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< h1 id = "macro-宏编程" > < a class = "header" href = "#macro-宏编程" > Macro 宏编程< / a > < / h1 >
< p > 在编程世界可以说是谈“宏”色变,原因在于 C 语言中的宏是非常危险的东东,但并不是所有语言都像 C 这样,例如对于古老的语言 Lisp 来说,宏就是一个非常强大的好帮手。< / p >
< p > 那话说回来,在 Rust 中宏到底是好是坏呢?本章将带你揭开它的神秘面纱。< / p >
< p > 事实上,我们虽然没有见过宏,但是已经多次用过它,例如在全书的第一个例子中就用到了:< code > println!("你好,世界")< / code > ,这里 < code > println!< / code > 就是一个最常用的宏,可以看到它和函数最大的区别是:它在调用时多了一个 < code > !< / code > ,除此之外还有 < code > vec!< / code > 、< code > assert_eq!< / code > 都是相当常用的,可以说< strong > 宏在 Rust 中无处不在< / strong > 。< / p >
< p > 细心的读者可能会注意到 < code > println!< / code > 后面跟着的是 < code > ()< / code > ,而 < code > vec!< / code > 后面跟着的是 < code > []< / code > ,这是因为宏的参数可以使用 < code > ()< / code > 、< code > []< / code > 以及 < code > {}< / code > :< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > fn main() {
println!("aaaa");
println!["aaaa"];
println!{"aaaa"}
}< / code > < / pre >
< p > 虽然三种使用形式皆可,但是 Rust 内置的宏都有自己约定俗成的使用方式,例如 < code > vec![...]< / code > 、< code > assert_eq!(...)< / code > 等。< / p >
< p > 在 Rust 中宏分为两大类:< strong > 声明式宏( < em > declarative macros< / em > )< / strong > < code > macro_rules!< / code > 和三种< strong > 过程宏( < em > procedural macros< / em > )< / strong > :< / p >
< ul >
< li > < code > #[derive]< / code > ,在之前多次见到的派生宏,可以为目标结构体或枚举派生指定的代码,例如 < code > Debug< / code > 特征< / li >
< li > 类属性宏(Attribute-like macro),用于为目标添加自定义的属性< / li >
< li > 类函数宏(Function-like macro),看上去就像是函数调用< / li >
< / ul >
< p > 如果感觉难以理解,也不必担心,接下来我们将逐个看看它们的庐山真面目,在此之前,先来看下为何需要宏,特别是 Rust 的函数明明已经很强大了。< / p >
< h2 id = "宏和函数的区别" > < a class = "header" href = "#宏和函数的区别" > 宏和函数的区别< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 宏和函数的区别并不少,而且对于宏擅长的领域,函数其实是有些无能为力的。< / p >
< h4 id = "元编程" > < a class = "header" href = "#元编程" > 元编程< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 从根本上来说,宏是通过一种代码来生成另一种代码,如果大家熟悉元编程,就会发现两者的共同点。< / p >
< p > 在< a href = "https://course.rs/appendix/derive.html" > 附录 D< / a > 中讲到的 < code > derive< / code > 属性,就会自动为结构体派生出相应特征所需的代码,例如 < code > #[derive(Debug)]< / code > ,还有熟悉的 < code > println!< / code > 和 < code > vec!< / code > ,所有的这些宏都会展开成相应的代码,且很可能是长得多的代码。< / p >
< p > 总之,元编程可以帮我们减少所需编写的代码,也可以一定程度上减少维护的成本,虽然函数复用也有类似的作用,但是宏依然拥有自己独特的优势。< / p >
< h4 id = "可变参数" > < a class = "header" href = "#可变参数" > 可变参数< / a > < / h4 >
< p > Rust 的函数签名是固定的:定义了两个参数,就必须传入两个参数,多一个少一个都不行,对于从 JS/TS 过来的同学,这一点其实是有些恼人的。< / p >
< p > 而宏就可以拥有可变数量的参数,例如可以调用一个参数的 < code > println!("hello")< / code > ,也可以调用两个参数的 < code > println!("hello {}", name)< / code > 。< / p >
< h4 id = "宏展开" > < a class = "header" href = "#宏展开" > 宏展开< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 由于宏会被展开成其它代码,且这个展开过程是发生在编译器对代码进行解释之前。因此,宏可以为指定的类型实现某个特征:先将宏展开成实现特征的代码后,再被编译。< / p >
< p > 而函数就做不到这一点,因为它直到运行时才能被调用,而特征需要在编译期被实现。< / p >
< h4 id = "宏的缺点" > < a class = "header" href = "#宏的缺点" > 宏的缺点< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 相对函数来说,由于宏是基于代码再展开成代码,因此实现相比函数来说会更加复杂,再加上宏的语法更为复杂,最终导致定义宏的代码相当地难读,也难以理解和维护。< / p >
< h2 id = "声明式宏-macro_rules" > < a class = "header" href = "#声明式宏-macro_rules" > 声明式宏 < code > macro_rules!< / code > < / a > < / h2 >
< p > 在 Rust 中使用最广的就是声明式宏,它们也有一些其它的称呼,例如示例宏( macros by example )、< code > macro_rules!< / code > 或干脆直接称呼为< strong > 宏< / strong > 。< / p >
< p > 声明式宏允许我们写出类似 < code > match< / code > 的代码。< code > match< / code > 表达式是一个控制结构,其接收一个表达式,然后将表达式的结果与多个模式进行匹配,一旦匹配了某个模式,则该模式相关联的代码将被执行:< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > match target {
