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< h1 id = "发布配置-profile" > < a class = "header" href = "#发布配置-profile" > 发布配置 Profile< / a > < / h1 >
< p > 细心的同学可能发现了迄今为止我们已经为 Cargo 引入了不少新的名词，而且这些名词有一个共同的特点，不容易或不适合翻译成中文，因为难以表达的很准确，例如 Cargo Target, Feature 等，这不现在又多了一个 Profile。< / p >
< h2 id = "默认的-profile" > < a class = "header" href = "#默认的-profile" > 默认的 profile< / a > < / h2 >
< p > Profile 其实是一种发布配置，例如它默认包含四种: < code > dev< / code > 、 < code > release< / code > 、 < code > test< / code > 和 < code > bench< / code > ，正常情况下，我们无需去指定，< code > Cargo< / code > 会根据我们使用的命令来自动进行选择< / p >
< ul >
< li > 例如 < code > cargo build< / code > 自动选择 < code > dev< / code > profile， < code > cargo test< / code > 则是 < code > test< / code > profile, 出于历史原因，这两个 profile 输出的结果都存放在项目根目录下的 < code > target/debug< / code > 目录中，结果往往用于开发/测试环境< / li >
< li > 而 < code > cargo build --release< / code > 自动选择 < code > release< / code > profile， < code > target/release< / code > 目录中，结果往往用于生产环境< / li >
< / ul >
< p > 可以看出 Profile 跟 Nodejs 的 < code > dev< / code > 和 < code > prod< / code > 很像，都是通过不同的配置来为目标环境构建最终编译后的结果: < code > dev< / code > 编译输出的结果用于开发环境，< code > prod< / code > 则用于生产环境。< / p >
< p > 针对不同的 profile， ， < code > dev< / code > 用于开发环境，因此构建速度是最重要的：此时，我们可以牺牲运行性能来换取编译性能，那么优化级别就会使用最低的。而 < code > release< / code > 则相反，优化级别会使用最高，导致的结果就是运行得非常快，但是编译速度大幅降低。< / p >
< blockquote >
< p > 初学者一个常见的错误，就是使用非 < code > release< / code > profile 去测试性能，例如 < code > cargo run< / code > ，这种方式显然无法得到正确的结果，我们应该使用 < code > cargo run --release< / code > 的方式测试性能< / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > profile 可以通过 < code > Cargo.toml< / code > 中的 < code > [profile]< / code > 部分进行设置和改变:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [profile.dev]
opt-level = 1 # 使用稍高一些的优化级别， ，
overflow-checks = false # 关闭整数溢出检查
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 需要注意的是，每一种 profile 都可以单独的进行设置，例如上面的 < code > [profile.dev]< / code > 。< / p >
< p > 如果是工作空间的话，只有根 package 的 < code > Cargo.toml< / code > 中的 < code > [profile]< / code > 设置才会被使用，其它成员或依赖包中的设置会被自动忽略。< / p >
< p > 另外， < code > .cargo/config.toml< / code > 或环境变量的方式所指定的 < code > profile< / code > 配置会覆盖项目的 < code > Cargo.toml< / code > 中相应的配置。< / p >
< h2 id = "自定义-profile" > < a class = "header" href = "#自定义-profile" > 自定义 profile< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 除了默认的四种 profile， ， ， < / p >
< p > 当定义 profile 时，你必须指定 < code > inherits< / code > 用于说明当配置缺失时，该 profile 要从哪个 profile 那里继承配置。< / p >
< p > 例如，我们想在 release profile 的基础上增加 < a href = "#lto" > LTO< / a > 优化，那么可以在 < code > Cargo.toml< / code > 中添加如下内容：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [profile.release-lto]
inherits = "release"
lto = true
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 然后在构建时使用 < code > --profile< / code > 来指定想要选择的自定义 profile ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-shell" > $ cargo build --profile release-lto
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 与默认的 profile 相同，自定义 profile 的编译结果也存放在 < a href = "https://course.rs/cargo/guide/build-cache.html" > < code > target/< / code > < / a > 下的同名目录中，例如 < code > --profile release-lto< / code > 的输出结果存储在 < code > target/release-lto< / code > 中。< / p >
< h2 id = "选择-profile" > < a class = "header" href = "#选择-profile" > 选择 profile< / a > < / h2 >
< ul >
< li > 默认使用 < code > dev< / code > : < code > cargo build< / code > , < code > cargo rustc< / code > , < code > cargo check< / code > , 和 < code > cargo run< / code > < / li >
< li > 默认使用 < code > test< / code > : < code > cargo test< / code > < / li >
< li > 默认使用 < code > bench< / code > : < code > cargo bench< / code > < / li >
< li > 默认使用 < code > release< / code > ： < code > cargo install< / code > , < code > cargo build --release< / code > , < code > cargo run --release< / code > < / li >
< li > 使用自定义 profile: < code > cargo build --profile release-lto< / code > < / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "profile-设置" > < a class = "header" href = "#profile-设置" > profile 设置< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 下面我们来看看 profile 中可以进行哪些优化设置。< / p >
