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< h1 id = "命名规范" > < a class = "header" href = "#命名规范" > 命名规范< / a > < / h1 >
< p > 基本的 Rust 命名规范在 < a href = "https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0430-finalizing-naming-conventions.md" > RFC 430< / a > 中有描述。< / p >
< p > 通常，对于 < strong > type-level< / strong > 的构造 Rust 倾向于使用< strong > 驼峰命名法< / strong > ，而对于 < strong > value-level< / strong > 的构造使用< strong > 蛇形命名法< / strong > 。详情如下：< / p >
< div class = "table-wrapper" >
< table >
< thead >
< tr > < th > 条目< / th > < th > 惯例< / th > < / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr > < td > 包 Crates< / td > < td > < a href = "https://github.com/rust-lang/api-guidelines/issues/29" > unclear< / a > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > 模块 Modules< / td > < td > < code > snake_case< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > 类型 Types< / td > < td > < code > UpperCamelCase< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > 特征 Traits< / td > < td > < code > UpperCamelCase< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > 枚举 Enumerations< / td > < td > < code > UpperCamelCase< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > 结构体 Structs< / td > < td > < code > UpperCamelCase< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > 函数 Functions< / td > < td > < code > snake_case< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > 方法 Methods< / td > < td > < code > snake_case< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > 通用构造器 General constructors< / td > < td > < code > new< / code > or < code > with_more_details< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > 转换构造器 Conversion constructors< / td > < td > < code > from_some_other_type< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > 宏 Macros< / td > < td > < code > snake_case!< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > 局部变量 Local variables< / td > < td > < code > snake_case< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > 静态类型 Statics< / td > < td > < code > SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > 常量 Constants< / td > < td > < code > SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > 类型参数 Type parameters< / td > < td > < code > UpperCamelCase< / code > ，通常使用一个大写字母: < code > T< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > 生命周期 Lifetimes< / td > < td > 通常使用小写字母: < code > 'a< / code > ， < code > 'de< / code > ， < code > 'src< / code > < / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > Features< / td > < td > < a href = "https://github.com/rust-lang/api-guidelines/issues/101" > unclear< / a > but see < a href = "#c-feature" > C-FEATURE< / a > < / td > < / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< / div >
< p > 对于< strong > 驼峰命名法< / strong > ，复合词的缩略形式我们认为是一个单独的词语，所以< strong > 只对首字母进行大写< / strong > ：使用 < code > Uuid< / code > 而不是 < del > < code > UUID< / code > < / del > ， < code > Usize< / code > 而不是 < del > < code > USize< / code > < / del > ， < code > Stdin< / code > 而不是 < del > < code > StdIn< / code > < / del > 。< / p >
< p > 对于< strong > 蛇形命名法< / strong > ，缩略词用全小写：< code > is_xid_start< / code > 。< / p >
< p > 对于< strong > 蛇形命名法< / strong > （包括全大写的 < code > SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE< / code > ），除了最后一部分，其它部分的词语都不能由单个字母组成：
< code > btree_map< / code > 而不是 < del > < code > b_tree_map< / code > < / del > ， < code > PI_2< / code > 而不是 < del > < code > PI2< / code > < / del > .< / p >
< p > 包名< strong > 不应该< / strong > 使用 < code > -rs< / code > 或者 < code > -rust< / code > 作为后缀，因为每一个包都是 Rust 写的，因此这种多余的注释其实没有任何意义。< / p >
< h2 id = "特征命名" > < a class = "header" href = "#特征命名" > 特征命名< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 特征的名称应该使用动词，而不是形容词或者名词，例如 < code > Print< / code > 和 < code > Draw< / code > 明显好于 < code > Printable< / code > 和 < code > Drawable< / code > 。< / p >
< h2 id = "类型转换要遵守-as_to_into_-命名惯例c-conv" > < a class = "header" href = "#类型转换要遵守-as_to_into_-命名惯例c-conv" > 类型转换要遵守 < code > as_< / code > ， < code > to_< / code > ， < code > into_< / code > 命名惯例(C-CONV)< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 类型转换应该通过方法调用的方式实现，其中的前缀规则如下：< / p >