模式1 => 表达式1,
模式2 => {
语句1;
语句2;
表达式2
},
_ => 表达式3
}
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 而< strong > 宏也是将一个值跟对应的模式进行匹配,且该模式会与特定的代码相关联< / strong > 。但是与 < code > match< / code > 不同的是,< strong > 宏里的值是一段 Rust 源代码< / strong > (字面量),模式用于跟这段源代码的结构相比较,一旦匹配,传入宏的那段源代码将被模式关联的代码所替换,最终实现宏展开。值得注意的是,< strong > 所有的这些都是在编译期发生,并没有运行期的性能损耗< / strong > 。< / p >
< h4 id = "简化版的-vec" > < a class = "header" href = "#简化版的-vec" > 简化版的 vec!< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 在< a href = "https://course.rs/basic/collections/vector.html#vec" > 动态数组 Vector 章节< / a > 中,我们学习了使用 < code > vec!< / code > 来便捷的初始化一个动态数组:< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > let v: Vec< u32> = vec![1, 2, 3];
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 最重要的是,通过 < code > vec!< / code > 创建的动态数组支持任何元素类型,也并没有限制数组的长度,如果使用函数,我们是无法做到这一点的。< / p >
< p > 好在我们有 < code > macro_rules!< / code > ,来看看该如何使用它来实现 < code > vec!< / code > ,以下是一个简化实现:< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > #[macro_export]
macro_rules! vec {
( $( $x:expr ),* ) => {
{
let mut temp_vec = Vec::new();
$(
temp_vec.push($x);
)*
temp_vec
}
};
}
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 简化实现版本?这也太难了吧!!只能说,欢迎来到宏的世界,在这里你能见到优雅 Rust 的另一面:) 标准库中的 < code > vec!< / code > 还包含了预分配内存空间的代码,如果引入进来,那大家将更难以接受。< / p >
< p > < code > #[macro_export]< / code > 注释将宏进行了导出,这样其它的包就可以将该宏引入到当前作用域中,然后才能使用。可能有同学会提问:我们在使用标准库 < code > vec!< / code > 时也没有引入宏啊,那是因为 Rust 已经通过 < a href = "https://course.rs/appendix/prelude.html" > < code > std::prelude< / code > < / a > 的方式为我们自动引入了。< / p >
< p > 紧接着,就使用 < code > macro_rules!< / code > 进行了宏定义,需要注意的是宏的名称是 < code > vec< / code > ,而不是 < code > vec!< / code > ,后者的感叹号只在调用时才需要。< / p >
< p > < code > vec< / code > 的定义结构跟 < code > match< / code > 表达式很像,但这里我们只有一个分支,其中包含一个模式 < code > ( $( $x:expr ),* )< / code > ,跟模式相关联的代码就在 < code > => < / code > 之后。一旦模式成功匹配,那这段相关联的代码就会替换传入的源代码。< / p >
< p > 由于 < code > vec< / code > 宏只有一个模式,因此它只能匹配一种源代码,其它类型的都将导致报错,而更复杂的宏往往会拥有更多的分支。< / p >
< p > 虽然宏和 < code > match< / code > 都称之为模式,但是前者跟< a href = "https://course.rs/basic/match-pattern/all-patterns.html" > 后者< / a > 的模式规则是不同的。如果大家想要更深入的了解宏的模式,可以查看< a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/macros-by-example.html" > 这里< / a > 。< / p >
< h4 id = "模式解析" > < a class = "header" href = "#模式解析" > 模式解析< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 而现在,我们先来简单讲解下 < code > ( $( $x:expr ),* )< / code > 的含义。< / p >
< p > 首先,我们使用圆括号 < code > ()< / code > 将整个宏模式包裹其中。紧随其后的是 < code > $()< / code > ,跟括号中模式相匹配的值(传入的 Rust 源代码)会被捕获,然后用于代码替换。在这里,模式 < code > $x:expr< / code > 会匹配任何 Rust 表达式并给予该模式一个名称:< code > $x< / code > 。< / p >
< p > < code > $()< / code > 之后的逗号说明 < code > $()< / code > 所匹配的代码使用逗号分隔符分割,紧随逗号之后的 < code > *< / code > 说明 < code > *< / code > 之前的模式(< code > $()< / code > 内的部分)会被匹配零次或任意多次(类似正则表达式)(且以逗号分割)。< / p >
< p > 当我们使用 < code > vec![1, 2, 3]< / code > 来调用该宏时,< code > $x< / code > 模式将被匹配三次,分别是 < code > 1< / code > 、< code > 2< / code > 、< code > 3< / code > 。为了帮助大家巩固,我们再来一起过一下:< / p >
< ol >
< li > < code > $()< / code > 中包含的是模式 < code > $x:expr< / code > ,该模式中的 < code > expr< / code > 表示会匹配任何 Rust 表达式,并给予该模式一个名称 < code > $x< / code > < / li >
< li > 因此 < code > $x< / code > 模式可以跟整数 < code > 1< / code > 进行匹配,也可以跟字符串 “hello” 进行匹配: < code > vec!["hello", "world"]< / code > < / li >
