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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../about-book.html">关于本书</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../into-rust.html">进入 Rust 编程世界</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../first-try/sth-you-should-not-do.html">避免从入门到放弃</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../community.html">社区和锈书</a></li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../some-thoughts.html">Xobserve: 一切皆可观测</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../beat-ai.html">BeatAI: 工程师 AI 入门圣经</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><li class="part-title">Rust 语言基础学习</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 寻找牛刀，以便小试</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 安装 Rust 环境</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/editor.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 墙推 VSCode!</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 认识 Cargo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/hello-world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> 不仅仅是 Hello world</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/slowly-downloading.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 下载依赖太慢了？</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Rust 基础入门</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/variable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 变量绑定与解构</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 基本类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/numbers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> 数值类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/char-bool.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> 字符、布尔、单元类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/statement-expression.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> 语句与表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/function.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.4.</strong> 函数</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 所有权和借用</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.1.</strong> 所有权</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/borrowing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.2.</strong> 引用与借用</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 复合类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/string-slice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.1.</strong> 字符串与切片</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/tuple.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.2.</strong> 元组</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/struct.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.3.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.4.</strong> 枚举</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/array.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.5.</strong> 数组</a></l
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<main>
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<h1 id="cargo-target"><a class="header" href="#cargo-target">Cargo Target</a></h1>
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<p><strong>Cargo 项目中包含有一些对象，它们包含的源代码文件可以被编译成相应的包，这些对象被称之为 Cargo Target</strong>。例如<a href="https://course.rs/cargo/guide/package-layout.html">之前章节</a>提到的库对象 <code>Library</code> 、二进制对象 <code>Binary</code>、示例对象 <code>Examples</code>、测试对象 <code>Tests</code> 和 基准性能对象 <code>Benches</code> 都是 Cargo Target。</p>
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<p>本章节我们一起来看看该如何在 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 清单中配置这些对象，当然，大部分时候都无需手动配置，因为默认的配置通常由项目目录的布局自动推断出来。</p>
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<h2 id="对象介绍"><a class="header" href="#对象介绍">对象介绍</a></h2>
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<p>在开始讲解如何配置对象前，我们先来看看这些对象究竟是什么，估计还有些同学对此有些迷糊 :)</p>
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<h4 id="库对象library"><a class="header" href="#库对象library">库对象(Library)</a></h4>
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<p>库对象用于定义一个库，该库可以被其它的库或者可执行文件所链接。<strong>该对象包含的默认文件名是 <code>src/lib.rs</code>，且默认情况下，库对象的名称<a href="https://course.rs/basic/crate-module/crate.html#package">跟项目名是一致的</a></strong>，</p>
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<p>一个工程只能有一个库对象，因此也只能有一个 <code>src/lib.rs</code> 文件，以下是一种自定义配置:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-shell"># 一个简单的例子：在 Cargo.toml 中定制化库对象
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[lib]
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crate-type = ["cdylib"]
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bench = false
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</code></pre>
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<h4 id="二进制对象binaries"><a class="header" href="#二进制对象binaries">二进制对象(Binaries)</a></h4>
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<p>二进制对象在被编译后可以生成可执行的文件，默认的文件名是 <code>src/main.rs</code>，二进制对象的名称跟项目名也是相同的。</p>
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<p>大家应该还记得，一个项目拥有多个二进制文件，因此一个项目可以拥有多个二进制对象。当拥有多个对象时，对象的文件默认会被放在 <code>src/bin/</code> 目录下。</p>
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<p>二进制对象可以使用库对象提供的公共 API，也可以通过 <code>[dependencies]</code> 来引入外部的依赖库。</p>
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<p>我们可以使用 <code>cargo run --bin <bin-name></code> 的方式来运行指定的二进制对象，以下是二进制对象的配置示例：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-toml"># Example of customizing binaries in Cargo.toml.