< div class = "table-wrapper" >
< table >
< thead >
< tr > < th > 方法前缀< / th > < th > 性能开销< / th > < th > 所有权改变< / th > < / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr > < td > < code > as_< / code > < / td > < td > Free< / td > < td > borrowed -> borrowed< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > to_< / code > < / td > < td > Expensive< / td > < td > borrowed -> borrowed< br > borrowed -> owned (non-Copy types)< br > owned -> owned (Copy types)< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > < code > into_< / code > < / td > < td > Variable< / td > < td > owned -> owned (non-Copy types)< / td > < / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< / div >
< p > 例如：< / p >
< ul >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html#method.as_bytes" > < code > str::as_bytes()< / code > < / a > 把 < code > str< / code > 变成 UTF-8 字节数组，性能开销是 0。输入是一个借用的 < code > & str< / code > ，输出也是一个借用的 < code > & str< / code > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/path/struct.Path.html#method.to_str" > < code > Path::to_str< / code > < / a > 会执行一次昂贵的 UTF-8 字节数组检查，输入和输出都是借用的。对于这种情况，如果把方法命名为 < code > as_str< / code > 是不正确的，因为这个方法的开销还挺大< / li >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html#method.to_lowercase" > < code > str::to_lowercase()< / code > < / a > 在调用过程中会遍历字符串的字符，且可能会分配新的内存对象。输入是一个借用的 < code > str< / code > ，输出是一个有独立所有权的 < code > String< / code > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html#method.into_bytes" > < code > String::into_bytes()< / code > < / a > 返回 < code > String< / code > 底层的 < code > Vec< u8> < / code > 数组，转换本身是零消耗的。该方法获取 < code > String< / code > 的所有权，然后返回一个新的有独立所有权的 < code > Vec< u8> < / code > < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 当一个单独的值被某个类型所包装时，访问该类型的内部值应通过 < code > into_inner()< / code > 方法来访问。例如将一个缓冲区值包装为 < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/struct.BufReader.html#method.into_inner" > < code > BufReader< / code > < / a > 类型，还有 < a href = "https://starry-network.github.io/starry_node/flate2/write/struct.GzDecoder.html#method.into_inner" > < code > GzDecoder< / code > < / a > 、< a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/atomic/struct.AtomicBool.html#method.into_inner" > < code > AtomicBool< / code > < / a > 等，都是这种类型。< / p >
< p > 如果 < code > mut< / code > 限定符在返回类型中出现，那么在命名上也< strong > 应该< / strong > 体现出来。例如，< a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.as_mut_slice" > < code > Vec::as_mut_slice< / code > < / a > 就说明它返回了一个 < code > mut< / code > 切片，在这种情况下 < code > as_mut_slice< / code > 比 < code > as_slice_mut< / code > 更适合。< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > // 返回类型是一个 `mut` 切片
fn as_mut_slice(& mut self) -> & mut [T];
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< h3 id = "标准库中的一些例子" > < a class = "header" href = "#标准库中的一些例子" > 标准库中的一些例子< / a > < / h3 >
< ul >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html#method.as_ref" > < code > Result::as_ref< / code > < / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.RefCell.html#method.as_ptr" > < code > RefCell::as_ptr< / code > < / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.slice.html#method.to_vec" > < code > slice::to_vec< / code > < / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/enum.Option.html#method.into_iter" > < code > Option::into_iter< / code > < / a > < / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "读访问器getter的名称遵循-rust-的命名规范c-getter" > < a class = "header" href = "#读访问器getter的名称遵循-rust-的命名规范c-getter" > 读访问器(Getter)的名称遵循 Rust 的命名规范(C-GETTER)< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 除了少数例外，在 Rust代码中 < code > get< / code > 前缀不用于 Getter。< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > pub struct S {
first: First,
second: Second,
}
impl S {
// 而不是 get_first
pub fn first(& self) -> & First {
& self.first
}
// 而不是 get_first_mut， ，
pub fn first_mut(& mut self) -> & mut First {
& mut self.first
}
}