< li > < code > $()< / code > 之后的逗号,意味着 < code > 1< / code > 、 < code > 2< / code > 和 < code > 3< / code > 之间使用逗号进行分割< / li >
< li > < code > *< / code > 说明之前的模式可以出现零次也可以任意次,这里出现了三次< / li >
< / ol >
< p > < strong > 需要注意的是,此处简化的 < code > vec!< / code > 实现中, < code > 3< / code > 后面是不能继续接逗号的( < code > vec![1, 2, 3]< / code > 合法,但 < code > vec![1, 2, 3,]< / code > 不合法), 要匹配最后一个可有可无的逗号, 可参考Rust官方的 < code > vec!< / code > 宏定义,关键代码如下:< / strong > < / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > ($($x:expr),+ $(,)?) => (
< [_]> ::into_vec(
// This rustc_box is not required, but it produces a dramatic improvement in compile
// time when constructing arrays with many elements.
#[rustc_box]
$crate::boxed::Box::new([$($x),+])
)
);
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 接下来,我们再来看看与模式相关联、在 < code > => < / code > 之后的代码:< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > {
{
let mut temp_vec = Vec::new();
$(
temp_vec.push($x);
)*
temp_vec
}
};
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 这里就比较好理解了,< code > $()< / code > 中的 < code > temp_vec.push()< / code > 将根据模式匹配的次数生成对应的代码,当调用 < code > vec![1, 2, 3]< / code > 时,下面这段生成的代码将替代传入的源代码,也就是替代 < code > vec![1, 2, 3]< / code > :< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > {
let mut temp_vec = Vec::new();
temp_vec.push(1);
temp_vec.push(2);
temp_vec.push(3);
temp_vec
}
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 如果是 < code > let v = vec![1, 2, 3]< / code > ,那生成的代码最后返回的值 < code > temp_vec< / code > 将被赋予给变量 < code > v< / code > ,等同于 :< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > let v = {
let mut temp_vec = Vec::new();
temp_vec.push(1);
temp_vec.push(2);
temp_vec.push(3);
temp_vec
}
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 至此,我们定义了一个宏,它可以接受任意类型和数量的参数,并且理解了其语法的含义。< / p >
< h4 id = "未来将被替代的-macro_rules" > < a class = "header" href = "#未来将被替代的-macro_rules" > 未来将被替代的 < code > macro_rules< / code > < / a > < / h4 >
< p > 对于 < code > macro_rules< / code > 来说, 它是存在一些问题的, 因此, Rust 计划在未来使用新的声明式宏来替换它:工作方式类似,但是解决了目前存在的一些问题,在那之后,< code > macro_rules< / code > 将变为 < code > deprecated< / code > 状态。< / p >
< p > 由于绝大多数 Rust 开发者都是宏的用户而不是编写者,因此在这里我们不会对 < code > macro_rules< / code > 进行更深入的学习,如果大家感兴趣,可以看看这本书 < a href = "https://veykril.github.io/tlborm/" > “The Little Book of Rust Macros”< / a > 。< / p >
< h2 id = "用过程宏为属性标记生成代码" > < a class = "header" href = "#用过程宏为属性标记生成代码" > 用过程宏为属性标记生成代码< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 第二种常用的宏就是< a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/procedural-macros.html" > < em > 过程宏< / em > < / a > ( < em > procedural macros< / em > ),从形式上来看,过程宏跟函数较为相像,但过程宏是使用源代码作为输入参数,基于代码进行一系列操作后,再输出一段全新的代码。< strong > 注意,过程宏中的 derive 宏输出的代码并不会替换之前的代码,这一点与声明宏有很大的不同!< / strong > < / p >
< p > 至于前文提到的过程宏的三种类型(自定义 < code > derive< / code > 、属性宏、函数宏),它们的工作方式都是类似的。< / p >
< p > 当< strong > 创建过程宏< / strong > 时,它的定义必须要放入一个独立的包中,且包的类型也是特殊的,这么做的原因相当复杂,大家只要知道这种限制在未来可能会有所改变即可。< / p >
< blockquote >
< p > 事实上,根据< a href = "https://www.reddit.com/r/rust/comments/t1oa1e/what_are_the_complex_technical_reasons_why/" > 这个说法< / a > ,过程宏放入独立包的原因在于它必须先被编译后才能使用,如果过程宏和使用它的代码在一个包,就必须先单独对过程宏的代码进行编译,然后再对我们的代码进行编译,但悲剧的是 Rust 的编译单元是包,因此你无法做到这一点。< / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > 假设我们要创建一个 < code > derive< / code > 类型的过程宏:< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > use proc_macro;
#[proc_macro_derive(HelloMacro)]
