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< h1 id = "cargo-target" > < a class = "header" href = "#cargo-target" > Cargo Target< / a > < / h1 >
< p > < strong > Cargo 项目中包含有一些对象，它们包含的源代码文件可以被编译成相应的包，这些对象被称之为 Cargo Target< / strong > 。例如< a href = "https://course.rs/cargo/guide/package-layout.html" > 之前章节< / a > 提到的库对象 < code > Library< / code > 、二进制对象 < code > Binary< / code > 、示例对象 < code > Examples< / code > 、测试对象 < code > Tests< / code > 和 基准性能对象 < code > Benches< / code > 都是 Cargo Target。< / p >
< p > 本章节我们一起来看看该如何在 < code > Cargo.toml< / code > 清单中配置这些对象，当然，大部分时候都无需手动配置，因为默认的配置通常由项目目录的布局自动推断出来。< / p >
< h2 id = "对象介绍" > < a class = "header" href = "#对象介绍" > 对象介绍< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 在开始讲解如何配置对象前，我们先来看看这些对象究竟是什么，估计还有些同学对此有些迷糊 :)< / p >
< h4 id = "库对象library" > < a class = "header" href = "#库对象library" > 库对象(Library)< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 库对象用于定义一个库，该库可以被其它的库或者可执行文件所链接。< strong > 该对象包含的默认文件名是 < code > src/lib.rs< / code > ，且默认情况下，库对象的名称< a href = "https://course.rs/basic/crate-module/crate.html#package" > 跟项目名是一致的< / a > < / strong > ， < / p >
< p > 一个工程只能有一个库对象，因此也只能有一个 < code > src/lib.rs< / code > 文件，以下是一种自定义配置:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-shell" > # 一个简单的例子：在 Cargo.toml 中定制化库对象
[lib]
crate-type = ["cdylib"]
bench = false
< / code > < / pre >
< h4 id = "二进制对象binaries" > < a class = "header" href = "#二进制对象binaries" > 二进制对象(Binaries)< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 二进制对象在被编译后可以生成可执行的文件，默认的文件名是 < code > src/main.rs< / code > ，二进制对象的名称跟项目名也是相同的。< / p >
< p > 大家应该还记得，一个项目拥有多个二进制文件，因此一个项目可以拥有多个二进制对象。当拥有多个对象时，对象的文件默认会被放在 < code > src/bin/< / code > 目录下。< / p >
< p > 二进制对象可以使用库对象提供的公共 API， < code > [dependencies]< / code > 来引入外部的依赖库。< / p >
< p > 我们可以使用 < code > cargo run --bin < bin-name> < / code > 的方式来运行指定的二进制对象，以下是二进制对象的配置示例：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > # Example of customizing binaries in Cargo.toml.
[[bin]]
name = "cool-tool"
test = false
bench = false
[[bin]]
name = "frobnicator"
required-features = ["frobnicate"]
< / code > < / pre >
< h4 id = "示例对象examples" > < a class = "header" href = "#示例对象examples" > 示例对象(Examples)< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 示例对象的文件在根目录下的 < code > examples< / code > 目录中。既然是示例，自然是使用项目中的库对象的功能进行演示。示例对象编译后的文件会存储在 < code > target/debug/examples< / code > 目录下。< / p >
< p > 如上所示，示例对象可以使用库对象的公共 API， < code > [dependencies]< / code > 来引入外部的依赖库。< / p >
< p > 默认情况下，示例对象都是可执行的二进制文件( 带有 < code > fn main()< / code > 函数入口)，毕竟例子是用来测试和演示我们的库对象，是用来运行的。而你完全可以将示例对象改成库的类型:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [[example]]
name = "foo"
crate-type = ["staticlib"]
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 如果想要指定运行某个示例对象，可以使用 < code > cargo run --example < example-name> < / code > 命令。如果是库类型的示例对象，则可以使用 < code > cargo build --example < example-name> < / code > 进行构建。< / p >
< p > 与此类似，还可以使用 < code > cargo install --example < example-name> < / code > 来将示例对象编译出的可执行文件安装到默认的目录中，将该目录添加到 < code > $PATH< / code > 环境变量中，就可以直接全局运行安装的可执行文件。< / p >
< p > 最后，< code > cargo test< / code > 命令默认会对示例对象进行编译，以防止示例代码因为长久没运行，导致严重过期以至于无法运行。< / p >
< h4 id = "测试对象tests" > < a class = "header" href = "#测试对象tests" > 测试对象(Tests)< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 测试对象的文件位于根目录下的 < code > tests< / code > 目录中，如果大家还有印象的话，就知道该目录是< a href = "https://course.rs/test/unit-integration-test.html#集成测试" > 集成测试< / a > 所使用的。< / p >
< p > 当运行 < code > cargo test< / code > 时，里面的每个文件都会被编译成独立的包，然后被执行。< / p >
< p > 测试对象可以使用库对象提供的公共 API， < code > [dependencies]< / code > 来引入外部的依赖库。< / p >
< h4 id = "基准性能对象benches" > < a class = "header" href = "#基准性能对象benches" > 基准性能对象(Benches)< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 该对象的文件位于 < code > benches< / code > 目录下，可以通过 < code > cargo bench< / code > 命令来运行，关于基准测试，可以通过< a href = "https://course.rs/test/benchmark.html" > 这篇文章< / a > 了解更多。< / p >
< h2 id = "配置一个对象" > < a class = "header" href = "#配置一个对象" > 配置一个对象< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 我们可以通过 < code > Cargo.toml< / code > 中的 < code > [lib]< / code > 、< code > [[bin]]< / code > 、< code > [[example]]< / code > 、< code > [[test]]< / code > 和 < code > [[bench]]< / code > 部分对以上对象进行配置。< / p >
< blockquote >
< p > 大家可能会疑惑 < code > [lib]< / code > 和 < code > [[bin]]< / code > 的写法为何不一致，原因是这种语法是 < code > TOML< / code > 提供的< a href = "https://toml.io/en/v1.0.0-rc.3#array-of-tables" > 数组特性< / a > ， < code > [[bin]]< / code > 这种写法意味着我们可以在 Cargo.toml 中创建多个 < code > [[bin]]< / code > ，每一个对应一个二进制文件< / p >
< p > 上文提到过，我们只能指定一个库对象，因此这里只能使用 < code > [lib]< / code > 形式< / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > 由于它们的配置内容都是相似的，因此我们以 < code > [lib]< / code > 为例来说明相应的配置项:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [lib]
name = "foo" # 对象名称: 库对象、`src/main.rs` 二进制对象的名称默认是项目名
path = "src/lib.rs" # 对象的源文件路径
test = true # 能否被测试，默认是 true
doctest = true # 文档测试是否开启，默认是 true
bench = true # 基准测试是否开启
doc = true # 文档功能是否开启
plugin = false # 是否可以用于编译器插件(deprecated).