< h4 id = "opt-level" > < a class = "header" href = "#opt-level" > opt-level< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 该字段用于控制 < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#opt-level" > < code > -C opt-level< / code > < / a > 标志的优化级别。更高的优化级别往往意味着运行更快的代码，但是也意味着更慢的编译速度。< / p >
< p > 同时，更高的编译级别甚至会造成编译代码的改变和再排列，这会为 debug 带来更高的复杂度。< / p >
< p > < code > opt-level< / code > 支持的选项包括:< / p >
< ul >
< li > < code > 0< / code > : 无优化< / li >
< li > < code > 1< / code > : 基本优化< / li >
< li > < code > 2< / code > : 一些优化< / li >
< li > < code > 3< / code > : 全部优化< / li >
< li > “s”: 优化输出的二进制文件的大小< / li >
< li > “z”: 优化二进制文件大小，但也会关闭循环向量化< / li >
< / ul >
< p > 我们非常推荐你根据自己的需求来找到最适合的优化级别(例如，平衡运行和编译速度)。而且有一点值得注意，有的时候优化级别和性能的关系可能会出乎你的意料之外，例如 < code > 3< / code > 比 < code > 2< / code > 更慢，再比如 < code > "s"< / code > 并没有让你的二进制文件变得更小。< / p >
< p > 而且随着 < code > rustc< / code > 版本的更新，你之前的配置也可能要随之变化，总之，为项目的热点路径做好基准性能测试是不错的选择，不然总不能每次都手动重写代码来测试吧 :)< / p >
< p > 如果想要了解更多，可以参考 < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/rustc/profile-guided-optimization.html" > rustc 文档< / a > ，这里有更高级的优化技巧。< / p >
< h4 id = "debug" > < a class = "header" href = "#debug" > debug< / a > < / h4 >
< p > < code > debug< / code > 控制 < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#debuginfo" > < code > -C debuginfo< / code > < / a > 标志，而后者用于控制最终二进制文件输出的 < code > debug< / code > 信息量。< / p >
< p > 支持的选项包括:< / p >
< ul >
< li > < code > 0< / code > 或 < code > false< / code > ：不输出任何 debug 信息< / li >
< li > < code > 1< / code > : 行信息< / li >
< li > < code > 2< / code > : 完整的 debug 信息< / li >
< / ul >
< h4 id = "split-debuginfo" > < a class = "header" href = "#split-debuginfo" > split-debuginfo< / a > < / h4 >
< p > < code > split-debuginfo< / code > 控制 < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#split-debuginfo" > -C split-debuginfo< / a > 标志，用于决定输出的 debug 信息是存放在二进制可执行文件里还是邻近的文件中。< / p >
< h4 id = "debug-assertions" > < a class = "header" href = "#debug-assertions" > debug-assertions< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 该字段控制 < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#debug-assertions" > -C debug-assertions< / a > 标志，可以开启或关闭其中一个< a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/reference/conditional-compilation.html#debug_assertions" > 条件编译< / a > 选项： < code > cfg(debug_assertions)< / code > 。< / p >
< p > < code > debug-assertion< / code > 会提供运行时的检查，该检查只能用于 < code > debug< / code > 模式，原因是对于 < code > release< / code > 来说，这种检查的成本较为高昂。< / p >
< p > 大家熟悉的 < a href = "https://course.rs/test/assertion.html#debug_assert-系列" > < code > debug_assert!< / code > < / a > 宏也是通过该标志开启的。< / p >
< p > 支持的选项包括 :< / p >
< ul >
< li > < code > true< / code > : 开启< / li >
< li > < code > false< / code > : 关闭< / li >
< / ul >
< h4 id = "overflow-checks" > < a class = "header" href = "#overflow-checks" > overflow-checks< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 用于控制 < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#overflow-checks" > -C overflow-checks< / a > 标志，该标志可以控制运行时的整数溢出行为。< strong > 当开启后，整数溢出会导致 < code > panic< / code > < / strong > 。< / p >
< p > 支持的选项包括 :< / p >
< ul >
< li > < code > true< / code > : 开启< / li >
< li > < code > false< / code > : 关闭< / li >
< / ul >
< h4 id = "lto" > < a class = "header" href = "#lto" > lto< / a > < / h4 >
< p > < code > lto< / code > 用于控制 < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#lto" > < code > -C lto< / code > < / a > 标志，而后者可以控制 LLVM 的< a href = "https://llvm.org/docs/LinkTimeOptimization.html" > 链接时优化( link time optimizations )< / a > 。通过对整个程序进行分析， ， < / p >
< p > 支持的选项包括：< / p >
< ul >
< li > < code > false< / code > : 只会对代码生成单元中的本地包进行 < code > "thin" LTO< / code > 优化，若代码生成单元数为 1 或者 < code > opt-level< / code > 为 0， < / li >
< li > < code > true< / code > 或 < code > "fat"< / code > ：对依赖图中的所有包进行 < code > "fat" LTO< / code > 优化< / li >
