rust-course/src/too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/filling-in-random-bits.md

# Filling In Random Bits

嘿，你不是说要做成精品吗？

为了成为一个 "好 "系列，这里还有一些乱七八糟的东西：

```rust
impl<T> LinkedList<T> {
    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.len == 0
    }

    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
        // Oh look it's drop again
        while let Some(_) = self.pop_front() { }
    }
}
```

现在，我们已经有了一大堆大家都期待的特性需要实现：

```rust
impl<T> Default for LinkedList<T> {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

impl<T: Clone> Clone for LinkedList<T> {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        let mut new_list = Self::new();
        for item in self {
            new_list.push_back(item.clone());
        }
        new_list
    }
}

impl<T> Extend<T> for LinkedList<T> {
    fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = T>>(&mut self, iter: I) {
        for item in iter {
            self.push_back(item);
        }
    }
}

impl<T> FromIterator<T> for LinkedList<T> {
    fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = T>>(iter: I) -> Self {
        let mut list = Self::new();
        list.extend(iter);
        list
    }
}

impl<T: Debug> Debug for LinkedList<T> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        f.debug_list().entries(self).finish()
    }
}

impl<T: PartialEq> PartialEq for LinkedList<T> {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        self.len() == other.len() && self.iter().eq(other)
    }

    fn ne(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        self.len() != other.len() || self.iter().ne(other)
    }
}

impl<T: Eq> Eq for LinkedList<T> { }

impl<T: PartialOrd> PartialOrd for LinkedList<T> {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
        self.iter().partial_cmp(other)
    }
}

impl<T: Ord> Ord for LinkedList<T> {
    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
        self.iter().cmp(other)
    }
}

impl<T: Hash> Hash for LinkedList<T> {
    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
        self.len().hash(state);
        for item in self {
            item.hash(state);
        }
    }
}
```

另一个有趣的话题是哈希本身。你看到我们如何将 `len` 写入散列的吗？这其实非常重要！如果集合不把 `len` 加入散列，很可能会意外的造成前缀碰撞。例如，一个集合包含 `["he", "llo"]` 另一个集合包含 `["hello"]`，我们该如何区分？如果没有把集合长度或其它"分隔符"加入到散列 ，这将毫无意义！会让意外哈希碰撞发生变得太容易，会导致严重的后果，所以还是照做吧！

