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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../about-book.html">关于本书</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../into-rust.html">进入 Rust 编程世界</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../first-try/sth-you-should-not-do.html">避免从入门到放弃</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../community.html">社区和锈书</a></li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../some-thoughts.html">Xobserve: 一切皆可观测</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../beat-ai.html">BeatAI: 工程师 AI 入门圣经</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><li class="part-title">Rust 语言基础学习</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 寻找牛刀，以便小试</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 安装 Rust 环境</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/editor.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 墙推 VSCode!</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 认识 Cargo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/hello-world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> 不仅仅是 Hello world</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/slowly-downloading.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 下载依赖太慢了？</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Rust 基础入门</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/variable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 变量绑定与解构</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 基本类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/numbers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> 数值类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/char-bool.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> 字符、布尔、单元类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/statement-expression.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> 语句与表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/function.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.4.</strong> 函数</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 所有权和借用</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.1.</strong> 所有权</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/borrowing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.2.</strong> 引用与借用</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 复合类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/string-slice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.1.</strong> 字符串与切片</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/tuple.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.2.</strong> 元组</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/struct.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.3.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.4.</strong> 枚举</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/array.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.5.</strong> 数组</a></l
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<main>
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<h1 id="asyncawait-和-stream-流处理"><a class="header" href="#asyncawait-和-stream-流处理">async/await 和 Stream 流处理</a></h1>
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<p>在入门章节中，我们简单学习了该如何使用 <code>async/.await</code>， 同时在后面也了解了一些底层原理，现在是时候继续深入了。</p>
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<p><code>async/.await</code> 是 Rust 语法的一部分，它在遇到阻塞操作时( 例如 IO )会让出当前线程的所有权而不是阻塞当前线程，这样就允许当前线程继续去执行其它代码，最终实现并发。</p>
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<p>有两种方式可以使用 <code>async</code>： <code>async fn</code> 用于声明函数，<code>async { ... }</code> 用于声明语句块，它们会返回一个实现 <code>Future</code> 特征的值:</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
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</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
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</span>// `foo()`返回一个`Future<Output = u8>`,
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// 当调用`foo().await`时，该`Future`将被运行，当调用结束后我们将获取到一个`u8`值
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async fn foo() -> u8 { 5 }
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fn bar() -> impl Future<Output = u8> {
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// 下面的`async`语句块返回`Future<Output = u8>`
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async {
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let x: u8 = foo().await;
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x + 5
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}
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}
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<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
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<p><code>async</code> 是懒惰的，直到被执行器 <code>poll</code> 或者 <code>.await</code> 后才会开始运行，其中后者是最常用的运行 <code>Future</code> 的方法。 当 <code>.await</code> 被调用时，它会尝试运行 <code>Future</code> 直到完成，但是若该 <code>Future</code> 进入阻塞，那就会让出当前线程的控制权。当 <code>Future</code> 后面准备再一次被运行时(例如从 <code>socket</code> 中读取到了数据)，执行器会得到通知，并再次运行该 <code>Future</code> ，如此循环，直到完成。</p>