pub fn some_name(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
}
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 用于定义过程宏的函数 < code > some_name< / code > 使用 < code > TokenStream< / code > 作为输入参数,并且返回的也是同一个类型。< code > TokenStream< / code > 是在 < code > proc_macro< / code > 包中定义的,顾名思义,它代表了一个 < code > Token< / code > 序列。< / p >
< p > 在理解了过程宏的基本定义后,我们再来看看该如何创建三种类型的过程宏,首先,从大家最熟悉的 < code > derive< / code > 开始。< / p >
< h2 id = "自定义-derive-过程宏" > < a class = "header" href = "#自定义-derive-过程宏" > 自定义 < code > derive< / code > 过程宏< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 假设我们有一个特征 < code > HelloMacro< / code > ,现在有两种方式让用户使用它:< / p >
< ul >
< li > 为每个类型手动实现该特征,就像之前< a href = "https://course.rs/basic/trait/trait.html#为类型实现特征" > 特征章节< / a > 所做的< / li >
< li > 使用过程宏来统一实现该特征,这样用户只需要对类型进行标记即可:< code > #[derive(HelloMacro)]< / code > < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 以上两种方式并没有孰优孰劣,主要在于不同的类型是否可以使用同样的默认特征实现,如果可以,那过程宏的方式可以帮我们减少很多代码实现:< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > use hello_macro::HelloMacro;
use hello_macro_derive::HelloMacro;
#[derive(HelloMacro)]
struct Sunfei;
#[derive(HelloMacro)]
struct Sunface;
fn main() {
Sunfei::hello_macro();
Sunface::hello_macro();
}< / code > < / pre >
< p > 简单吗?简单!不过为了实现这段代码展示的功能,我们还需要创建相应的过程宏才行。 首先,创建一个新的工程用于演示:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-shell" > $ cargo new hello_macro
$ cd hello_macro/
$ touch src/lib.rs
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 此时,< code > src< / code > 目录下包含两个文件 < code > lib.rs< / code > 和 < code > main.rs< / code > ,前者是 < code > lib< / code > 包根,后者是二进制包根,如果大家对包根不熟悉,可以看看< a href = "https://course.rs/basic/crate-module/crate.html" > 这里< / a > 。< / p >
< p > 接下来,先在 < code > src/lib.rs< / code > 中定义过程宏所需的 < code > HelloMacro< / code > 特征和其关联函数:< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > pub trait HelloMacro {
fn hello_macro();
}
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 然后在 < code > src/main.rs< / code > 中编写主体代码,首先映入大家脑海的可能会是如下实现:< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > use hello_macro::HelloMacro;
struct Sunfei;
impl HelloMacro for Sunfei {
fn hello_macro() {
println!("Hello, Macro! My name is Sunfei!");
}
}
struct Sunface;
impl HelloMacro for Sunface {
fn hello_macro() {
println!("Hello, Macro! My name is Sunface!");
}
}
fn main() {
Sunfei::hello_macro();
}< / code > < / pre >
< p > 但是这种方式有个问题, 如果想要实现不同的招呼内容, 就需要为每一个类型都实现一次相应的特征, Rust 不支持反射,因此我们无法在运行时获得类型名。< / p >
< p > 使用宏,就不存在这个问题:< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > use hello_macro::HelloMacro;
use hello_macro_derive::HelloMacro;
#[derive(HelloMacro)]
struct Sunfei;
#[derive(HelloMacro)]
struct Sunface;
fn main() {
Sunfei::hello_macro();
Sunface::hello_macro();
}< / code > < / pre >
< p > 简单明了的代码总是令人愉快,为了让代码运行起来,还需要定义下过程宏。就如前文提到的,目前只能在单独的包中定义过程宏,尽管未来这种限制会被取消,但是现在我们还得遵循这个规则。< / p >
< p > 宏所在的包名自然也有要求,必须以 < code > derive< / code > 为后缀,对于 < code > hello_macro< / code > 宏而言,包名就应该是 < code > hello_macro_derive< / code > 。在之前创建的 < code > hello_macro< / code > 项目根目录下,运行如下命令,创建一个单独的 < code > lib< / code > 包:< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > cargo new hello_macro_derive --lib
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 至此, < code > hello_macro< / code > 项目的目录结构如下:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-shell" > hello_macro
├── Cargo.toml
├── src
│ ├── main.rs