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 至于上文提到的少数例外，如下：< strong > 当有且仅有一个值< / strong > 能被 Getter 所获取时，才使用 < code > get< / code > 前缀。例如，< a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.Cell.html#method.get" > < code > Cell::get< / code > < / a > 能直接访问到 < code > Cell< / code > 中的内容。< / p >
< p > 有些 Getter 会在过程中执行运行时检查，那么我们就可以考虑添加 < code > _unchecked< / code > Getter 函数，这个函数虽然不安全，但是往往具有更高的性能。
典型的例子如下：< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > fn get(& self, index: K) -> Option< & V> ;
fn get_mut(& mut self, index: K) -> Option< & mut V> ;
unsafe fn get_unchecked(& self, index: K) -> & V;
unsafe fn get_unchecked_mut(& mut self, index: K) -> & mut V;
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< h3 id = "标准库示例" > < a class = "header" href = "#标准库示例" > 标准库示例< / a > < / h3 >
< ul >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/struct.Cursor.html#method.get_mut" > < code > std::io::Cursor::get_mut< / code > < / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/struct.Unique.html#method.get_mut" > < code > std::ptr::Unique::get_mut< / code > < / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html#method.get_mut" > < code > std::sync::PoisonError::get_mut< / code > < / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/atomic/struct.AtomicBool.html#method.get_mut" > < code > std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::get_mut< / code > < / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/hash_map/struct.OccupiedEntry.html#method.get_mut" > < code > std::collections::hash_map::OccupiedEntry::get_mut< / code > < / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.slice.html#method.get_unchecked" > < code > < [T]> ::get_unchecked< / code > < / a > < / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "一个集合上的方法如果返回迭代器需遵循命名规则iteriter_mutinto_iter-c-iter" > < a class = "header" href = "#一个集合上的方法如果返回迭代器需遵循命名规则iteriter_mutinto_iter-c-iter" > 一个集合上的方法，如果返回迭代器，需遵循命名规则：< code > iter< / code > ， < code > iter_mut< / code > ， < code > into_iter< / code > (C-ITER)< / a > < / h2 >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > fn iter(& self) -> Iter // Iter implements Iterator< Item = & U>
fn iter_mut(& mut self) -> IterMut // IterMut implements Iterator< Item = & mut U>
fn into_iter(self) -> IntoIter // IntoIter implements Iterator< Item = U>
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 上面的规则适用于同构性的数据集合。与之相反，< code > str< / code > 类型是一个 UTF-8 字节数组切片，与同构性集合有一点微妙的差别，它可以认为是字节集合，也可以认为是字符集合，因此它提供了 < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html#method.bytes" > < code > str::bytes< / code > < / a > 去遍历字节，还有 < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html#method.chars" > < code > str::chars< / code > < / a > 去遍历字符，而并没有直接定义 < code > iter< / code > 等方法。< / p >
< p > 上述规则只适用于方法，并不适用于函数。例如 < code > url< / code > 包的 < a href = "https://docs.rs/url/1.4.0/url/percent_encoding/fn.percent_encode.html" > < code > percent_encode< / code > < / a > 函数返回一个迭代器用于遍历百分比编码（< a href = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percent-encoding" > Percent encoding< / a > ）的字符串片段. 在这种情况下，使用 < code > iter< / code > /< code > iter_mut< / code > /< code > into_iter< / code > 诸如此类的函数命名无法表达任何具体的含义。< / p >
< h3 id = "标准库示例-1" > < a class = "header" href = "#标准库示例-1" > 标准库示例< / a > < / h3 >
< ul >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.iter" > < code > Vec::iter< / code > < / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.iter_mut" > < code > Vec::iter_mut< / code > < / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.into_iter" > < code > Vec::into_iter< / code > < / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/struct.BTreeMap.html#method.iter" > < code > BTreeMap::iter< / code > < / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/struct.BTreeMap.html#method.iter_mut" > < code > BTreeMap::iter_mut< / code > < / a > < / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "迭代器的类型应该与产生它的方法名相匹配c-iter-ty" > < a class = "header" href = "#迭代器的类型应该与产生它的方法名相匹配c-iter-ty" > 迭代器的类型应该与产生它的方法名相匹配(C-ITER-TY)< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 例如形如 < code > into_iter()< / code > 的方法应该返回一个 < code > IntoIter< / code > 类型，与之相似，其它任何返回迭代器的方法也应该遵循这种命名惯例。< / p >
