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< h1 id = "用-github-actions-进行持续集成" > < a class = "header" href = "#用-github-actions-进行持续集成" > 用 GitHub Actions 进行持续集成< / a > < / h1 >
< p > < a href = "https://github.com/features/actions" > GitHub Actions< / a > 是官方于 2018 年推出的持续集成服务，它非常强大，本文将手把手带领大家学习如何使用 < code > GitHub Actions< / code > 对 Rust 项目进行持续集成。< / p >
< p > 持续集成是软件开发中异常重要的一环，大家应该都听说过 < code > Jenkins< / code > ，它就是一个拥有悠久历史的持续集成工具。简单来说，持续集成会定期拉取同一个项目中所有成员的相关代码，对其进行自动化构建。< / p >
< p > 在没有持续集成前，首先开发者需要手动编译代码并运行单元测试、集成测试等基础测试，然后启动项目相关的所有服务，接着测试人员开始介入对整个项目进行回归测试、黑盒测试等系统化的测试，当测试通过后，最后再手动发布到指定的环境中运行，这个过程是非常冗长，且所有成员都需要同时参与的。< / p >
< p > 在有了持续集成后，只要编写好相应的编译、测试、发布配置文件，那持续集成平台会自动帮助我们完成整个相关的流程，期间无需任何人介入，高效且可靠。< / p >
< h2 id = "github-actions" > < a class = "header" href = "#github-actions" > GitHub Actions< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 而本文的主角正是这样的持续集成平台，它由 GitHub 官方提供，并且跟 GitHub 进行了深度的整合，其中 < code > actions< / code > 代表了代码拉取、测试运行、登陆远程服务器、发布到第三方服务等操作行为。< / p >
< p > 最妙的是 GitHub 发现这些 < code > actions< / code > 其实在很多项目中都是类似的，意味着 < code > actions< / code > 完全可以被多个项目共享使用，而不是每个项目都从零开发自己的 < code > actions< / code > 。< / p >
< p > 若你需要某个 < code > action< / code > ，不必自己写复杂的脚本，直接引用他人写好的 < code > action< / code > 即可，整个持续集成过程，就变成了多个 < code > action< / code > 的组合，这就是< code > GitHub Actions< / code > 最厉害的地方。< / p >
< h4 id = "action-的分享与引用" > < a class = "header" href = "#action-的分享与引用" > action 的分享与引用< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 既然 < code > action< / code > 这么强大，我们就可以将自己的 < code > action< / code > 分享给他人，也可以引用他人分享的 < code > action< / code > ，有以下几种方式：< / p >
< ol >
< li > 将你的 < code > action< / code > 放在 GitHub 上的公共仓库中，这样其它开发者就可以引用，例如 < a href = "https://github.com/vn7n24fzkq/github-profile-summary-cards" > github-profile-summary-cards< / a > 就提供了相应的 < code > action< / code > ，可以生成 GitHub 用户统计信息，然后嵌入到你的个人主页中，具体效果< a href = "https://github.com/sunface" > 见这里< / a > < / li >
< li > GitHub 提供了一个< a href = "https://github.com/marketplace?type=actions" > 官方市场< / a > ，里面收集了许多质量不错的 < code > actions< / code > ，并支持在线搜索< / li >
< li > < a href = "https://github.com/sdras/awesome-actions" > awesome-actions< / a > ，由三方开发者收集并整理的 actions< / li >
< li > < a href = "https://github.com/actions/starter-workflows" > starter workflows< / a > ，由官方提供的工作流( workflow )模版< / li >
< / ol >
< p > 对于第一点这里再补充下，如果你想要引用某个代码仓库中的 < code > action< / code > ，可以通过 < code > userName/repoName< / code > 方式来引用: 例如你可以通过 < code > actions/setup-node< / code > 来引用 < code > github.com/actions/setup-node< / code > 仓库中的 < code > action< / code > ，该 < code > action< / code > 的作用是安装 Node.js。< / p >
< p > 由于 < code > action< / code > 是代码仓库，因此就有版本的概念，你可以使用 < code > @< / code > 符号来引入同一个仓库中不同版本的 < code > action< / code > ，例如:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-yml" > actions/setup-node@master # 指向一个分支
actions/setup-node@v2.5.1 # 指向一个 release
actions/setup-node@f099707 # 指向一个 commit
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 如果希望深入了解，可以进一步查看官方的< a href = "https://docs.github.com/cn/actions/creating-actions/about-custom-actions#using-release-management-for-actions" > 文档< / a > 。< / p >
