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<h1 id="字符布尔单元类型"><a class="header" href="#字符布尔单元类型">字符、布尔、单元类型</a></h1>
<p>这三个类型所处的地位比较尴尬,你说它们重要吧,确实出现的身影不是很多,说它们不重要吧,有时候也是不可或缺,而且这三个类型都有一个共同点:简单,因此我们统一放在一起讲。</p>
<h2 id="字符类型char"><a class="header" href="#字符类型char">字符类型(char)</a></h2>
<p>字符,对于没有其它编程经验的新手来说可能不太好理解(没有编程经验敢来学 Rust 的绝对是好汉),但是你可以把它理解为英文中的字母,中文中的汉字。</p>
<p>下面的代码展示了几个颇具异域风情的字符:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">fn main() {
let c = 'z';
let z = '';
let g = '国';
let heart_eyed_cat = '😻';
}</code></pre></pre>
<p>如果大家是从有年代感的编程语言过来,可能会大喊一声:这 XX 叫字符?是的,在 Rust 语言中这些都是字符Rust 的字符不仅仅是 <code>ASCII</code>,所有的 <code>Unicode</code> 值都可以作为 Rust 字符包括单个的中文、日文、韩文、emoji 表情符号等等,都是合法的字符类型。<code>Unicode</code> 值的范围从 <code>U+0000 ~ U+D7FF</code><code>U+E000 ~ U+10FFFF</code>。不过“字符”并不是 <code>Unicode</code> 中的一个概念,所以人在直觉上对“字符”的理解和 Rust 的字符概念并不一致。</p>
<p>由于 <code>Unicode</code> 都是 4 个字节编码,因此字符类型也是占用 4 个字节:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">fn main() {
let x = '中';
println!(&quot;字符'中'占用了{}字节的内存大小&quot;,std::mem::size_of_val(&amp;x));
}</code></pre></pre>
<p>输出如下:</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo run
Compiling ...
字符'中'占用了4字节的内存大小
</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>注意我们还没开始讲字符串但是这里提前说一下和一些语言不同Rust 的字符只能用 <code>''</code> 来表示, <code>&quot;&quot;</code> 是留给字符串的。</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="布尔bool"><a class="header" href="#布尔bool">布尔(bool)</a></h2>
<p>Rust 中的布尔类型有两个可能的值:<code>true</code><code>false</code>,布尔值占用内存的大小为 <code>1</code> 个字节:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">fn main() {
let t = true;
let f: bool = false; // 使用类型标注,显式指定f的类型
if f {
println!(&quot;这是段毫无意义的代码&quot;);
}
}</code></pre></pre>
<p>使用布尔类型的场景主要在于流程控制,例如上述代码的中的 <code>if</code> 就是其中之一。</p>
<h2 id="单元类型"><a class="header" href="#单元类型">单元类型</a></h2>
<p>单元类型就是 <code>()</code> ,对,你没看错,就是 <code>()</code> ,唯一的值也是 <code>()</code> ,一些读者读到这里可能就不愿意了,你也太敷衍了吧,管这叫类型?</p>
<p>只能说,再不起眼的东西,都有其用途,在目前为止的学习过程中,大家已经看到过很多次 <code>fn main()</code> 函数的使用吧?那么这个函数返回什么呢?</p>
<p>没错, <code>main</code> 函数就返回这个单元类型 <code>()</code>,你不能说 <code>main</code> 函数无返回值,因为没有返回值的函数在 Rust 中是有单独的定义的:<code>发散函数( diverge function )</code>,顾名思义,无法收敛的函数。</p>
<p>例如常见的 <code>println!()</code> 的返回值也是单元类型 <code>()</code></p>
<p>再比如,你可以用 <code>()</code> 作为 <code>map</code> 的值,表示我们不关注具体的值,只关注 <code>key</code>。 这种用法和 Go 语言的 <em><strong>struct{}</strong></em> 类似,可以作为一个值用来占位,但是完全<strong>不占用</strong>任何内存。</p>
<h2 id="课后练习"><a class="header" href="#课后练习">课后练习</a></h2>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="https://practice-zh.course.rs/basic-types/char-bool-unit.html">Rust By Practice</a>,支持代码在线编辑和运行,并提供详细的<a href="https://github.com/sunface/rust-by-practice/blob/master/solutions/basic-types/char-bool.md">习题解答</a></p>
</blockquote>
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