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<p>以上过程只是一个简述，详细内容在<a href="https://course.rs/advance/async/future-excuting.html">底层探秘</a>中已经被深入讲解过，因此这里不再赘述。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="async-的生命周期"><a class="header" href="#async-的生命周期"><code>async</code> 的生命周期</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
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|
<p><code>async fn</code> 函数如果拥有引用类型的参数，那它返回的 <code>Future</code> 的生命周期就会被这些参数的生命周期所限制:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span>async fn foo(x: &u8) -> u8 { *x }
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 上面的函数跟下面的函数是等价的:
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn foo_expanded<'a>(x: &'a u8) -> impl Future<Output = u8> + 'a {
|
|
|
|
|
|
async move { *x }
|
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>意味着 <code>async fn</code> 函数返回的 <code>Future</code> 必须满足以下条件: 当 <code>x</code> 依然有效时， 该 <code>Future</code> 就必须继续等待( <code>.await</code> ), 也就是说 <code>x</code> 必须比 <code>Future</code> 活得更久。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>在一般情况下，在函数调用后就立即 <code>.await</code> 不会存在任何问题，例如<code>foo(&x).await</code>。但是，若 <code>Future</code> 被先存起来或发送到另一个任务或者线程，就可能存在问题了:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span>use std::future::Future;
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn bad() -> impl Future<Output = u8> {
|
|
|
|
|
|
let x = 5;
|
|
|
|
|
|
borrow_x(&x) // ERROR: `x` does not live long enough
|
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|
|
|
|
}
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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async fn borrow_x(x: &u8) -> u8 { *x }
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>以上代码会报错，因为 <code>x</code> 的生命周期只到 <code>bad</code> 函数的结尾。 但是 <code>Future</code> 显然会活得更久：</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-shell">error[E0597]: `x` does not live long enough
|
|
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|
|
|
--> src/main.rs:4:14
|
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|
|
|
|
|
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|
4 | borrow_x(&x) // ERROR: `x` does not live long enough
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ---------^^-
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | borrowed value does not live long enough
|
|
|
|
|
|
| argument requires that `x` is borrowed for `'static`
|
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|
|
5 | }
|
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|
|
|
| - `x` dropped here while still borrowed
|
|
|
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>其中一个常用的解决方法就是将具有引用参数的 <code>async fn</code> 函数转变成一个具有 <code>'static</code> 生命周期的 <code>Future</code> 。 以上解决方法可以通过将参数和对 <code>async fn</code> 的调用放在同一个 <code>async</code> 语句块来实现:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span>use std::future::Future;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
async fn borrow_x(x: &u8) -> u8 { *x }
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn good() -> impl Future<Output = u8> {
|
|
|
|
|
|
async {
|
|
|
|
|
|
let x = 5;
|
|
|
|
|
|
borrow_x(&x).await
|
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>如上所示，通过将参数移动到 <code>async</code> 语句块内， 我们将它的生命周期扩展到 <code>'static</code>， 并跟返回的 <code>Future</code> 保持了一致。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="async-move"><a class="header" href="#async-move">async move</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><code>async</code> 允许我们使用 <code>move</code> 关键字来将环境中变量的所有权转移到语句块内，就像闭包那样，好处是你不再发愁该如何解决借用生命周期的问题，坏处就是无法跟其它代码实现对变量的共享:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span>// 多个不同的 `async` 语句块可以访问同一个本地变量，只要它们在该变量的作用域内执行
|
|
|
|
|
|
async fn blocks() {
|
|
|
|
|
|
let my_string = "foo".to_string();
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
let future_one = async {
|
|
|
|
|
|
// ...
|
|
|
|
|
|
println!("{my_string}");
|
|
|
|
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
let future_two = async {
|
|
|
|
|
|
// ...
|
|
|
|
|
|
println!("{my_string}");
|
|
|
|
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 运行两个 Future 直到完成
|
|
|
|
|
|
let ((), ()) = futures::join!(future_one, future_two);
|
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 由于 `async move` 会捕获环境中的变量，因此只有一个 `async move` 语句块可以访问该变量，
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 但是它也有非常明显的好处： 变量可以转移到返回的 Future 中，不再受借用生命周期的限制
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn move_block() -> impl Future<Output = ()> {
|
|
|
|
|
|
let my_string = "foo".to_string();
|
|
|
|
|
|
async move {
|
|
|
|
|
|
// ...
|
|
|
|
|
|
println!("{my_string}");
|
