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<h1 id="send-sync-and-compile-tests"><a class="header" href="#send-sync-and-compile-tests">Send, Sync, and Compile Tests</a></h1>
<p>好吧，其实我们还有一对特征需要考虑，但它们很特别。我们必须对付 Rust 的神圣罗马帝国： unsafe 的 Opt-in Built-out 特征（OIBITs）： Send 和 Sync，它们实际上是（opt-out）和（built-out）（3 个中有 1 个已经很不错了！）。</p>
<p>与 Copy 一样，这些特征完全没有相关代码，只是标记您的类型具有特定属性。Send 表示你的类型可以安全地发送到另一个线程。Sync 表示你的类型可以在线程间安全共享（&amp;Self: Send）。</p>
<p>关于 LinkedList <em>covariant(协变的)</em> 论点在这里同样适用：一般来说，不使用花哨的内部可变技巧的普通集合可以安全地进行 Send 和 Sync。</p>
<p>But I said they're <em>opt out</em>. So actually, are we already? How would we know?</p>
<p>让我们在代码中添加一些新的魔法：随机的私有垃圾，除非我们的类型具有我们所期望的属性，否则将无法编译：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>#[allow(dead_code)]
fn assert_properties() {
fn is_send&lt;T: Send&gt;() {}
fn is_sync&lt;T: Sync&gt;() {}
is_send::&lt;LinkedList&lt;i32&gt;&gt;();
is_sync::&lt;LinkedList&lt;i32&gt;&gt;();
is_send::&lt;IntoIter&lt;i32&gt;&gt;();
is_sync::&lt;IntoIter&lt;i32&gt;&gt;();
is_send::&lt;Iter&lt;i32&gt;&gt;();
is_sync::&lt;Iter&lt;i32&gt;&gt;();
is_send::&lt;IterMut&lt;i32&gt;&gt;();
is_sync::&lt;IterMut&lt;i32&gt;&gt;();
is_send::&lt;Cursor&lt;i32&gt;&gt;();
is_sync::&lt;Cursor&lt;i32&gt;&gt;();
fn linked_list_covariant&lt;'a, T&gt;(x: LinkedList&lt;&amp;'static T&gt;) -&gt; LinkedList&lt;&amp;'a T&gt; { x }
fn iter_covariant&lt;'i, 'a, T&gt;(x: Iter&lt;'i, &amp;'static T&gt;) -&gt; Iter&lt;'i, &amp;'a T&gt; { x }
fn into_iter_covariant&lt;'a, T&gt;(x: IntoIter&lt;&amp;'static T&gt;) -&gt; IntoIter&lt;&amp;'a T&gt; { x }
}
cargo build
Compiling linked-list v0.0.3
error[E0277]: `NonNull&lt;Node&lt;i32&gt;&gt;` cannot be sent between threads safely
--&gt; src\lib.rs:433:5
|
433 | is_send::&lt;LinkedList&lt;i32&gt;&gt;();
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ `NonNull&lt;Node&lt;i32&gt;&gt;` cannot be sent between threads safely
|
= help: within `LinkedList&lt;i32&gt;`, the trait `Send` is not implemented for `NonNull&lt;Node&lt;i32&gt;&gt;`
= note: required because it appears within the type `Option&lt;NonNull&lt;Node&lt;i32&gt;&gt;&gt;`
note: required because it appears within the type `LinkedList&lt;i32&gt;`
--&gt; src\lib.rs:8:12
|
8 | pub struct LinkedList&lt;T&gt; {
| ^^^^^^^^^^
note: required by a bound in `is_send`
--&gt; src\lib.rs:430:19
|
430 | fn is_send&lt;T: Send&gt;() {}
| ^^^^ required by this bound in `is_send`
&lt;a million more errors&gt;
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>我骗你说原始指针只有一个安全保护：这是另一个。 <code>*const</code> 和 <code>*mut</code> explicitly opt out of Send and Sync to be safe, so we do <em>actually</em> have to opt back in:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>unsafe impl&lt;T: Send&gt; Send for LinkedList&lt;T&gt; {}
unsafe impl&lt;T: Sync&gt; Sync for LinkedList&lt;T&gt; {}
unsafe impl&lt;'a, T: Send&gt; Send for Iter&lt;'a, T&gt; {}
unsafe impl&lt;'a, T: Sync&gt; Sync for Iter&lt;'a, T&gt; {}
unsafe impl&lt;'a, T: Send&gt; Send for IterMut&lt;'a, T&gt; {}
unsafe impl&lt;'a, T: Sync&gt; Sync for IterMut&lt;'a, T&gt; {}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>请注意，我们必须在这里编写不安全的 impl：这些是不安全的特征！不安全代码（如并发库）只能依靠我们正确地实现这些特征！由于没有实际代码，我们所做的保证只是：是的，我们在线程间发送或共享确实是安全的！</p>
<p>别以为这些都是随便说说的，我可是经过认证的专业人士，我在这里要说：是的，这些都是完全没问题的。请注意，我们并不需要为 IntoIter 实现 Send 和 Sync：它只是包含 LinkedList，所以会自动生成 Send 和 Sync--我告诉过你它们实际上是 opt out！</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">cargo build
Compiling linked-list v0.0.3
Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.18s
</code></pre>
<p>很好</p>
<p>IterMut 绝对不应该是协变的，因为它 &quot;就像&quot; <code>&amp;mut T</code>。</p>
<p>用魔术！其实是用 rustdoc！好吧，我们不一定要使用 rustdoc，但这是最有趣的用法。你看，如果你写了一个 doccomment 并包含了一个代码块，那么 rustdoc 就会尝试编译并运行它，所以我们可以用它来创建新的匿名 &quot;程序&quot;，而这些程序不会影响主程序：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span> /// ```
/// use linked_list::IterMut;
///
/// fn iter_mut_covariant&lt;'i, 'a, T&gt;(x: IterMut&lt;'i, &amp;'static T&gt;) -&gt; IterMut&lt;'i, &amp;'a T&gt; { x }
/// ```
fn iter_mut_invariant() {}
cargo test
...