│ └── lib.rs
└── hello_macro_derive
├── Cargo.toml
├── src
└── lib.rs
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 由于过程宏所在的包跟我们的项目紧密相连,因此将它放在项目之中。现在,问题又来了,该如何在项目的 < code > src/main.rs< / code > 中引用 < code > hello_macro_derive< / code > 包的内容?< / p >
< p > 方法有两种,第一种是将 < code > hello_macro_derive< / code > 发布到 < code > crates.io< / code > 或 < code > GitHub< / code > 中,就像我们引用的其它依赖一样;另一种就是使用相对路径引入的本地化方式,修改 < code > hello_macro/Cargo.toml< / code > 文件添加以下内容:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [dependencies]
hello_macro_derive = { path = "../hello_macro/hello_macro_derive" }
# 也可以使用下面的相对路径
# hello_macro_derive = { path = "./hello_macro_derive" }
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 此时,< code > hello_macro< / code > 项目就可以成功的引用到 < code > hello_macro_derive< / code > 本地包了,对于项目依赖引入的详细介绍,可以参见 < a href = "https://course.rs/cargo/dependency.html" > Cargo 章节< / a > 。< / p >
< p > 另外,学习过程更好的办法是通过展开宏来阅读和调试自己写的宏,这里需要用到一个 cargo-expand 的工具,可以通过下面的命令安装< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-bash" > cargo install cargo-expand
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 接下来,就到了重头戏环节,一起来看看该如何定义过程宏。< / p >
< h4 id = "定义过程宏" > < a class = "header" href = "#定义过程宏" > 定义过程宏< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 首先,在 < code > hello_macro_derive/Cargo.toml< / code > 文件中添加以下内容:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [lib]
proc-macro = true
[dependencies]
syn = "1.0"
quote = "1.0"
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 其中 < code > syn< / code > 和 < code > quote< / code > 依赖包都是定义过程宏所必需的,同时,还需要在 < code > [lib]< / code > 中将过程宏的开关开启 : < code > proc-macro = true< / code > 。< / p >
< p > 其次,在 < code > hello_macro_derive/src/lib.rs< / code > 中添加如下代码:< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > extern crate proc_macro;
use proc_macro::TokenStream;
use quote::quote;
use syn;
use syn::DeriveInput;
#[proc_macro_derive(HelloMacro)]
pub fn hello_macro_derive(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
// 基于 input 构建 AST 语法树
let ast:DeriveInput = syn::parse(input).unwrap();
// 构建特征实现代码
impl_hello_macro(& ast)
}
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 这个函数的签名我们在之前已经介绍过,总之,这种形式的过程宏定义是相当通用的,下面来分析下这段代码。< / p >
< p > 首先有一点,对于绝大多数过程宏而言,这段代码往往只在 < code > impl_hello_macro(& ast)< / code > 中的实现有所区别,对于其它部分基本都是一致的,如包的引入、宏函数的签名、语法树构建等。< / p >
< p > < code > proc_macro< / code > 包是 Rust 自带的,因此无需在 < code > Cargo.toml< / code > 中引入依赖,它包含了相关的编译器 < code > API< / code > ,可以用于读取和操作 Rust 源代码。< / p >
< p > 由于我们为 < code > hello_macro_derive< / code > 函数标记了 < code > #[proc_macro_derive(HelloMacro)]< / code > ,当用户使用 < code > #[derive(HelloMacro)]< / code > 标记了他的类型后,< code > hello_macro_derive< / code > 函数就将被调用。这里的秘诀就是特征名 < code > HelloMacro< / code > ,它就像一座桥梁,将用户的类型和过程宏联系在一起。< / p >
< p > < code > syn< / code > 将字符串形式的 Rust 代码解析为一个 AST 树的数据结构,该数据结构可以在随后的 < code > impl_hello_macro< / code > 函数中进行操作。最后,操作的结果又会被 < code > quote< / code > 包转换回 Rust 代码。这些包非常关键,可以帮我们节省大量的精力,否则你需要自己去编写支持代码解析和还原的解析器,这可不是一件简单的任务!< / p >
< p > derive过程宏只能用在struct/enum/union上, 多数用在结构体上, 我们先来看一下一个结构体由哪些部分组成:< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > // vis, 可视范围 ident, 标识符 generic, 范型 fields: 结构体的字段
pub struct User < 'a, T> {
// vis ident type
pub name: & 'a T,
}
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 其中type还可以细分, 具体请阅读syn文档或源码< / p >