< h2 id = "actions-基础" > < a class = "header" href = "#actions-基础" > Actions 基础< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 在了解了何为 GitHub Actions 后，再来通过一个基本的例子来学习下它的基本概念，注意，由于篇幅有限，我们只会讲解最常用的部分，如果想要完整的学习，请移步< a href = "https://docs.github.com/en/actions" > 这里< / a > 。< / p >
< h4 id = "创建-action-demo" > < a class = "header" href = "#创建-action-demo" > 创建 action demo< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 首先，为了演示，我们需要创建一个公开的 GitHub 仓库 < code > rust-action< / code > ，然后在仓库主页的导航栏中点击 < code > Actions< / code > ，你会看到如下页面 :< / p >
< img src = "https://pic1.zhimg.com/80/v2-4bb58f042c7a285219910bfd3c259464_1440w.jpg" / >
< p > 接着点击 < code > set up a workflow yourself -> < / code > ，你将看到系统为你自动创建的一个工作流 workflow ，在 < code > rust-action/.github/workflows/main.yml< / code > 文件中包含以下内容:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-yml" > # 下面是一个基础的工作流，你可以基于它来编写自己的 GitHub Actions
name: CI
# 控制工作流何时运行
on:
# 当 `push` 或 `pull request` 事件发生时就触发工作流的执行，这里仅仅针对 `main` 分支
push:
branches: [main]
pull_request:
branches: [main]
# 允许用于在 `Actions` 标签页中手动运行工作流
workflow_dispatch:
# 工作流由一个或多个作业( job )组成，这些作业可以顺序运行也可以并行运行
jobs:
# 当前的工作流仅包含一个作业，作业 id 是 "build"
build:
# 作业名称
name: build rust action
# 执行作业所需的运行器 runner
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
# steps 代表了作业中包含的一系列可被执行的任务
steps:
# 在 $GITHUB_WORKSPACE 下 checks-out 当前仓库，这样当前作业就可以访问该仓库
- uses: actions/checkout@v2
# 使用运行器的终端来运行一个命令
- name: Run a one-line script
run: echo Hello, world!
# 使用运行器的终端运行一组命令
- name: Run a multi-line script
run: |
echo Add other actions to build,
echo test, and deploy your project.
< / code > < / pre >
< h4 id = "查看工作流信息" > < a class = "header" href = "#查看工作流信息" > 查看工作流信息< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 通过内容的注释，大家应该能大概理解这个工作流是怎么回事了，在具体讲解前，我们先完成 < code > Actions< / code > 的创建，点击右上角的 < code > Start Commit< / code > 绿色按钮提交，然后再回到 < code > Actions< / code > 标签页，你可以看到如下界面:< / p >
< img src = "https://pic2.zhimg.com/80/v2-301a8feac57633f34f9cd638ac139c22_1440w.jpg" / >
< p > 这里包含了我们刚创建的工作流及当前的状态，从右下角可以看出，该工作流的运行时间是 < code > now< / code > 也就是现在，< code > queued< / code > 代表它已经被安排到了运行队列中，等待运行。< / p >
< p > 等过几秒(也可能几十秒后)，刷新当前页面，就能看到成功运行的工作流：< / p >
< img src = "https://pic3.zhimg.com/80/v2-99fb593bc3140f71c316ce0ba6249911_1440w.png" / >
< p > 还记得之前配置中的 < code > workflow_dispatch< / code > 嘛？它允许工作流被手动执行：点击左边的 < code > All workflows -> CI< / code > ，可以看到如下页面。< / p >
< img src = "https://pic3.zhimg.com/80/v2-cc1d9418f6befb5a089cde659666e65e_1440w.png" / >
< p > 页面中通过蓝色的醒目高亮提示我们 < code > this workflow has a workflow_dispatch event trigger< / code > ，因此可以点击右边的 < code > Run workflow< / code > 手动再次执行该工作流。< / p >
< blockquote >
< p > 注意，目前 < code > Actions< / code > 并不会自动渲染最新的结果，因此需要刷新页面来看到最新的结果< / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > 点击 < code > Create main.yml< / code > 可以查看该工作流的详细信息：< / p >
< img src = "https://pic1.zhimg.com/80/v2-94b46f23b5d63de35eae7f0425bb99b7_1440w.jpg" / >
< p > 至此，我们已经初步掌握 < code > GitHub Actions< / code > 的用法，现在来看看一些基本的概念。< / p >
< h4 id = "基本概念" > < a class = "header" href = "#基本概念" > 基本概念< / a > < / h4 >
< ul >
< li > < strong > GitHub Actions< / strong > ，每个项目都拥有一个 < code > Actions< / code > ，可以包含多个工作流< / li >
< li > < strong > workflow 工作流< / strong > ，描述了一次持续集成的过程< / li >
< li > < strong > job 作业< / strong > ，一个工作流可以包含多个作业，因为一次持续集成本身就由多个不同的部分组成< / li >