< li > < code > "thin"< / code > ：对依赖图的所有包进行 < a href = "http://blog.llvm.org/2016/06/thinlto-scalable-and-incremental-lto.html" > < code > "thin" LTO< / code > < / a > ，相比 < code > "fat"< / code > 来说，它仅牺牲了一点性能，但是换来了链接时间的可观减少< / li >
< li > < code > off< / code > ： < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 如果大家想了解跨语言 LTO， < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#linker-plugin-lto" > -C linker-plugin-lto< / a > 标志。< / p >
< h4 id = "panic" > < a class = "header" href = "#panic" > panic< / a > < / h4 >
< p > < code > panic< / code > 控制 < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/cargo/reference/profiles.html#codegen-units" > -C panic< / a > 标志，它可以控制 < code > panic< / code > 策略的选择。< / p >
< p > 支持的选项包括:< / p >
< ul >
< li > < code > "unwind"< / code > : 遇到 panic 后对栈进行展开( unwind )< / li >
< li > < code > "abort"< / code > : 遇到 panic 后直接停止程序< / li >
< / ul >
< p > 当设置为 < code > "unwind"< / code > 时，具体的栈展开信息取决于特定的平台，例如 < code > NVPTX< / code > 不支持 < code > unwind< / code > ，因此程序只能 “abort”。< / p >
< p > 测试、基准性能测试、构建脚本和过程宏会忽略 < code > panic< / code > 设置，目前来说它们要求是 < code > "unwind"< / code > ，如果大家希望修改成 < code > "abort"< / code > ，可以看看 < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/cargo/reference/unstable.html#panic-abort-tests" > panic-abort-tests < / a > 。< / p >
< p > 另外，当你使用 < code > "abort"< / code > 策略且在执行测试时，由于上述的要求，除了测试代码外，所有的依赖库也会忽略该 < code > "abort"< / code > 设置而使用 < code > "unwind"< / code > 策略。< / p >
< h4 id = "incremental" > < a class = "header" href = "#incremental" > incremental< / a > < / h4 >
< p > < code > incremental< / code > 控制 < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#incremental" > -C incremental< / a > 标志，用于开启或关闭增量编译。开启增量编译时，< code > rustc< / code > 会将必要的信息存放到硬盘中( < code > target< / code > 目录中 )，当下次编译时，这些信息可以被复用以改善编译时间。< / p >
< p > 支持的选项包括:< / p >
< ul >
< li > < code > true< / code > ： < / li >
< li > < code > false< / code > : 关闭< / li >
< / ul >
< p > < strong > 增量编译只能用于工作空间的成员和通过 < code > path< / code > 引入的本地依赖。< / strong > < / p >
< p > 大家还可以通过< a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/cargo/reference/environment-variables.html" > 环境变量< / a > < code > CARGO_INCREMENTAL< / code > 或 Cargo 配置 < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/cargo/reference/config.html#buildincremental" > build.incremental< / a > 在全局对 < code > incremental< / code > 进行覆盖。< / p >
< h4 id = "codegen-units" > < a class = "header" href = "#codegen-units" > codegen-units< / a > < / h4 >
< p > < code > codegen-units< / code > 控制 < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#codegen-units" > -C codegen-units< / a > 标志，可以指定一个包会被分隔为多少个代码生成单元。< strong > 更多的代码生成单元会提升代码的并行编译速度，但是可能会降低运行速度。< / strong > < / p >
< p > 对于增量编译，默认值是 256， < / p >
< h4 id = "r-path" > < a class = "header" href = "#r-path" > r-path< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 用于控制 < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#rpath" > -C rpath< / a > 标志，可以控制 < a href = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rpath" > < code > rpath< / code > < / a > 的启用与关闭。< / p >
< p > < code > rpath< / code > 代表硬编码到二进制可执行文件或库文件中的< strong > 运行时代码搜索(runtime search path)< / strong > ，动态链接库的加载器就通过它来搜索所需的库。< / p >
< h2 id = "默认-profile" > < a class = "header" href = "#默认-profile" > 默认 profile< / a > < / h2 >
< h4 id = "dev" > < a class = "header" href = "#dev" > dev< / a > < / h4 >
< p > < code > dev< / code > profile 往往用于开发和 debug， < code > cargo build< / code > 或 < code > cargo run< / code > 默认使用的就是 < code > dev< / code > profile， < code > cargo build --debug< / code > 也是。< / p >
< blockquote >
< p > 注意：< code > dev< / code > profile 的结果并没有输出到 < code > target/dev< / code > 同名目录下，而是 < code > target/debug< / code > ，这是历史遗留问题< / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > 默认的 < code > dev< / code > profile 设置如下：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [profile.dev]
opt-level = 0
debug = true
split-debuginfo = '...' # Platform-specific.