好了，这是我们现在的代码：

```rust
use std::cmp::Ordering;
use std::fmt::{self, Debug};
use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
use std::iter::FromIterator;
use std::ptr::NonNull;
use std::marker::PhantomData;

pub struct LinkedList<T> {
    front: Link<T>,
    back: Link<T>,
    len: usize,
    _boo: PhantomData<T>,
}

type Link<T> = Option<NonNull<Node<T>>>;

struct Node<T> {
    front: Link<T>,
    back: Link<T>,
    elem: T, 
}

pub struct Iter<'a, T> {
    front: Link<T>,
    back: Link<T>,
    len: usize,
    _boo: PhantomData<&'a T>,
}

pub struct IterMut<'a, T> {
    front: Link<T>,
    back: Link<T>,
    len: usize,
    _boo: PhantomData<&'a mut T>,
}

pub struct IntoIter<T> {
    list: LinkedList<T>,
}

impl<T> LinkedList<T> {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            front: None,
            back: None,
            len: 0,
            _boo: PhantomData,
        }
    }

    pub fn push_front(&mut self, elem: T) {
        // SAFETY: it's a linked-list, what do you want?
        unsafe {
            let new = NonNull::new_unchecked(Box::into_raw(Box::new(Node {
                front: None,
                back: None,
                elem,
            })));
            if let Some(old) = self.front {
                // Put the new front before the old one
                (*old.as_ptr()).front = Some(new);
                (*new.as_ptr()).back = Some(old);
            } else {
                // If there's no front, then we're the empty list and need 
                // to set the back too.
                self.back = Some(new);
            }
            // These things always happen!
            self.front = Some(new);
            self.len += 1;
        }
    }

    pub fn push_back(&mut self, elem: T) {
        // SAFETY: it's a linked-list, what do you want?
        unsafe {
            let new = NonNull::new_unchecked(Box::into_raw(Box::new(Node {
                back: None,
                front: None,
                elem,
            })));
            if let Some(old) = self.back {
                // Put the new back before the old one
                (*old.as_ptr()).back = Some(new);
                (*new.as_ptr()).front = Some(old);
            } else {
                // If there's no back, then we're the empty list and need 
                // to set the front too.
                self.front = Some(new);
            }
            // These things always happen!
            self.back = Some(new);
            self.len += 1;
        }
    }

    pub fn pop_front(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
        unsafe {
            // Only have to do stuff if there is a front node to pop.
            self.front.map(|node| {
                // Bring the Box back to life so we can move out its value and
                // Drop it (Box continues to magically understand this for us).
                let boxed_node = Box::from_raw(node.as_ptr());
                let result = boxed_node.elem;

                // Make the next node into the new front.
                self.front = boxed_node.back;
                if let Some(new) = self.front {
                    // Cleanup its reference to the removed node
                    (*new.as_ptr()).front = None;
                } else {
                    // If the front is now null, then this list is now empty!
                    self.back = None;
                }

                self.len -= 1;
                result
                // Box gets implicitly freed here, knows there is no T.
            })
        }
    }

    pub fn pop_back(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
        unsafe {
            // Only have to do stuff if there is a back node to pop.
            self.back.map(|node| {
                // Bring the Box front to life so we can move out its value and
                // Drop it (Box continues to magically understand this for us).
                let boxed_node = Box::from_raw(node.as_ptr());
                let result = boxed_node.elem;

                // Make the next node into the new back.
                self.back = boxed_node.front;
                if let Some(new) = self.back {
                    // Cleanup its reference to the removed node
                    (*new.as_ptr()).back = None;
                } else {
                    // If the back is now null, then this list is now empty!
                    self.front = None;
                }

                self.len -= 1;
                result
                // Box gets implicitly freed here, knows there is no T.
            })
        }
    }

    pub fn front(&self) -> Option<&T> {
        unsafe {
            self.front.map(|node| &(*node.as_ptr()).elem)
        }
    }

    pub fn front_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
        unsafe {
            self.front.map(|node| &mut (*node.as_ptr()).elem)
        }
    }

    pub fn back(&self) -> Option<&T> {
        unsafe {
            self.back.map(|node| &(*node.as_ptr()).elem)
        }
    }

    pub fn back_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
        unsafe {
            self.back.map(|node| &mut (*node.as_ptr()).elem)
        }
    }

    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
        self.len
    }

    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.len == 0
    }

    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
        // Oh look it's drop again
        while let Some(_) = self.pop_front() { }
    }

    pub fn iter(&self) -> Iter<T> {
        Iter { 
            front: self.front, 
            back: self.back,
            len: self.len,
            _boo: PhantomData,
        }
    }

    pub fn iter_mut(&mut self) -> IterMut<T> {
        IterMut { 
            front: self.front, 
            back: self.back,
            len: self.len,
            _boo: PhantomData,
        }
    }

    pub fn into_iter(self) -> IntoIter<T> {
        IntoIter { 
            list: self
        }
    }
}

impl<T> Drop for LinkedList<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        // Pop until we have to stop
        while let Some(_) = self.pop_front() { }
    }
}

impl<T> Default for LinkedList<T> {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

impl<T: Clone> Clone for LinkedList<T> {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        let mut new_list = Self::new();