< li > < strong > step 步骤< / strong > ，每个作业由多个步骤组成，按照顺序一步一步完成< / li >
< li > < strong > action 动作< / strong > ，每个步骤可以包含多个动作，例如上例中的 < code > Run a multi-line script< / code > 步骤就包含了两个动作< / li >
< / ul >
< p > 可以看出，每一个概念都是相互包含的关系，前者包含了后者，层层相扣，正因为这些精心设计的对象才有了强大的 < code > GitHub Actions< / code > 。< / p >
< h4 id = "on" > < a class = "header" href = "#on" > on< / a > < / h4 >
< p > < code > on< / code > 可以设定事件用于触发工作流的运行：< / p >
< ol >
< li >
< p > 一个或多个 GitHub 事件，例如 < code > push< / code > 一个 < code > commit< / code > 、创建一个 < code > issue< / code > 、提交一次 < code > pr< / code > 等等，详细的事件列表参见< a href = "https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/events-that-trigger-workflows" > 这里< / a > < / p >
< / li >
< li >
< p > 预定的时间，例如每天零点零分触发，详情见< a href = "https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/events-that-trigger-workflows#schedule" > 这里< / a > < / p >
< / li >
< / ol >
< pre > < code class = "language-yml" > on:
schedule: -cron:'0 0 * * *'
< / code > < / pre >
< ol start = "3" >
< li > 外部事件触发，例如你可以通过 < code > REST API< / code > 向 GitHub 发送请求去触发，具体请查阅< a href = "https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/events-that-trigger-workflows#repository_dispatch" > 官方文档< / a > < / li >
< / ol >
< h4 id = "jobs" > < a class = "header" href = "#jobs" > jobs< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 工作流由一个或多个作业 < code > job< / code > 组成，这些作业可以顺序运行也可以并行运行，同时我们还能使用 < code > needs< / code > 来指定作业之间的依赖关系：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-yml" > jobs:
job1:
job2:
needs: job1
job3:
needs: [job1, job2]
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 这里的 < code > job2< / code > 必须等待 < code > job1< / code > 成功后才能运行，而 < code > job3< / code > 则需要等待 < code > job1< / code > 和 < code > job2< / code > 。< / p >
< h4 id = "runs-on" > < a class = "header" href = "#runs-on" > runs-on< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 指定作业的运行环境，运行器 < code > runner< / code > 分为两种：< code > GitHub-hosted runner< / code > 和 < code > self-hosted runner< / code > ，后者是使用自己的机器来运行作业，但是需要 GitHub 能进行访问并给予相应的机器权限，感兴趣的同学可以看看< a href = "https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-jobs/choosing-the-runner-for-a-job#choosing-self-hosted-runners" > 这里< / a > 。< / p >
< p > 而对于前者， < / p >
< img src = "https://pic2.zhimg.com/80/v2-614999565cc513715aaf156c2e478991_1440w.jpg" / >
< p > 其中比较常用的就是 < code > runs-on:ubuntu-latest< / code > 。< / p >
< h4 id = "strategymatrix" > < a class = "header" href = "#strategymatrix" > strategy.matrix< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 有时候我们常常需要对多个操作系统、多个平台、多个编程语言版本进行测试，为此我们可以配置一个 < code > matrix< / code > 矩阵：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-yml" > runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
strategy:
matrix:
os: [ubuntu-18.04, ubuntu-20.04]
node: [10, 12, 14]
steps:
- uses: actions/setup-node@v2
with:
node-version: ${{ matrix.node }}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 大家猜猜，这段代码会最终构建多少个作业？答案是 < code > 2 * 3 = 6< / code > ，通过 < code > os< / code > 和 < code > node< / code > 进行组合，就可以得出这个结论，这也是 < code > matrix< / code > 矩阵名称的来源。< / p >
< p > 当然，< code > matrix< / code > 能做的远不止这些，例如，你还可以定义自己想要的 < code > kv< / code > 键值对，想要深入学习的话可以看看< a href = "https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-jobs/using-a-build-matrix-for-your-jobs" > 官方文档< / a > 。< / p >