< p > < code > syn::parse< / code > 调用会返回一个 < code > DeriveInput< / code > 结构体来代表解析后的 Rust 代码:< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > DeriveInput {
// --snip--
vis: Visibility,
ident: Ident {
ident: "Sunfei",
span: #0 bytes(95..103)
},
generics: Generics,
// Data是一个枚举, 分别是DataStruct, DataEnum, DataUnion, 这里以 DataStruct 为例
data: Data(
DataStruct {
struct_token: Struct,
fields: Fields,
semi_token: Some(
Semi
)
}
)
}
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 以上就是源代码 < code > struct Sunfei;< / code > 解析后的结果,里面有几点值得注意:< / p >
< ul >
< li > < code > fields: Fields< / code > 是一个枚举类型,< code > Fields::Named< / code > , < code > Fields::Unnamed< / code > , < code > Fields::Unit< / code > 分别表示结构体中的显式命名字段(如例子所示),元组或元组变体中的匿名字段(例如< code > Some(T)< / code > ),单元类型或单元变体字段(例如< code > None< / code > )。< / li >
< li > < code > ident: "Sunfei"< / code > 说明类型名称为 < code > Sunfei< / code > , < code > ident< / code > 是标识符 < code > identifier< / code > 的简写< / li >
< / ul >
< p > 如果想要了解更多的信息,可以查看 < a href = "https://docs.rs/syn/1.0/syn/struct.DeriveInput.html" > < code > syn< / code > 文档< / a > 。< / p >
< p > 大家可能会注意到在 < code > hello_macro_derive< / code > 函数中有 < code > unwrap< / code > 的调用,也许会以为这是为了演示目的,没有做错误处理,实际上并不是的。由于该函数只能返回 < code > TokenStream< / code > 而不是 < code > Result< / code > ,那么在报错时直接 < code > panic< / code > 来抛出错误就成了相当好的选择。当然,这里实际上还是做了简化,在生产项目中,你应该通过 < code > panic!< / code > 或 < code > expect< / code > 抛出更具体的报错信息。< / p >
< p > 至此,这个函数大家应该已经基本理解了,下面来看看如何构建特征实现的代码,也是过程宏的核心目标:< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > fn impl_hello_macro(ast: & syn::DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
let name = & ast.ident;
let gen = quote! {
impl HelloMacro for #name {
fn hello_macro() {
println!("Hello, Macro! My name is {}!", stringify!(#name));
}
}
};
gen.into()
}
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 首先,将结构体的名称赋予给 < code > name< / code > ,也就是 < code > name< / code > 中会包含一个字段,它的值是字符串 “Sunfei”。< / p >
< p > 其次,使用 < code > quote!< / code > 可以定义我们想要返回的 Rust 代码。由于编译器需要的内容和 < code > quote!< / code > 直接返回的不一样,因此还需要使用 < code > .into< / code > 方法其转换为 < code > TokenStream< / code > 。< / p >
< p > 大家注意到 < code > #name< / code > 的使用了吗?这也是 < code > quote!< / code > 提供的功能之一,如果想要深入了解 < code > quote< / code > ,可以看看< a href = "https://docs.rs/quote" > 官方文档< / a > 。< / p >
< p > 特征的 < code > hell_macro()< / code > 函数只有一个功能,就是使用 < code > println!< / code > 打印一行欢迎语句。< / p >
< p > 其中 < code > stringify!< / code > 是 Rust 提供的内置宏,可以将一个表达式(例如 < code > 1 + 2< / code > )在编译期转换成一个字符串字面值(< code > "1 + 2"< / code > ),该字面量会直接打包进编译出的二进制文件中,具有 < code > 'static< / code > 生命周期。而 < code > format!< / code > 宏会对表达式进行求值,最终结果是一个 < code > String< / code > 类型。在这里使用 < code > stringify!< / code > 有两个好处:< / p >
< ul >
< li > < code > #name< / code > 可能是一个表达式,我们需要它的字面值形式< / li >
< li > 可以减少一次 < code > String< / code > 带来的内存分配< / li >
< / ul >
< p > 在运行之前,可以先用 expand 展开宏,观察是否有错误或符合预期:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-shell" > $ cargo expand --bin hello_macro
< / code > < / pre >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > struct Sunfei;
impl HelloMacro for Sunfei {
fn hello_macro() {
{
::std::io::_print(
::core::fmt::Arguments::new_v1(
& ["Hello, Macro! My name is ", "!\n"],
& [::core::fmt::ArgumentV1::new_display(& "Sunfei")],
),
);
};
}
}
struct Sunface;
impl HelloMacro for Sunface {
fn hello_macro() {
{
::std::io::_print(
::core::fmt::Arguments::new_v1(