        for item in self {
            new_list.push_back(item.clone());
        }
        new_list
    }
}

impl<T> Extend<T> for LinkedList<T> {
    fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = T>>(&mut self, iter: I) {
        for item in iter {
            self.push_back(item);
        }
    }
}

impl<T> FromIterator<T> for LinkedList<T> {
    fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = T>>(iter: I) -> Self {
        let mut list = Self::new();
        list.extend(iter);
        list
    }
}

impl<T: Debug> Debug for LinkedList<T> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        f.debug_list().entries(self).finish()
    }
}

impl<T: PartialEq> PartialEq for LinkedList<T> {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        self.len() == other.len() && self.iter().eq(other)
    }

    fn ne(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        self.len() != other.len() || self.iter().ne(other)
    }
}

impl<T: Eq> Eq for LinkedList<T> { }

impl<T: PartialOrd> PartialOrd for LinkedList<T> {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
        self.iter().partial_cmp(other)
    }
}

impl<T: Ord> Ord for LinkedList<T> {
    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
        self.iter().cmp(other)
    }
}

impl<T: Hash> Hash for LinkedList<T> {
    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
        self.len().hash(state);
        for item in self {
            item.hash(state);
        }
    }
}

impl<'a, T> IntoIterator for &'a LinkedList<T> {
    type IntoIter = Iter<'a, T>;
    type Item = &'a T;

    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
        self.iter()
    }
}

impl<'a, T> Iterator for Iter<'a, T> {
    type Item = &'a T;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        // While self.front == self.back is a tempting condition to check here,
        // it won't do the right for yielding the last element! That sort of
        // thing only works for arrays because of "one-past-the-end" pointers.
        if self.len > 0 {
            // We could unwrap front, but this is safer and easier
            self.front.map(|node| unsafe {
                self.len -= 1;
                self.front = (*node.as_ptr()).back;
                &(*node.as_ptr()).elem
            })
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
        (self.len, Some(self.len))
    }
}

impl<'a, T> DoubleEndedIterator for Iter<'a, T> {
    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        if self.len > 0 {
            self.back.map(|node| unsafe {
                self.len -= 1;
                self.back = (*node.as_ptr()).front;
                &(*node.as_ptr()).elem
            })
        } else {
            None
        }
    }
}

impl<'a, T> ExactSizeIterator for Iter<'a, T> {
    fn len(&self) -> usize {
        self.len
    }
}

impl<'a, T> IntoIterator for &'a mut LinkedList<T> {
    type IntoIter = IterMut<'a, T>;
    type Item = &'a mut T;

    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
        self.iter_mut()
    }
}

impl<'a, T> Iterator for IterMut<'a, T> {
    type Item = &'a mut T;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        // While self.front == self.back is a tempting condition to check here,
        // it won't do the right for yielding the last element! That sort of
        // thing only works for arrays because of "one-past-the-end" pointers.
        if self.len > 0 {
            // We could unwrap front, but this is safer and easier
            self.front.map(|node| unsafe {
                self.len -= 1;
                self.front = (*node.as_ptr()).back;
                &mut (*node.as_ptr()).elem
            })
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
        (self.len, Some(self.len))
    }
}

impl<'a, T> DoubleEndedIterator for IterMut<'a, T> {
    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        if self.len > 0 {
            self.back.map(|node| unsafe {
                self.len -= 1;
                self.back = (*node.as_ptr()).front;
                &mut (*node.as_ptr()).elem
            })
        } else {
            None
        }
    }
}

impl<'a, T> ExactSizeIterator for IterMut<'a, T> {
    fn len(&self) -> usize {
        self.len
    }
}

impl<T> IntoIterator for LinkedList<T> {
    type IntoIter = IntoIter<T>;
    type Item = T;

    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
        self.into_iter()
    }
}

impl<T> Iterator for IntoIter<T> {
    type Item = T;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        self.list.pop_front()
    }

    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
        (self.list.len, Some(self.list.len))
    }
}

impl<T> DoubleEndedIterator for IntoIter<T> {
    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        self.list.pop_back()
    }
}

impl<T> ExactSizeIterator for IntoIter<T> {
    fn len(&self) -> usize {
        self.list.len
    }
}


#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
    use super::LinkedList;

    #[test]
    fn test_basic_front() {
        let mut list = LinkedList::new();

        // Try to break an empty list
        assert_eq!(list.len(), 0);
        assert_eq!(list.pop_front(), None);
        assert_eq!(list.len(), 0);

        // Try to break a one item list
        list.push_front(10);
        assert_eq!(list.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(list.pop_front(), Some(10));
        assert_eq!(list.len(), 0);
        assert_eq!(list.pop_front(), None);
        assert_eq!(list.len(), 0);

        // Mess around
        list.push_front(10);
        assert_eq!(list.len(), 1);
        list.push_front(20);
        assert_eq!(list.len(), 2);
        list.push_front(30);
        assert_eq!(list.len(), 3);
        assert_eq!(list.pop_front(), Some(30));
        assert_eq!(list.len(), 2);
        list.push_front(40);
        assert_eq!(list.len(), 3);
        assert_eq!(list.pop_front(), Some(40));
        assert_eq!(list.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(list.pop_front(), Some(20));
        assert_eq!(list.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(list.pop_front(), Some(10));
        assert_eq!(list.len(), 0);
        assert_eq!(list.pop_front(), None);
        assert_eq!(list.len(), 0);
        assert_eq!(list.pop_front(), None);
        assert_eq!(list.len(), 0);
    }
}
```