< h4 id = "strategy" > < a class = "header" href = "#strategy" > strategy< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 除了 < code > matrix< / code > ， < code > strategy< / code > 中还能设定以下内容：< / p >
< ul >
< li > < code > fail-fast< / code > : 默认为 true ，即一旦某个矩阵任务失败则立即取消所有还在进行中的任务< / li >
< li > < code > max-paraller< / code > : 可同时执行的最大并发数，默认情况下 GitHub 会动态调整< / li >
< / ul >
< h4 id = "env" > < a class = "header" href = "#env" > env< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 用于设定环境变量，可以用于以下地方:< / p >
< ul >
< li >
< p > env< / p >
< / li >
< li >
< p > jobs.< job_id> .env< / p >
< / li >
< li >
< p > jobs.< job_id> .steps.env< / p >
< / li >
< / ul >
< pre > < code class = "language-yml" > env:
NODE_ENV: dev
jobs:
job1:
env:
NODE_ENV: test
steps:
- name:
env:
NODE_ENV: prod
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 如果有多个 < code > env< / code > 存在，会使用就近那个。< / p >
< p > 至此，< code > GitHub Actions< / code > 的常用内容大家已经基本了解，下面来看一个实用的示例。< / p >
< h2 id = "真实示例生成-github-统计卡片" > < a class = "header" href = "#真实示例生成-github-统计卡片" > 真实示例：生成 GitHub 统计卡片< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 相信大家看过不少用户都定制了自己的个性化 GitHub 首页，这个是通过在个人名下创建一个同名的仓库来实现的，该仓库中的 < code > Readme.md< / code > 的内容会自动展示在你的个人首页中，例如 < code > Sunface< / code > 的< a href = "https://github.com/sunface" > 个人首页< / a > 和内容所在的< a href = "https://github.com/sunface/sunface" > 仓库< / a > 。< / p >
< p > 大家可能会好奇上面链接中的 GitHub 统计卡片如何生成，其实有两种办法:< / p >
< ul >
< li > 使用 < a href = "https://github.com/anuraghazra/github-readme-stats" > github-readme-stats< / a > < / li >
< li > 使用 < code > GitHub Actions< / code > 来引用其它人提供的 < code > action< / code > 生成对应的卡片，再嵌入进来， < code > Sunface< / code > 的个人首页就是这么做的< / li >
< / ul >
< p > 第一种的优点就是非常简单，缺点是样式不太容易统一，不能对齐对于强迫症来说实在难受 :( 而后者的优点是规规整整的卡片，缺点就是使用起来更加复杂，而我们正好借此来看看真实的 < code > GitHub Actions< / code > 长什么样。< / p >
< p > 首先，在你的同名项目下创建 < code > .github/workflows/profile-summary-cards.yml< / code > 文件，然后填入以下内容:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-yml" > # 工作流名称
name: GitHub-Profile-Summary-Cards
on:
schedule:
# 每24小时触发一次
- cron: "0 * * * *"
# 开启手动触发
workflow_dispatch:
jobs:
# job id
build:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
name: generate
steps:
# 第一步，
- uses: actions/checkout@v2
# 第二步，引入目标 action: vn7n24fzkq/github-profile-summary-cards仓库中的 `release` 分支
- uses: vn7n24fzkq/github-profile-summary-cards@release
env:
GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
with:
USERNAME: ${{ github.repository_owner }}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 当提交后，该工作流会自动在当前项目中生成 < code > profile-summary-card-output< / code > 目录，然后将所有卡片放入其中，当然我们这里使用了定时触发的机制，并没有基于 < code > pr< / code > 或< code > push< / code > 来触发，如果你在编写过程中，希望手动触发来看看结果，请参考前文的手动触发方式。< / p >
< p > 这里我们引用了 < code > vn7n24fzkq/github-profile-summary-cards@release< / code > 的 < code > action< / code > ，位于 < code > https://github.com/vn7n24fzkq/github-profile-summary-cards< / code > 仓库中，并指定使用 < code > release< / code > 分支。< / p >
< p > 接下来就可以愉快的< a href = "https://github.com/sunface/sunface/edit/master/Readme.md" > 使用这些卡片< / a > 来定制我们的主页了: )< / p >