& ["Hello, Macro! My name is ", "!\n"],
& [::core::fmt::ArgumentV1::new_display(& "Sunface")],
),
);
};
}
}
fn main() {
Sunfei::hello_macro();
Sunface::hello_macro();
}< / code > < / pre >
< p > 从展开的代码也能看出derive宏的特性, < code > struct Sunfei;< / code > 和 < code > struct Sunface;< / code > 都被保留了,也就是说最后 < code > impl_hello_macro()< / code > 返回的token被加到结构体后面, 这和类属性宏可以修改输入
的token是不一样的, input的token并不能被修改。< / p >
< p > 至此,过程宏的定义、特征定义、主体代码都已经完成,运行下试试:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-shell" > $ cargo run
Running `target/debug/hello_macro`
Hello, Macro! My name is Sunfei!
Hello, Macro! My name is Sunface!
< / code > < / pre >
< p > Bingo, 虽然过程有些复杂, 但是结果还是很喜人, 我们终于完成了自己的第一个过程宏! < / p >
< p > 下面来实现一个更实用的例子,实现官方的#[derive(Default)]宏,废话不说直接开干:< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > extern crate proc_macro;
use proc_macro::TokenStream;
use quote::quote;
use syn::{self, Data};
use syn::DeriveInput;
#[proc_macro_derive(MyDefault)]
pub fn my_default(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
let ast: DeriveInput = syn::parse(input).unwrap();
let id = ast.ident;
let Data::Struct(s) = ast.data else{
panic!("MyDefault derive macro must use in struct");
};
// 声明一个新的ast, 用于动态构建字段赋值的token
let mut field_ast = quote!();
// 这里就是要动态添加token的地方了, 需要动态完成Self的字段赋值
for (idx,f) in s.fields.iter().enumerate() {
let (field_id, field_ty) = (& f.ident, & f.ty);
if field_id.is_none(){
//没有ident表示是匿名字段, 对于匿名字段, 都需要添加 `#field_idx: #field_type::default(),` 这样的代码
let field_idx = syn::Index::from(idx);
field_ast.extend(quote! {
< span class = "boring" > field_idx: # field_ty::default(),
< / span > });
}else{
//对于命名字段,都需要添加 `#field_name: #field_type::default(),` 这样的代码
field_ast.extend(quote! {
< span class = "boring" > field_id: # field_ty::default(),
< / span > });
}
}
quote! {
impl Default for # id {
fn default() -> Self {
Self {
< span class = "boring" > field_ast
< / span > }
}
}
}.into()
}
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 然后来写使用代码:< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > #[derive(MyDefault)]
struct SomeData (u32,String);
#[derive(MyDefault)]
struct User {
name: String,
data: SomeData,
}
fn main() {
}< / code > < / pre >
< p > 然后我们先展开代码看一看< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > struct SomeData(u32, String);
impl Default for SomeData {
fn default() -> Self {
Self {
0: u32::default(),
1: String::default(),
}
}
}
struct User {
name: String,
data: SomeData,
}
impl Default for User {
fn default() -> Self {
Self {
name: String::default(),
data: SomeData::default(),
}
}
}
fn main() {}< / code > < / pre >
< p > 展开的代码符合预期,然后我们修改一下使用代码并测试结果< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > #[derive(MyDefault, Debug)]
struct SomeData (u32,String);
#[derive(MyDefault, Debug)]
struct User {
name: String,
data: SomeData,
}
fn main() {
println!("{:?}", User::default());
}< / code > < / pre >
< p > 执行< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-shell" > $ cargo run
Running `target/debug/aaa`
User { name: "", data: SomeData(0, "") }
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 接下来,再来看看过程宏的另外两种类型跟 < code > derive< / code > 类型有何区别。< / p >
< h2 id = "类属性宏attribute-like-macros" > < a class = "header" href = "#类属性宏attribute-like-macros" > 类属性宏(Attribute-like macros)< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 类属性过程宏跟 < code > derive< / code > 宏类似,但是前者允许我们定义自己的属性。除此之外,< code > derive< / code > 只能用于结构体和枚举,而类属性宏可以用于其它类型项,例如函数。< / p >