< p > 上述规则主要应用于方法，但是经常对于函数也适用。例如上文提到的 < code > url< / code > 包中的 < a href = "https://docs.rs/url/1.4.0/url/percent_encoding/fn.percent_encode.html" > < code > percent_encode< / code > < / a > 函数，返回了一个 < a href = "https://docs.rs/url/1.4.0/url/percent_encoding/struct.PercentEncode.html" > < code > PercentEncode< / code > < / a > 类型。< / p >
< p > 特别是，当这些类型跟包名前缀一起使用时，将具备非常清晰的含义，例如 < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.IntoIter.html" > < code > vec::IntoIter< / code > < / a > 。< / p >
< h3 id = "标准库示例-2" > < a class = "header" href = "#标准库示例-2" > 标准库示例< / a > < / h3 >
< ul >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.iter" > < code > Vec::iter< / code > < / a > returns < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/slice/struct.Iter.html" > < code > Iter< / code > < / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.iter_mut" > < code > Vec::iter_mut< / code > < / a > returns < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/slice/struct.IterMut.html" > < code > IterMut< / code > < / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.into_iter" > < code > Vec::into_iter< / code > < / a > returns < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.IntoIter.html" > < code > IntoIter< / code > < / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/struct.BTreeMap.html#method.keys" > < code > BTreeMap::keys< / code > < / a > returns < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/btree_map/struct.Keys.html" > < code > Keys< / code > < / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/struct.BTreeMap.html#method.values" > < code > BTreeMap::values< / code > < / a > returns < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/btree_map/struct.Values.html" > < code > Values< / code > < / a > < / li >
< / ul >
< p > < a id = "c-feature" > < / a > < / p >
< h2 id = "cargo-feature-的名称不应该包含占位词c-feature" > < a class = "header" href = "#cargo-feature-的名称不应该包含占位词c-feature" > Cargo Feature 的名称不应该包含占位词(C-FEATURE)< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 不要在 < a href = "http://doc.crates.io/manifest.html#the-features-section" > Cargo feature< / a > 中包含无法传达任何意义的词，例如 < code > use-abc< / code > 或 < code > with-abc< / code > ，直接命名为 < code > abc< / code > 即可。< / p >
< p > 一个典型的例子就是：一个包对标准库有可选性的依赖。标准的写法如下：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > # 在 Cargo.toml 中
[features]
default = ["std"]
std = []
< / code > < / pre >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > // 在我们自定义的 lib.rs 中
#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "std"), no_std)]
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 除了 < code > std< / code > 之外，不要使用任何 < code > ust-std< / code > 或者 < code > with-std< / code > 等自以为很有创造性的名称。< / p >
< h2 id = "命名要使用一致性的词序c-word-order" > < a class = "header" href = "#命名要使用一致性的词序c-word-order" > 命名要使用一致性的词序(C-WORD-ORDER)< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 这是一些标准库中的错误类型:< / p >
< ul >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/env/struct.JoinPathsError.html" > < code > JoinPathsError< / code > < / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/struct.ParseBoolError.html" > < code > ParseBoolError< / code > < / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/char/struct.ParseCharError.html" > < code > ParseCharError< / code > < / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/num/struct.ParseFloatError.html" > < code > ParseFloatError< / code > < / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/num/struct.ParseIntError.html" > < code > ParseIntError< / code > < / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/mpsc/enum.RecvTimeoutError.html" > < code > RecvTimeoutError< / code > < / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/path/struct.StripPrefixError.html" > < code > StripPrefixError< / code > < / a > < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 它们都使用了 < code > 谓语-宾语-错误< / code > 的词序，如果我们想要表达一个网络地址无法分析的错误，由于词序一致性的原则，命名应该如下 < code > ParseAddrError< / code > ，而不是 < code > AddrParseError< / code > 。< / p >
< p > 词序和个人习惯有很大关系，想要注意的是，你可以选择合适的词序，但是要在包的范畴内保持一致性，就如标准库中的包一样。< / p >
< / main >
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