debug-assertions = true
overflow-checks = true
lto = false
panic = 'unwind'
incremental = true
codegen-units = 256
rpath = false
< / code > < / pre >
< h4 id = "release" > < a class = "header" href = "#release" > release< / a > < / h4 >
< p > < code > release< / code > 往往用于预发/生产环境或性能测试，以下命令使用的就是 < code > release< / code > profile:< / p >
< ul >
< li > < code > cargo build --release< / code > < / li >
< li > < code > cargo run --release< / code > < / li >
< li > < code > cargo install< / code > < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 默认的 < code > release< / code > profile 设置如下：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [profile.release]
opt-level = 3
debug = false
split-debuginfo = '...' # Platform-specific.
debug-assertions = false
overflow-checks = false
lto = false
panic = 'unwind'
incremental = false
codegen-units = 16
rpath = false
< / code > < / pre >
< h4 id = "test" > < a class = "header" href = "#test" > test< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 该 profile 用于构建测试，它的设置是继承自 < code > dev< / code > < / p >
< h4 id = "bench" > < a class = "header" href = "#bench" > bench< / a > < / h4 >
< p > < code > bench< / code > profile 用于构建基准测试 benchmark， < code > release< / code > < / p >
< h4 id = "构建本身依赖" > < a class = "header" href = "#构建本身依赖" > 构建本身依赖< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 默认情况下，所有的 profile 都不会对构建过程本身所需的依赖进行优化，构建过程本身包括构建脚本、过程宏。< / p >
< p > 默认的设置是：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [profile.dev.build-override]
opt-level = 0
codegen-units = 256
[profile.release.build-override]
opt-level = 0
codegen-units = 256
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 如果是自定义 profile， < / p >
< h2 id = "重写-profile" > < a class = "header" href = "#重写-profile" > 重写 profile< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 我们还可以对特定的包使用的 profile 进行重写(override):< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > # `foo` package 将使用 -Copt-level=3 标志.
[profile.dev.package.foo]
opt-level = 3
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 这里的 < code > package< / code > 名称实际上是一个 < a href = "https://course.rs/cargo/reference/package-id.html" > < code > Package ID< / code > < / a > ，因此我们还可以通过版本号来选择: < code > [profile.dev.package."foo:2.1.0"]< / code > 。< / p >
< p > 如果要为所有依赖包重写(不包括工作空间的成员):< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [profile.dev.package."*"]
opt-level = 2
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 为构建脚本、过程宏和它们的依赖重写：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [profile.dev.build-override]
opt-level = 3
< / code > < / pre >
< blockquote >
< p > 注意：如果一个依赖同时被正常代码和构建脚本所使用，当 < code > --target< / code > 没有指定时， < / p >
< p > 但是当使用了 < code > build-override< / code > 后，该依赖会被构建两次，一次为正常代码，一次为构建脚本，因此会增加一些编译时间< / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > 重写的优先级按以下顺序执行(第一个匹配获胜):< / p >
< ul >
< li > < code > [profile.dev.package.name]< / code > ，指定名称进行重写< / li >
< li > < code > [profile.dev.package."*"]< / code > ，对所有非工作空间成员的 package 进行重写< / li >
< li > < code > [profile.dev.build-override]< / code > ，对构建脚本、过程宏及它们的依赖进行重写< / li >
< li > < code > [profile.dev]< / code > < / li >
< li > Cargo 内置的默认值< / li >
< / ul >
< p > 重写无法使用 < code > panic< / code > 、< code > lto< / code > 或 < code > rpath< / code > 设置。< / p >
< / main >
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