< p > 假设我们在开发一个 < code > web< / code > 框架,当用户通过 < code > HTTP GET< / code > 请求访问 < code > /< / code > 根路径时,使用 < code > index< / code > 函数为其提供服务:< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > #[route(GET, "/")]
fn index() {
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 如上所示,代码功能非常清晰、简洁,这里的 < code > #[route]< / code > 属性就是一个过程宏,它的定义函数大概如下:< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > #[proc_macro_attribute]
pub fn route(attr: TokenStream, item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 与 < code > derive< / code > 宏不同,类属性宏的定义函数有两个参数:< / p >
< ul >
< li > 第一个参数时用于说明属性包含的内容:< code > Get, "/"< / code > 部分< / li >
< li > 第二个是属性所标注的类型项,在这里是 < code > fn index() {...}< / code > ,注意,函数体也被包含其中< / li >
< / ul >
< p > 除此之外,类属性宏跟 < code > derive< / code > 宏的工作方式并无区别:创建一个包,类型是 < code > proc-macro< / code > ,接着实现一个函数用于生成想要的代码。< / p >
< h2 id = "类函数宏function-like-macros" > < a class = "header" href = "#类函数宏function-like-macros" > 类函数宏(Function-like macros)< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 类函数宏可以让我们定义像函数那样调用的宏,从这个角度来看,它跟声明宏 < code > macro_rules< / code > 较为类似。< / p >
< p > 区别在于,< code > macro_rules< / code > 的定义形式与 < code > match< / code > 匹配非常相像,而类函数宏的定义形式则类似于之前讲过的两种过程宏:< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > #[proc_macro]
pub fn sql(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 而使用形式则类似于函数调用:< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > let sql = sql!(SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id=1);
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 大家可能会好奇,为何我们不使用声明宏 < code > macro_rules< / code > 来定义呢?原因是这里需要对 < code > SQL< / code > 语句进行解析并检查其正确性,这个复杂的过程是 < code > macro_rules< / code > 难以对付的,< strong > 而过程宏相比起来就会灵活的多< / strong > 。< / p >
< h2 id = "补充学习资料" > < a class = "header" href = "#补充学习资料" > 补充学习资料< / a > < / h2 >
< ol >
< li > < a href = "https://github.com/dtolnay/proc-macro-workshop" > dtolnay/proc-macro-workshop< / a > ,学习如何编写过程宏< / li >
< li > < a href = "https://veykril.github.io/tlborm/" > The Little Book of Rust Macros< / a > ,学习如何编写声明宏 < code > macro_rules!< / code > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://crates.io/crates/syn" > syn< / a > 和 < a href = "https://crates.io/crates/quote" > quote< / a > ,用于编写过程宏的包,它们的文档有很多值得学习的东西< / li >
< li > < a href = "https://www.reddit.com/r/rust/comments/rjumsg/any_good_resources_for_learning_rust_macros/" > Structuring, testing and debugging procedural macro crates< / a > , 从测试、debug、结构化的角度来编写过程宏< / li >
< li > < a href = "https://blog.turbo.fish" > blog.turbo.fish< / a > ,里面的过程宏系列文章值得一读< / li >
< li > < a href = "https://zjp-cn.github.io/tlborm/" > Rust 宏小册中文版< / a > ,非常详细的解释了宏各种知识< / li >
< / ol >
< h2 id = "总结" > < a class = "header" href = "#总结" > 总结< / a > < / h2 >
< p > Rust 中的宏主要分为两大类:声明宏和过程宏。< / p >
< p > 声明宏目前使用 < code > macro_rules< / code > 进行创建,它的形式类似于 < code > match< / code > 匹配,对于用户而言,可读性和维护性都较差。由于其存在的问题和限制,在未来, < code > macro_rules< / code > 会被 < code > deprecated< / code > , Rust 会使用一个新的声明宏来替代它。< / p >
< p > 而过程宏的定义更像是我们平时写函数的方式,因此它更加灵活,它分为三种类型:< code > derive< / code > 宏、类属性宏、类函数宏,具体在文中都有介绍。< / p >
< p > 虽然 Rust 中的宏很强大,但是它并不应该成为我们的常规武器,原因是它会影响 Rust 代码的可读性和可维护性,我相信没有几个人愿意去维护别人写的宏 : ) < / p >
< p > 因此,大家应该熟悉宏的使用场景,但是不要滥用,当你真的需要时,再回来查看本章了解实现细节,这才是最完美的使用方式。< / p >
< / main >
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