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334 lines
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334 lines
66 KiB
6 months ago
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../about-book.html">关于本书</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../into-rust.html">进入 Rust 编程世界</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../first-try/sth-you-should-not-do.html">避免从入门到放弃</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../community.html">社区和锈书</a></li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../some-thoughts.html">Datav: 可编程的数据可视化平台和可观测性平台</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><li class="part-title">Rust 语言基础学习</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 寻找牛刀，以便小试</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 安装 Rust 环境</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/editor.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 墙推 VSCode!</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 认识 Cargo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/hello-world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> 不仅仅是 Hello world</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/slowly-downloading.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 下载依赖太慢了？</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Rust 基础入门</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/variable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 变量绑定与解构</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 基本类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/numbers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> 数值类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/char-bool.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> 字符、布尔、单元类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/statement-expression.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> 语句与表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/function.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.4.</strong> 函数</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 所有权和借用</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.1.</strong> 所有权</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/borrowing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.2.</strong> 引用与借用</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 复合类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/string-slice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.1.</strong> 字符串与切片</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/tuple.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.2.</strong> 元组</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/struct.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.3.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.4.</strong> 枚举</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/array.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.5.</strong> 数组</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/flow-contro
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<h1 id="工作空间-workspace"><a class="header" href="#工作空间-workspace">工作空间 Workspace</a></h1>
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<p>一个工作空间是由多个 <code>package</code> 组成的集合，它们共享同一个 <code>Cargo.lock</code> 文件、输出目录和一些设置(例如 profiles : 编译器设置和优化)。组成工作空间的 <code>packages</code> 被称之为工作空间的成员。</p>
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<h2 id="工作空间的两种类型"><a class="header" href="#工作空间的两种类型">工作空间的两种类型</a></h2>
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<p>工作空间有两种类型：<code>root package</code> 和虚拟清单( virtual manifest )。</p>
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<h4 id="根-package"><a class="header" href="#根-package">根 package</a></h4>
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<p><strong>若一个 <code>package</code> 的 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 包含了<code>[package]</code> 的同时又包含了 <code>[workspace]</code> 部分，则该 <code>package</code> 被称为工作空间的根 <code>package</code></strong>。</p>
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<p>换而言之，一个工作空间的根( root )是该工作空间的 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 文件所在的目录。</p>
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<p>举个例子，我们现在有多个 <code>package</code>，它们的目录是嵌套关系，然后我们在最外层的 <code>package</code>，也就是最外层目录中的 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 中定义一个 <code>[workspace]</code>，此时这个最外层的 <code>package</code> 就是工作空间的根。</p>
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<p>再举个例子，大名鼎鼎的 <a href="https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep/blob/master/Cargo.toml">ripgrep</a> 就在最外层的 <code>package</code> 中定义了 <code>[workspace]</code> :</p>
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<pre><code class="language-toml">[workspace]
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members = [
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"crates/globset",
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"crates/grep",
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"crates/cli",
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"crates/matcher",
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"crates/pcre2",
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"crates/printer",
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"crates/regex",
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"crates/searcher",
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"crates/ignore",
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]
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</code></pre>
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<p>那么<a href="https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep">最外层的目录</a>就是 <code>ripgrep</code> 的工作空间的根。</p>
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<h4 id="虚拟清单"><a class="header" href="#虚拟清单">虚拟清单</a></h4>
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<p>若一个 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 有 <code>[workspace]</code> 但是没有 <code>[package]</code> 部分，则它是虚拟清单类型的工作空间。</p>
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<p><strong>对于没有主 <code>package</code> 的场景或你希望将所有的 <code>package</code> 组织在单独的目录中时，这种方式就非常适合。</strong></p>
