum< / code > 变体< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > expr.0< / code > , < code > expr.1< / code > , etc.< / td > < td > 元组索引< / td > < / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< / div >
< p > 表 B-9 展示了使用大括号的上下文。< / p >
< p > < span class = "caption" > 表 B-9： < / span > < / p >
< div class = "table-wrapper" >
< table >
< thead >
< tr > < th > 符号< / th > < th > 解释< / th > < / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr > < td > < code > {...}< / code > < / td > < td > 代码块表达式< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > Type {...}< / code > < / td > < td > 结构体字面值< / td > < / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< / div >
< p > 表 B-10 展示了使用方括号的上下文。< / p >
< p > < span class = "caption" > 表 B-10： < / span > < / p >
< div class = "table-wrapper" >
< table >
< thead >
< tr > < th > 符号< / th > < th > 解释< / th > < / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr > < td > < code > [...]< / code > < / td > < td > 数组< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > [expr; len]< / code > < / td > < td > 数组里包含< code > len< / code > 个< code > expr< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > [type; len]< / code > < / td > < td > 数组里包含了< code > len< / code > 个< code > type< / code > 类型的对象< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > expr[expr]< / code > < / td > < td > 集合索引。 重载（< code > Index< / code > , < code > IndexMut< / code > ） < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > expr[..]< / code > , < code > expr[a..]< / code > , < code > expr[..b]< / code > , < code > expr[a..b]< / code > < / td > < td > 集合索引，也称为集合切片，索引要实现以下特征中的其中一个：< code > Range< / code > ， < code > RangeFrom< / code > ， < code > RangeTo< / code > 或 < code > RangeFull< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< / div >
< / main >
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