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< h1 id = "发布到-cratesio" > < a class = "header" href = "#发布到-cratesio" > 发布到 crates.io< / a > < / h1 >
< p > 如果你想要把自己的开源项目分享给全世界，那最好的办法自然是 GitHub。但如果是 Rust 的库，那除了发布到 GitHub 外，我们还可以将其发布到 < a href = "https://crates.io" > crates.io< / a > 上，然后其它用户就可以很简单的对其进行引用。< / p >
< blockquote >
< p > 注意：发布包到 < code > crates.io< / code > 后，特定的版本无法被覆盖，要发布就必须使用新的版本号，代码也无法被删除!< / p >
< / blockquote >
< h2 id = "首次发布之前" > < a class = "header" href = "#首次发布之前" > 首次发布之前< / a > < / h2 >
< p > < strong > 首先，我们需要一个账号< / strong > ：访问 crates.io 的< a href = "https://crates.io" > 主页< / a > ，然后在右上角使用 GitHub 账户登陆，接着访问你的< a href = "https://crates.io/settings/profile" > 账户设置< / a > 页面，进入到 API Tokens 标签页下，生成新的 Token， < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-shell" > $ cargo login abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz012345
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 该命令将告诉 Cargo 你的 API Token， < code > ~/.cargo/credentials.toml< / code > 文件中。< / p >
< blockquote >
< p > 注意：你需要妥善保管好 API Token， ， ， < / p >
< / blockquote >
< h2 id = "发布包之前" > < a class = "header" href = "#发布包之前" > 发布包之前< / a > < / h2 >
< p > < code > crates.io< / code > 上的< strong > 包名遵循先到先得< / strong > 的方式：一旦你想要的包名已经被使用，那么你就得换一个不同的包名。< / p >
< p > 在发布之前，< strong > 确保< / strong > < code > Cargo.toml< / code > 中以下字段已经被设置:< / p >
< ul >
< li > < a href = "https://course.rs/cargo/reference/manifest.html#license和license-file" > license 或 license-file< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://course.rs/cargo/reference/manifest.html#description" > description< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://course.rs/cargo/reference/manifest.html#homepage" > homepage< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://course.rs/cargo/reference/manifest.html#documentation" > documentation< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://course.rs/cargo/reference/manifest.html#repository" > repository< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://course.rs/cargo/reference/manifest.html#readme" > readme< / a > < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 你还可以设置< a href = "https://course.rs/cargo/reference/manifest.html#keywords" > 关键字< / a > 和< a href = "https://course.rs/cargo/reference/manifest.html#categories" > 类别< / a > 等元信息，让包更容易被其他人搜索发现，虽然它们不是必须的。< / p >
< p > 如果你发布的是一个依赖库，那么你可能需要遵循相关的< a href = "https://course.rs/practice/naming.html" > 命名规范< / a > 和 < a href = "https://rust-lang.github.io/api-guidelines/" > API Guidlines< / a > .< / p >
< h2 id = "打包" > < a class = "header" href = "#打包" > 打包< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 下一步就是将你的项目进行打包，然后上传到 < code > crates.io< / code > 。为了实现这个目的，我们可以使用 < code > cargo publish< / code > 命令，该命令执行了以下步骤：< / p >
< ol >
< li > 对项目进行一些验证< / li >
< li > 将源代码压缩到 < code > .crate< / code > 文件中< / li >
< li > 将 < code > .crate< / code > 文件解压并放入到临时的目录中，并验证解压出的代码可以顺利编译< / li >
< li > 上传 < code > .crate< / code > 文件到 < code > crates.io< / code > < / li >
< li > 注册服务会对上传的包进行一些额外的验证，然后才会添加它到注册服务列表中< / li >
< / ol >
< p > 在发布之前，我们推荐你先运行 < code > cargo publish --dry-run< / code > (或 < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/cargo/commands/cargo-package.html" > < code > cargo package< / code > < / a > ) 命令来确保代码没有 warning 或错误。< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-shell" > $ cargo publish --dry-run
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 你可以在 < code > target/package< / code > 目录下观察生成的 < code > .crate< / code > 文件。例如，目前 < code > crates.io< / code > 要求该文件的大小不能超过 10MB， ， < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-shell" > $ cargo package --list
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 当打包时， < code > .gitignore< / code > 。除此之外，你还可以通过 < a href = "https://course.rs/cargo/reference/manifest.html#exclude和include" > < code > exclude< / code > < / a > 来排除指定的文件:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [package]