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<p>例如 <a href="https://github.com/rust-analyzer/rust-analyzer">rust-analyzer</a> 就是这样的项目，它的根目录中的 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 中并没有 <code>[package]</code>，说明该根目录不是一个 <code>package</code>，但是却有 <code>[workspace]</code> :</p>
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<pre><code class="language-toml">[workspace]
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members = ["xtask/", "lib/*", "crates/*"]
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exclude = ["crates/proc_macro_test/imp"]
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</code></pre>
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<p>结合 rust-analyzer 的目录布局可以看出，<strong>该工作空间的所有成员 <code>package</code> 都在单独的目录中，因此这种方式很适合虚拟清单的工作空间。</strong></p>
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<h2 id="关键特性"><a class="header" href="#关键特性">关键特性</a></h2>
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<p>工作空间的几个关键点在于:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>所有的 <code>package</code> 共享同一个 <code>Cargo.lock</code> 文件，该文件位于工作空间的根目录中</li>
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<li>所有的 <code>package</code> 共享同一个<a href="https://course.rs/cargo/guide/build-cache.html">输出目录</a>，该目录默认的名称是 <code>target</code> ，位于工作空间根目录下</li>
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<li>只有工作空间根目录的 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 才能包含 <code>[patch]</code>, <code>[replace]</code> 和 <code>[profile.*]</code>，而成员的 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 中的相应部分将被自动忽略</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="workspace"><a class="header" href="#workspace">[workspace]</a></h2>
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<p><code>Cargo.toml</code> 中的 <code>[workspace]</code> 部分用于定义哪些 <code>packages</code> 属于工作空间的成员:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-toml">[workspace]
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|
members = ["member1", "path/to/member2", "crates/*"]
|
||
|
|
exclude = ["crates/foo", "path/to/other"]
|
||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
||
|
|
<p>若某个本地依赖包是通过 <a href="https://course.rs/cargo/reference/specify-deps.html#%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%87%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%84%E5%BC%95%E5%85%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E4%BE%9D%E8%B5%96%E5%8C%85"><code>path</code></a> 引入，且该包位于工作空间的目录中，则该包自动成为工作空间的成员。</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>剩余的成员需要通过 <code>workspace.members</code> 来指定，里面包含了各个成员所在的目录(成员目录中包含了 Cargo.toml )。</p>
|
||
|
|
<p><code>members</code> 还支持使用 <a href="https://docs.rs/glob/0.3.0/glob/struct.Pattern.html"><code>glob</code></a> 来匹配多个路径，例如上面的例子中使用 <code>crates/*</code> 匹配 <code>crates</code> 目录下的所有包。</p>
|
||
|
|
<p><code>exclude</code> 可以将指定的目录排除在工作空间之外，例如还是上面的例子，<code>crates/*</code> 在包含了 <code>crates</code> 目录下的所有包后，又通过 <code>exclude</code> 中 <code>crates/foo</code> 将 <code>crates</code> 下的 <code>foo</code> 目录排除在外。</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>你也可以将一个空的 <code>[workspace]</code> 直接联合 <code>[package]</code> 使用，例如：</p>
|
||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[package]
|
||
|
|
name = "hello"
|
||
|
|
version = "0.1.0"
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
[workspace]
|
||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
||
|
|
<p>此时的工作空间的成员包含:</p>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>根 <code>package</code> : "hello"</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>所有通过 <code>path</code> 引入的本地依赖(位于工作空间目录下)</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
<h2 id="选择工作空间"><a class="header" href="#选择工作空间">选择工作空间</a></h2>
|
||
|
|
<p>选择工作空间有两种方式：<code>Cargo</code> 自动查找、手动指定 <code>package.workspace</code> 字段。</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>当位于工作空间的子目录中时，<code>Cargo</code> 会自动在该目录的父目录中寻找带有 <code>[workspace]</code> 定义的 <code>Cargo.toml</code>，然后再决定使用哪个工作空间。</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>我们还可以使用下面的方法来覆盖 <code>Cargo</code> 自动查找功能：将成员包中的 <code>package.workspace</code> 字段修改为工作区间根目录的位置，这样就能显式地让一个成员使用指定的工作空间。</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>当成员不在工作空间的子目录下时，这种手动选择工作空间的方法就非常适用。毕竟 <code>Cargo</code> 的自动搜索是沿着父目录往上查找，而成员并不在工作空间的子目录下，这意味着顺着成员的父目录往上找是无法找到该工作空间的 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 的，此时就只能手动指定了。</p>
|
||
|
|
<h2 id="选择-package"><a class="header" href="#选择-package">选择 package</a></h2>
|
||
|
|
<p>在工作空间中，<code>package</code> 相关的 <code>Cargo</code> 命令(例如 <code>cargo build</code> )可以使用 <code>-p</code> 、 <code>--package</code> 或 <code>--workspace</code> 命令行参数来指定想要操作的 <code>package</code>。</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>若没有指定任何参数，则 <code>Cargo</code> 将使用当前工作目录的中的 <code>package</code> 。若工作目录是虚拟清单类型的工作空间，则该命令将作用在所有成员上(就好像是使用了 <code>--workspace</code> 命令行参数)。而 <code>default-members</code> 可以在命令行参数没有被提供时，手动指定操作的成员:</p>
|
||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[workspace]
|
||
|
|
members = ["path/to/member1", "path/to/member2", "path/to/member3/*"]
|
||
|
|
default-members = ["path/to/member2", "path/to/member3/foo"]
|
||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
||
|
|
<p>这样一来， <code>cargo build</code> 就不会应用到虚拟清单工作空间的所有成员，而是指定的成员上。</p>
|
||
|
|
<h2 id="workspacemetadata"><a class="header" href="#workspacemetadata">workspace.metadata</a></h2>
|
||
|
|
<p>与 <a href="https://course.rs/cargo/reference/manifest.html#metadata">package.metadata</a> 非常类似，<code>workspace.metadata</code> 会被 <code>Cargo</code> 自动忽略，就算没有被使用也不会发出警告。</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>这个部分可以用于让工具在 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 中存储一些工作空间的配置元信息。例如:</p>
|
||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[workspace]
|
||
|
|
members = ["member1", "member2"]
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
[workspace.metadata.webcontents]
|
||
|
|
root = "path/to/webproject"
|
||
|
|
tool = ["npm", "run", "build"]
|
||
|
|
# ...
|
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