proc-macro = false # 是否是过程宏类型的库
harness = true # 是否使用libtest harness : https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/rustc/tests/index.html
edition = "2015" # 对象使用的 Rust Edition
crate-type = ["lib"] # 生成的包类型
required-features = [] # 构建对象所需的 Cargo Features (N/A for lib).
< / code > < / pre >
< h4 id = "name" > < a class = "header" href = "#name" > name< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 对于库对象和默认的二进制对象( < code > src/main.rs < / code > )，默认的名称是项目的名称( < code > package.name< / code > )。< / p >
< p > 对于其它类型的对象，默认是目录或文件名。< / p >
< p > 除了 < code > [lib]< / code > 外，< code > name< / code > 字段对于其他对象都是必须的。< / p >
< h4 id = "proc-macro" > < a class = "header" href = "#proc-macro" > proc-macro< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 该字段的使用方式在< a href = "https://course.rs/advance/macro.html#定义过程宏" > 过程宏章节< / a > 有详细的介绍。< / p >
< h4 id = "edition" > < a class = "header" href = "#edition" > edition< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 对使用的 Rust Edition 版本进行设置。< / p >
< p > 如果没有设置，则默认使用 < code > [package]< / code > 中配置的 < code > package.edition< / code > ，通常来说，这个字段不应该被单独设置，只有在一些特殊场景中才可能用到：例如将一个大型项目逐步升级为新的 edition 版本。< / p >
< h4 id = "crate-type" > < a class = "header" href = "#crate-type" > crate-type< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 该字段定义了对象生成的< a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/reference/linkage.html" > 包类型< / a > 。它是一个数组，因此为同一个对象指定多个包类型。< / p >
< p > 需要注意的是，只有库对象和示例对象可以被指定，因为其他的二进制、测试和基准测试对象只能是 < code > bin< / code > 这个包类型。< / p >
< p > 默认的包类型如下:< / p >
< div class = "table-wrapper" >
< table >
< thead >
< tr > < th > 对象< / th > < th > 包类型< / th > < / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr > < td > 正常的库对象< / td > < td > “lib”< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > 过程宏的库对象< / td > < td > “proc-macro”< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > 示例对象< / td > < td > “bin”< / td > < / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< / div >
< p > 可用的选项包括 < code > bin< / code > 、< code > lib< / code > 、< code > rlib< / code > 、< code > dylib< / code > 、< code > cdylib< / code > 、< code > staticlib< / code > 和 < code > proc-macro< / code > ，如果大家想了解更多，可以看下官方的< a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/reference/linkage.html" > 参考手册< / a > 。< / p >
< h4 id = "required-features" > < a class = "header" href = "#required-features" > required-features< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 该字段用于指定在构建对象时所需的 < a href = "https://course.rs/cargo/reference/features.html" > < code > features< / code > < / a > 列表。< / p >
< p > 该字段只对 < code > [[bin]]< / code > 、 < code > [[bench]]< / code > 、 < code > [[test]]< / code > 和 < code > [[example]]< / code > 有效，对于 < code > [lib]< / code > 没有任何效果。< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [features]
# ...
postgres = []
sqlite = []
tools = []
[[bin]]
name = "my-pg-tool"
required-features = ["postgres", "tools"]
< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "对象自动发现" > < a class = "header" href = "#对象自动发现" > 对象自动发现< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 默认情况下，< code > Cargo< / code > 会基于项目的< a href = "https://course.rs/cargo/guide/package-layout.html" > 目录文件布局< / a > 自动发现和确定对象，而之前的配置项则允许我们对其进行手动的配置修改(若项目布局跟标准的不一样时)。< / p >
< p > 而这种自动发现对象的设定可以通过以下配置来禁用:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [package]
# ...
autobins = false
autoexamples = false
autotests = false
autobenches = false
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 只有在特定场景下才应该禁用自动对象发现。例如，你有一个模块想要命名为 < code > bin< / code > ，目录结构如下:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-shell" > ├── Cargo.toml
└── src
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 这在默认情况下会导致问题，因为 < code > Cargo< / code > 会使用 < code > src/bin< / code > 作为存放二进制对象的地方。< / p >
< p > 为了阻止这一点，可以设置 < code > autobins = false< / code > :< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > ├── Cargo.toml
└── src
< / code > < / pre >
< / main >
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