Doc-tests linked-list
running 1 test
test src\lib.rs - assert_properties::iter_mut_invariant (line 458) ... FAILED
failures:
---- src\lib.rs - assert_properties::iter_mut_invariant (line 458) stdout ----
error[E0308]: mismatched types
--&gt; src\lib.rs:461:86
|
6 | fn iter_mut_covariant&lt;'i, 'a, T&gt;(x: IterMut&lt;'i, &amp;'static T&gt;) -&gt; IterMut&lt;'i, &amp;'a T&gt; { x }
| ^ lifetime mismatch
|
= note: expected struct `linked_list::IterMut&lt;'_, &amp;'a T&gt;`
found struct `linked_list::IterMut&lt;'_, &amp;'static T&gt;`
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>好吧，我们已经证明了它是不变的，但现在我们的测试失败了。不用担心，rustdoc 会让你在栅栏上注释 compile_fail，说明这是意料之中的！</p>
<p>(实际上，我们只证明了它 &quot;不是<em>covariant(协变的)</em>&quot;，但老实说，如果你能让一个类型 &quot;意外地、错误地<em>contravariant(逆变的)</em> &quot;，那么，恭喜你。）</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span> /// ```compile_fail
/// use linked_list::IterMut;
///
/// fn iter_mut_covariant&lt;'i, 'a, T&gt;(x: IterMut&lt;'i, &amp;'static T&gt;) -&gt; IterMut&lt;'i, &amp;'a T&gt; { x }
/// ```
fn iter_mut_invariant() {}
cargo test
Compiling linked-list v0.0.3
Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.49s
Running unittests src\lib.rs
...
Doc-tests linked-list
running 1 test
test src\lib.rs - assert_properties::iter_mut_invariant (line 458) - compile fail ... ok
test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.12s
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>是的！我建议在进行测试时不要使用 compile_fail，这样你可以看到错误是不是和你预期的一致。例如，你忘记了使用 use 关键字，这是错误的，但因为 compile_fail通过了测试。如果不使用compile_fail，测试会因为没有使用 use 失败，这不是我们想要的， 我们想要的是：测试因为 <code>mut</code> 是*covariant(协变的)*的而失败！</p>
<p>(哦，等等，我们其实可以在 compile_fail 旁边指定我们想要的错误代码，但这只适用于 nightly，而且由于上述原因，依赖它是个坏主意。在 not-nightly 版本运行时，它将被默默忽略）。</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span> /// ```compile_fail,E0308
/// use linked_list::IterMut;
///
/// fn iter_mut_covariant&lt;'i, 'a, T&gt;(x: IterMut&lt;'i, &amp;'static T&gt;) -&gt; IterMut&lt;'i, &amp;'a T&gt; { x }
/// ```
fn iter_mut_invariant() {}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>......还有，你注意到我们实际上把 IterMut 变成*invariant(不变的)*的那部分了吗？这很容易被忽略，因为我 &quot;只是 &quot;复制粘贴了 Iter 并把它放在了最后。这是最后一行：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>pub struct IterMut&lt;'a, T&gt; {
front: Link&lt;T&gt;,
back: Link&lt;T&gt;,
len: usize,
_boo: PhantomData&lt;&amp;'a mut T&gt;,
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>我们试着去掉 PhantomData:</p>
<pre><code class="language-text"> cargo build
Compiling linked-list v0.0.3 (C:\Users\ninte\dev\contain\linked-list)
error[E0392]: parameter `'a` is never used
--&gt; src\lib.rs:30:20
|
30 | pub struct IterMut&lt;'a, T&gt; {
| ^^ unused parameter
|
= help: consider removing `'a`, referring to it in a field, or using a marker such as `PhantomData`
</code></pre>
<p>哈！编译器在背后支持我们，提示我们未使用的 lifetime。让我们试着用一个错误的例子来代替：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span> _boo: PhantomData&lt;&amp;'a T&gt;,
cargo build
Compiling linked-list v0.0.3 (C:\Users\ninte\dev\contain\linked-list)
Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.17s
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>它可以构建！我们的测试可以发现问题吗？</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">cargo test
...
Doc-tests linked-list
running 1 test
test src\lib.rs - assert_properties::iter_mut_invariant (line 458) - compile fail ... FAILED
failures:
---- src\lib.rs - assert_properties::iter_mut_invariant (line 458) stdout ----
Test compiled successfully, but it's marked `compile_fail`.
failures:
src\lib.rs - assert_properties::iter_mut_invariant (line 458)
test result: FAILED. 0 passed; 1 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.15s
</code></pre>
<p>Eyyy!!.！这个系统真管用！我喜欢那些能真正完成任务的测试，这样我就不必为那些若隐若现的错误而感到恐惧了！</p>
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