< h2 id = "使用-actions-来构建-rust-项目" > < a class = "header" href = "#使用-actions-来构建-rust-项目" > 使用 Actions 来构建 Rust 项目< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 其实 Rust 项目也没有什么特别之处，我们只需要在 < code > steps< / code > 逐步构建即可，下面给出该如何测试和构建的示例。< / p >
< h4 id = "测试" > < a class = "header" href = "#测试" > 测试< / a > < / h4 >
< pre > < code class = "language-yml" > on: [push, pull_request]
name: Continuous integration
jobs:
check:
name: Check
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v2
- uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
with:
profile: minimal
toolchain: stable
override: true
- run: cargo check
test:
name: Test Suite
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v2
- uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
with:
profile: minimal
toolchain: stable
override: true
- run: cargo test
fmt:
name: Rustfmt
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v2
- uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
with:
profile: minimal
toolchain: stable
override: true
- run: rustup component add rustfmt
- run: cargo fmt --all -- --check
clippy:
name: Clippy
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v2
- uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
with:
profile: minimal
toolchain: stable
override: true
- run: rustup component add clippy
- run: cargo clippy -- -D warnings
< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "构建" > < a class = "header" href = "#构建" > 构建< / a > < / h2 >
< pre > < code class = "language-yml" > name: build
on:
workflow_dispatch: {}
jobs:
build:
name: build
runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
strategy:
matrix:
build: [linux, macos, windows]
include:
- build: linux
os: ubuntu-18.04
rust: nightly
target: x86_64-unknown-linux-musl
archive-name: sgf-render-linux.tar.gz
- build: macos
os: macos-latest
rust: nightly
target: x86_64-apple-darwin
archive-name: sgf-render-macos.tar.gz
- build: windows
os: windows-2019
rust: nightly-x86_64-msvc
target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
archive-name: sgf-render-windows.7z
fail-fast: false
steps:
- name: Checkout repository
uses: actions/checkout@v2
- name: Install Rust
uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
with:
toolchain: ${{ matrix.rust }}
profile: minimal
override: true
target: ${{ matrix.target }}
- name: Build binary
run: cargo build --verbose --release --target ${{ matrix.target }}
env:
RUST_BACKTRACE: 1
- name: Strip binary (linux and macos)
if: matrix.build == 'linux' || matrix.build == 'macos'
run: strip "target/${{ matrix.target }}/release/sgf-render"
- name: Build archive
shell: bash
run: |
mkdir archive
cp LICENSE README.md archive/
cd archive
if [ "${{ matrix.build }}" = "windows" ]; then
cp "../target/${{ matrix.target }}/release/sgf-render.exe" ./
7z a "${{ matrix.archive-name }}" LICENSE README.md sgf-render.exe
else
cp "../target/${{ matrix.target }}/release/sgf-render" ./
tar -czf "${{ matrix.archive-name }}" LICENSE README.md sgf-render
fi
- name: Upload archive
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v1
with:
name: ${{ matrix.archive-name }}
path: archive/${{ matrix.archive-name }}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 限于文章篇幅有限，我们就不再多做解释，大家有疑问可以看看文中给出的文档链接，顺便说一句官方文档是支持中文的！< / p >
< / main >
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