# ...
exclude = [
"public/assets/*",
"videos/*",
]
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 如果想要显式地将某些文件包含其中，可以使用 < code > include< / code > ，但是需要注意的是，这个 key 一旦设置，那 < code > exclude< / code > 就将失效：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [package]
# ...
include = [
"**/*.rs",
"Cargo.toml",
]
< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "上传包" > < a class = "header" href = "#上传包" > 上传包< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 准备好后，我们就可以正式来上传指定的包了，在根目录中运行：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-shell" > $ cargo publish
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 就是这么简单，恭喜你，完成了第一个包的发布！< / p >
< h2 id = "发布已上传包的新版本" > < a class = "header" href = "#发布已上传包的新版本" > 发布已上传包的新版本< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 绝大多数时候，我们并不是在发布新包，而是发布已经上传过的包的新版本。< / p >
< p > 为了实现这一点，只需修改 < code > Cargo.toml< / code > 中的 < a href = "https://course.rs/cargo/reference/manifest.html#version" > < code > version< / code > < / a > 字段 ，但需要注意：< strong > 版本号需要遵循 < code > semver< / code > 规则< / strong > 。< / p >
< p > 然后再次使用 < code > cargo publish< / code > 就可以上传新的版本了。< / p >
< h2 id = "管理-cratesio-上的包" > < a class = "header" href = "#管理-cratesio-上的包" > 管理 crates.io 上的包< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 目前来说，管理包更多地是通过 < code > cargo< / code > 命令而不是在线管理，下面是一些你可以使用的命令。< / p >
< h4 id = "cargo-yank" > < a class = "header" href = "#cargo-yank" > cargo yank< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 有的时候你会遇到发布的包版本实际上并不可用(例如语法错误，或者忘记包含一个文件等)， ， < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-shell" > $ cargo yank --vers 1.0.1
$ cargo yank --vers 1.0.1 --undo
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 该命令< strong > 并不能删除任何代码< / strong > ，例如如果你上传了一段隐私内容，你需要的是立刻重置它们，而不是使用 < code > cargo yank< / code > 。< / p >
< p > < code > yank< / code > 能做到的就是让其它人不能再使用这个版本作为依赖，但是现存的依赖依然可以继续工作。< code > crates.io< / code > 的一个主要目标就是作为一个不会随着时间变化的永久性包存档，但< strong > 删除某个版本显然违背了这个目标< / strong > 。< / p >
< h4 id = "cargo-owner" > < a class = "header" href = "#cargo-owner" > cargo owner< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 一个包可能会有多个主要开发者，甚至维护者 maintainer 都会发生变更。目前来说，只有包的 owner 才能发布新的版本，但是一个 owner 可以指定其它的用户为 owner:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-shell" > $ cargo owner --add github-handle
$ cargo owner --remove github-handle
$ cargo owner --add github:rust-lang:owners
$ cargo owner --remove github:rust-lang:owners
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 命令中使用的 ownerID 必须是 GitHub 用户名或 Team 名。< / p >
< p > 一旦一个用户 < code > B< / code > 通过 < code > --add< / code > 被加入到 < code > owner< / code > 列表中， ， < code > B< / code > 为 owner 的 < code > A< / code > 都可以被移除！< / p >
< p > 因此，我们必须严肃的指出：< strong > 不要将你不信任的人添加为 owner !< / strong > 免得哪天反目成仇后，他把你移除了 - , -< / p >
< p > 但是对于 Team 又有所不同，通过 < code > -add< / code > 添加的 GitHub Team owner， < strong > 不能添加或移除< / strong > owner！ ， < / p >
< p > 如果大家在添加 team 时遇到问题，可以看看官方的< a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/cargo/reference/publishing.html#github-permissions" > 相关文档< / a > ，由于绝大多数人都无需此功能，因此这里不再详细展开。< / p >
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