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="当await-遇见多线程执行器"><a class="header" href="#当await-遇见多线程执行器">当.await 遇见多线程执行器</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>需要注意的是，当使用多线程 <code>Future</code> 执行器( <code>executor</code> )时， <code>Future</code> 可能会在线程间被移动，因此 <code>async</code> 语句块中的变量必须要能在线程间传递。 至于 <code>Future</code> 会在线程间移动的原因是：它内部的任何<code>.await</code>都可能导致它被切换到一个新线程上去执行。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>由于需要在多线程环境使用，意味着 <code>Rc</code>、 <code>RefCell</code> 、没有实现 <code>Send</code> 的所有权类型、没有实现 <code>Sync</code> 的引用类型，它们都是不安全的，因此无法被使用</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>需要注意！实际上它们还是有可能被使用的，只要在 <code>.await</code> 调用期间，它们没有在作用域范围内。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>类似的原因，在 <code>.await</code> 时使用普通的锁也不安全，例如 <code>Mutex</code> 。原因是，它可能会导致线程池被锁：当一个任务获取锁 <code>A</code> 后，若它将线程的控制权还给执行器，然后执行器又调度运行另一个任务，该任务也去尝试获取了锁 <code>A</code> ，结果当前线程会直接卡死，最终陷入死锁中。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>因此，为了避免这种情况的发生，我们需要使用 <code>futures</code> 包下的锁 <code>futures::lock</code> 来替代 <code>Mutex</code> 完成任务。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="stream-流处理"><a class="header" href="#stream-流处理">Stream 流处理</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><code>Stream</code> 特征类似于 <code>Future</code> 特征，但是前者在完成前可以生成多个值，这种行为跟标准库中的 <code>Iterator</code> 特征倒是颇为相似。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span>trait Stream {
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Stream生成的值的类型
|
|
|
|
|
|
type Item;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 尝试去解析Stream中的下一个值,
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 若无数据，返回`Poll::Pending`, 若有数据，返回 `Poll::Ready(Some(x))`, `Stream`完成则返回 `Poll::Ready(None)`
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn poll_next(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>)
|
|
|
|
|
|
-> Poll<Option<Self::Item>>;
|
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>关于 <code>Stream</code> 的一个常见例子是消息通道（ <code>futures</code> 包中的）的消费者 <code>Receiver</code>。每次有消息从 <code>Send</code> 端发送后，它都可以接收到一个 <code>Some(val)</code> 值， 一旦 <code>Send</code> 端关闭( <code>drop</code> )，且消息通道中没有消息后，它会接收到一个 <code>None</code> 值。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span>async fn send_recv() {
|
|
|
|
|
|
const BUFFER_SIZE: usize = 10;
|
|
|
|
|
|
let (mut tx, mut rx) = mpsc::channel::<i32>(BUFFER_SIZE);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
tx.send(1).await.unwrap();
|
|
|
|
|
|
tx.send(2).await.unwrap();
|
|
|
|
|
|
drop(tx);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// `StreamExt::next` 类似于 `Iterator::next`, 但是前者返回的不是值，而是一个 `Future<Output = Option<T>>`，
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 因此还需要使用`.await`来获取具体的值
|
|
|
|
|
|
assert_eq!(Some(1), rx.next().await);
|
|
|
|
|
|
assert_eq!(Some(2), rx.next().await);
|
|
|
|
|
|
assert_eq!(None, rx.next().await);
|
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h4 id="迭代和并发"><a class="header" href="#迭代和并发">迭代和并发</a></h4>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>跟迭代器类似，我们也可以迭代一个 <code>Stream</code>。 例如使用 <code>map</code>，<code>filter</code>，<code>fold</code> 方法，以及它们的<em>遇到错误提前返回</em>的版本： <code>try_map</code>，<code>try_filter</code>，<code>try_fold</code>。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>但是跟迭代器又有所不同，<code>for</code> 循环无法在这里使用，但是命令式风格的循环<code>while let</code>是可以用的，同时还可以使用<code>next</code> 和 <code>try_next</code> 方法:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span>async fn sum_with_next(mut stream: Pin<&mut dyn Stream<Item = i32>>) -> i32 {
|
|
|
|
|
|
use futures::stream::StreamExt; // 引入 next
|
|
|
|
|
|
let mut sum = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
|
while let Some(item) = stream.next().await {
|
|
|
|
|
|
sum += item;
|
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
sum
|
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
async fn sum_with_try_next(
|
|
|
|
|
|
mut stream: Pin<&mut dyn Stream<Item = Result<i32, io::Error>>>,
|
|
|
|
|
|
) -> Result<i32, io::Error> {
|
|
|
|
|
|
use futures::stream::TryStreamExt; // 引入 try_next
|
|
|
|
|
|
let mut sum = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
|
while let Some(item) = stream.try_next().await? {
|
|
|
|
|
|
sum += item;
|
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ok(sum)
|
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>上面代码是一次处理一个值的模式，但是需要注意的是：<strong>如果你选择一次处理一个值的模式，可能会造成无法并发，这就失去了异步编程的意义</strong>。 因此，如果可以的话我们还是要选择从一个 <code>Stream</code> 并发处理多个值的方式，通过 <code>for_each_concurrent</code> 或 <code>try_for_each_concurrent</code> 方法来实现:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span>async fn jump_around(
|
|
|
|
|
|
mut stream: Pin<&mut dyn Stream<Item = Result<u8, io::Error>>>,
|
|
|
|
|
|
) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
|
|
|
|
|
|
use futures::stream::TryStreamExt; // 引入 `try_for_each_concurrent`
|
|
|
|
|
|
const MAX_CONCURRENT_JUMPERS: usize = 100;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
stream.try_for_each_concurrent(MAX_CONCURRENT_JUMPERS, |num| async move {
|
|
|
|
|
|
jump_n_times(num).await?;
|
|
|
|
|
|
report_n_jumps(num).await?;
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ok(())
|
|
|
|
|
|
}).await?;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ok(())
|
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
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