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[[bin]]
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name = "cool-tool"
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test = false
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bench = false
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[[bin]]
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name = "frobnicator"
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required-features = ["frobnicate"]
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</code></pre>
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|
<h4 id="示例对象examples"><a class="header" href="#示例对象examples">示例对象(Examples)</a></h4>
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<p>示例对象的文件在根目录下的 <code>examples</code> 目录中。既然是示例，自然是使用项目中的库对象的功能进行演示。示例对象编译后的文件会存储在 <code>target/debug/examples</code> 目录下。</p>
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<p>如上所示，示例对象可以使用库对象的公共 API，也可以通过 <code>[dependencies]</code> 来引入外部的依赖库。</p>
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<p>默认情况下，示例对象都是可执行的二进制文件( 带有 <code>fn main()</code> 函数入口)，毕竟例子是用来测试和演示我们的库对象，是用来运行的。而你完全可以将示例对象改成库的类型:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-toml">[[example]]
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name = "foo"
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crate-type = ["staticlib"]
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</code></pre>
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<p>如果想要指定运行某个示例对象，可以使用 <code>cargo run --example <example-name></code> 命令。如果是库类型的示例对象，则可以使用 <code>cargo build --example <example-name></code> 进行构建。</p>
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<p>与此类似，还可以使用 <code>cargo install --example <example-name></code> 来将示例对象编译出的可执行文件安装到默认的目录中，将该目录添加到 <code>$PATH</code> 环境变量中，就可以直接全局运行安装的可执行文件。</p>
|
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<p>最后，<code>cargo test</code> 命令默认会对示例对象进行编译，以防止示例代码因为长久没运行，导致严重过期以至于无法运行。</p>
|
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<h4 id="测试对象tests"><a class="header" href="#测试对象tests">测试对象(Tests)</a></h4>
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<p>测试对象的文件位于根目录下的 <code>tests</code> 目录中，如果大家还有印象的话，就知道该目录是<a href="https://course.rs/test/unit-integration-test.html#%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95">集成测试</a>所使用的。</p>
|
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<p>当运行 <code>cargo test</code> 时，里面的每个文件都会被编译成独立的包，然后被执行。</p>
|
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<p>测试对象可以使用库对象提供的公共 API，也可以通过 <code>[dependencies]</code> 来引入外部的依赖库。</p>
|
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|
|
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|
<h4 id="基准性能对象benches"><a class="header" href="#基准性能对象benches">基准性能对象(Benches)</a></h4>
|
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|
<p>该对象的文件位于 <code>benches</code> 目录下，可以通过 <code>cargo bench</code> 命令来运行，关于基准测试，可以通过<a href="https://course.rs/test/benchmark.html">这篇文章</a>了解更多。</p>
|
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|
|
<h2 id="配置一个对象"><a class="header" href="#配置一个对象">配置一个对象</a></h2>
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<p>我们可以通过 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 中的 <code>[lib]</code>、<code>[[bin]]</code>、<code>[[example]]</code>、<code>[[test]]</code> 和 <code>[[bench]]</code> 部分对以上对象进行配置。</p>
|
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|
|
<blockquote>
|
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|
<p>大家可能会疑惑 <code>[lib]</code> 和 <code>[[bin]]</code> 的写法为何不一致，原因是这种语法是 <code>TOML</code> 提供的<a href="https://toml.io/en/v1.0.0-rc.3#array-of-tables">数组特性</a>， <code>[[bin]]</code> 这种写法意味着我们可以在 Cargo.toml 中创建多个 <code>[[bin]]</code> ，每一个对应一个二进制文件</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>上文提到过，我们只能指定一个库对象，因此这里只能使用 <code>[lib]</code> 形式</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
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|
<p>由于它们的配置内容都是相似的，因此我们以 <code>[lib]</code> 为例来说明相应的配置项:</p>
|
|
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|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[lib]
|
|
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|
|
name = "foo" # 对象名称: 库对象、`src/main.rs` 二进制对象的名称默认是项目名
|
|
|
|
|
|
path = "src/lib.rs" # 对象的源文件路径
|
|
|
|
|
|
test = true # 能否被测试，默认是 true
|
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|
|
doctest = true # 文档测试是否开启，默认是 true
|
|
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|
|
bench = true # 基准测试是否开启
|
|
|
|
|
|
doc = true # 文档功能是否开启
|
|
|
|
|
|
plugin = false # 是否可以用于编译器插件(deprecated).
|
|
|
|
|
|
proc-macro = false # 是否是过程宏类型的库
|
|
|
|
|
|
harness = true # 是否使用libtest harness : https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/rustc/tests/index.html
|
|
|
|
|
|
edition = "2015" # 对象使用的 Rust Edition
|
|
|
|
|
|
crate-type = ["lib"] # 生成的包类型
|
|
|
|
|
|
required-features = [] # 构建对象所需的 Cargo Features (N/A for lib).
