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3 years ago
# 生命周期过大-02
继上篇文章后,我们再来看一段**可能**涉及生命周期过大导致的无法编译问题:
```rust
fn bar(writer: &mut Writer) {
baz(writer.indent());
writer.write("world");
}
fn baz(writer: &mut Writer) {
writer.write("hello");
}
pub struct Writer<'a> {
target: &'a mut String,
indent: usize,
}
impl<'a> Writer<'a> {
fn indent(&'a mut self) -> &'a mut Self {
&mut Self {
target: self.target,
indent: self.indent + 1,
}
}
fn write(&mut self, s: &str) {
for _ in 0..self.indent {
self.target.push(' ');
}
self.target.push_str(s);
self.target.push('\n');
}
}
fn main() {}
```
报错如下:
```console
error[E0623]: lifetime mismatch
--> src/main.rs:2:16
|
1 | fn bar(writer: &mut Writer) {
| -----------
| |
| these two types are declared with different lifetimes...
2 | baz(writer.indent());
| ^^^^^^ ...but data from `writer` flows into `writer` here
```
WTF这什么报错之前都没有见过而且很难理解什么叫`writer`滑入了另一个`writer`
别急,我们先来仔细看下代码,注意这一段:
```rust
impl<'a> Writer<'a> {
fn indent(&'a mut self) -> &'a mut Self {
&mut Self {
target: self.target,
indent: self.indent + 1,
}
}
```
这里的生命周期定义说明`indent`方法使用的。。。等等!你的代码错了,你怎么能在一个函数中返回一个新创建实例的引用?!!最重要的是,编译器不提示这个错误,竟然提示一个莫名其妙看不懂的东东。
行,那我们先解决这个问题,将该方法修改为:
```rust
fn indent(&'a mut self) -> Writer<'a> {
Writer {
target: self.target,
indent: self.indent + 1,
}
}
```
怀着惴惴这心,再一次运行程序,果不其然,编译器又朝我们扔了一坨错误:
```console
error[E0308]: mismatched types
--> src/main.rs:2:9
|
2 | baz(writer.indent());
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
| |
| expected `&mut Writer<'_>`, found struct `Writer`
| help: consider mutably borrowing here: `&mut writer.indent()`
```
哦,这次错误很明显,因为`baz`需要`&mut Writer`,但是咱们`writer.indent`返回了一个`Writer`,因此修改下即可:
```rust
fn bar(writer: &mut Writer) {
baz(&mut writer.indent());
writer.write("world");
}
```
这次总该成功了吧?再次心慌慌的运行编译器,哐:
```console
error[E0623]: lifetime mismatch
--> src/main.rs:2:21
|
1 | fn bar(writer: &mut Writer) {
| -----------
| |
| these two types are declared with different lifetimes...
2 | baz(&mut writer.indent());
| ^^^^^^ ...but data from `writer` flows into `writer` here
```
可恶,还是这个看不懂的错误,仔细检查了下代码,这次真的没有其他错误了,只能硬着头皮上。
大概的意思可以分析,生命周期范围不匹配,说明一个大一个小,然后一个`writer`中流入到另一个`writer`说明,两个`writer`的生命周期定义错了,既然这里提到了`indent`方法调用,那么我们再去仔细看一眼:
```rust
impl<'a> Writer<'a> {
fn indent(&'a mut self) -> Writer<'a> {
Writer {
target: self.target,
indent: self.indent + 1,
}
}
...
}
```
好像有点问题,`indent`返回的`Writer`的生命周期和外面的`Writer`的生命周期一模一样,这很不合理,一眼就能看出前者远小于后者,那我们尝试着修改下`indent`:
```rust
fn indent<'b>(&'b mut self) -> Writer<'b> {
Writer {
target: self.target,
indent: self.indent + 1,
}
}
```
Bang! 编译成功,不过稍等,回想下生命周期消除的规则,我们还可以实现的更优雅:
```rust
fn bar(writer: &mut Writer) {
baz(&mut writer.indent());
writer.write("world");
}
fn baz(writer: &mut Writer) {
writer.write("hello");
}
pub struct Writer<'a> {
target: &'a mut String,
indent: usize,
}
impl<'a> Writer<'a> {
fn indent(&mut self) -> Writer {
Writer {
target: self.target,
indent: self.indent + 1,
}
}
fn write(&mut self, s: &str) {
for _ in 0..self.indent {
self.target.push(' ');
}
self.target.push_str(s);
self.target.push('\n');
}
}
fn main() {}
```
至此,问题彻底解决,太好了,我感觉我又变强了。可是默默看了眼自己的头发,只能以`哎~`一声叹息结束本章内容。