|
|
|
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h4 id="name"><a class="header" href="#name">name</a></h4>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>对于库对象和默认的二进制对象( <code>src/main.rs </code>)，默认的名称是项目的名称( <code>package.name</code> )。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>对于其它类型的对象，默认是目录或文件名。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>除了 <code>[lib]</code> 外，<code>name</code> 字段对于其他对象都是必须的。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h4 id="proc-macro"><a class="header" href="#proc-macro">proc-macro</a></h4>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>该字段的使用方式在<a href="https://course.rs/advance/macro.html#%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E5%AE%8F">过程宏章节</a>有详细的介绍。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h4 id="edition"><a class="header" href="#edition">edition</a></h4>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>对使用的 Rust Edition 版本进行设置。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>如果没有设置，则默认使用 <code>[package]</code> 中配置的 <code>package.edition</code>，通常来说，这个字段不应该被单独设置，只有在一些特殊场景中才可能用到：例如将一个大型项目逐步升级为新的 edition 版本。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h4 id="crate-type"><a class="header" href="#crate-type">crate-type</a></h4>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>该字段定义了对象生成的<a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/reference/linkage.html">包类型</a>。它是一个数组，因此为同一个对象指定多个包类型。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>需要注意的是，只有库对象和示例对象可以被指定，因为其他的二进制、测试和基准测试对象只能是 <code>bin</code> 这个包类型。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>默认的包类型如下:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>对象</th><th>包类型</th></tr></thead><tbody>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>正常的库对象</td><td>"lib"</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>过程宏的库对象</td><td>"proc-macro"</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>示例对象</td><td>"bin"</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</tbody></table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>可用的选项包括 <code>bin</code>、<code>lib</code>、<code>rlib</code>、<code>dylib</code>、<code>cdylib</code>、<code>staticlib</code> 和 <code>proc-macro</code> ，如果大家想了解更多，可以看下官方的<a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/reference/linkage.html">参考手册</a>。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h4 id="required-features"><a class="header" href="#required-features">required-features</a></h4>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>该字段用于指定在构建对象时所需的 <a href="https://course.rs/cargo/reference/features.html"><code>features</code></a> 列表。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>该字段只对 <code>[[bin]]</code>、 <code>[[bench]]</code>、 <code>[[test]]</code> 和 <code>[[example]]</code> 有效，对于 <code>[lib]</code> 没有任何效果。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[features]
|
|
|
|
|
|
# ...
|
|
|
|
|
|
postgres = []
|
|
|
|
|
|
sqlite = []
|
|
|
|
|
|
tools = []
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[[bin]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
name = "my-pg-tool"
|
|
|
|
|
|
required-features = ["postgres", "tools"]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="对象自动发现"><a class="header" href="#对象自动发现">对象自动发现</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>默认情况下，<code>Cargo</code> 会基于项目的<a href="https://course.rs/cargo/guide/package-layout.html">目录文件布局</a>自动发现和确定对象，而之前的配置项则允许我们对其进行手动的配置修改(若项目布局跟标准的不一样时)。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>而这种自动发现对象的设定可以通过以下配置来禁用:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[package]
|
|
|
|
|
|
# ...
|
|
|
|
|
|
autobins = false
|
|
|
|
|
|
autoexamples = false
|
|
|
|
|
|
autotests = false
|
|
|
|
|
|
autobenches = false
|
|
|
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>只有在特定场景下才应该禁用自动对象发现。例如，你有一个模块想要命名为 <code>bin</code>，目录结构如下:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-shell">├── Cargo.toml
|
|
|
|
|
|
└── src
|
|
|
|
|
|
├── lib.rs
|
|
|
|
|
|
└── bin
|
|
|
|
|
|
└── mod.rs
|
|
|
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>这在默认情况下会导致问题，因为 <code>Cargo</code> 会使用 <code>src/bin</code> 作为存放二进制对象的地方。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>为了阻止这一点，可以设置 <code>autobins = false</code> :</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">├── Cargo.toml
|
|
|
|
|
|
└── src
|
|
|
|
|
|
├── lib.rs
|
|
|
|
|
|
└── bin
|
|
|
|
|
|
└── mod.rs
|
|
|
|
|
|
</code></pre>
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