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<h1 id="数据布局2-再裸一些吧"><a class="header" href="#数据布局2-再裸一些吧">数据布局2: 再裸一些吧</a></h1>
<blockquote>
<p>TL;DR 在之前部分中,将安全的指针 <code>&amp;</code><code>&amp;mut</code><code>Box</code> 跟不安全的裸指针 <code>*mut</code><code>*const</code> 混用是 UB 的根源之一,原因是安全指针会引入额外的约束,但是裸指针并不会遵守这些约束。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>一个好消息,一个坏消息。坏消息是我们又要开始写链表了,悲剧 = , = 好消息呢是之前我们已经讨论过该如何设计了,之前做的工作基本都是正确的,除了混用安全指针和不安全指针的部分。</p>
<h2 id="布局"><a class="header" href="#布局">布局</a></h2>
<p>在新的布局中我们将只使用裸指针,然后大家就等着好消息吧!</p>
<p>下面是之前的&quot;破代码&quot; </p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>pub struct List&lt;T&gt; {
head: Link&lt;T&gt;,
tail: *mut Node&lt;T&gt;, // 好人一枚
}
type Link&lt;T&gt; = Option&lt;Box&lt;Node&lt;T&gt;&gt;&gt;; // 恶魔一只
struct Node&lt;T&gt; {
elem: T,
next: Link&lt;T&gt;,
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>现在删除恶魔:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>pub struct List&lt;T&gt; {
head: Link&lt;T&gt;,
tail: *mut Node&lt;T&gt;,
}
type Link&lt;T&gt; = *mut Node&lt;T&gt;; // 嘀,新的好人卡,请查收
struct Node&lt;T&gt; {
elem: T,
next: Link&lt;T&gt;,
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>请大家牢记:当使用裸指针时,<code>Option</code> 对我们是相当不友好的,所以这里不再使用。在后面还将引入 <code>NonNull</code> 类型,但是现在还无需操心。</p>
<h2 id="基本操作"><a class="header" href="#基本操作">基本操作</a></h2>
<p><code>List::new</code> 与之前几乎没有区别:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>use ptr;
impl&lt;T&gt; List&lt;T&gt; {
pub fn new() -&gt; Self {
List { head: ptr::null_mut(), tail: ptr::null_mut() }
}
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p><code>Push</code> 也几乎没区...</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>pub fn push(&amp;mut self, elem: T) {
let mut new_tail = Box::new(
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>等等,我们不再使用 <code>Box</code> 了,既然如此,该怎么分配内存呢?</p>
<p>也许我们可以使用 <code>std::alloc::alloc</code>,但是大家想象一下拿着武士刀进厨房切菜的场景,所以,还是算了吧。</p>
<p>我们想要 <code>Box</code> 又不想要,这里有一个也许很野但是管用的方法:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>struct Node&lt;T&gt; {
elem: T,
real_next: Option&lt;Box&lt;Node&lt;T&gt;&gt;&gt;,
next: *mut Node&lt;T&gt;,
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>先创建一个 <code>Box</code> ,并使用一个裸指针指向 <code>Box</code> 中的 <code>Node</code>,然后就一直使用该裸指针直到我们处理完 <code>Node</code> 且可以销毁它之时。最后,可以将 <code>Box</code><code>real_next</code><code>take</code> 出来,并 <code>drop</code> 掉。</p>
<p>从上面来看,这个非常符合我们之前的简化版借用栈模型?借用 <code>Box</code>,再借用一个裸指针,然后先弹出该裸指针,再弹出 <code>Box</code>,嗯,果然很符合。</p>
<p>但是问题来了,这样做看上去有趣,但是你能保证这个简化版借用栈顺利的工作吗?所以,我们还是使用 <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html#method.into_raw">Box::into_raw</a> 函数吧!</p>
<blockquote>
<p><code>pub fn into_raw(b: Box&lt;T&gt;) -&gt; *mut T</code></p>
<p>消费掉 <code>Box</code> (拿走所有权),返回一个裸指针。该指针会被正确的对齐且不为 null</p>
<p>在调用该函数后,调用者需要对之前被 Box 所管理的内存负责,特别地,调用者需要正确的清理 <code>T</code> 并释放相应的内存。最简单的方式是通过 <code>Box::from_raw</code> 函数将裸指针再转回到 <code>Box</code>,然后 <code>Box</code> 的析构器就可以自动执行清理了。</p>
<p>注意:这是一个关联函数,因此 <code>b.into_raw()</code> 是不正确的,我们得使用 <code>Box::into_raw(b)</code>。因此该函数不会跟内部类型的同名方法冲突。</p>
<h3 id="示例"><a class="header" href="#示例">示例</a></h3>
<p>将裸指针转换成 <code>Box</code> 以实现自动的清理:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span>
<span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>let x = Box::new(String::from(&quot;Hello&quot;));
let ptr = Box::into_raw(x);
let x = unsafe { Box::from_raw(ptr) };
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
</blockquote>
<p>太棒了,简直为我们量身定制。而且它还很符合我们试图遵循的规则: 从安全的东东开始,将其转换成裸指针,最后再将裸指针转回安全的东东以实现安全的 drop。</p>
<p>现在,我们就可以到处使用裸指针,也无需再注意 unsafe 的范围,反正现在都是 unsafe 了,无所谓。</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>pub fn push(&amp;mut self, elem: T) {
unsafe {
// 一开始就将 Box 转换成裸指针
let new_tail = Box::into_raw(Box::new(Node {
elem: elem,
next: ptr::null_mut(),
}));
if !self.tail.is_null() {
(*self.tail).next = new_tail;
} else {
self.head = new_tail;
}
self.tail = new_tail;
}
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>嘿,都说 unsafe 不应该使用,但没想到 unsafe 真的是好!现在代码整体看起来简洁多了。</p>
<p>继续实现 <code>pop</code>,它跟之前区别不大,但是我们不要忘了使用 <code>Box::from_raw</code> 来清理内存:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>pub fn pop(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;T&gt; {
unsafe {
if self.head.is_null() {
None
} else {
let head = Box::from_raw(self.head);
self.head = head.next;
if self.head.is_null() {
self.tail = ptr::null_mut();
}
Some(head.elem)
}
}
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>纪念下死去的 <code>take</code><code>map</code>,现在我们得手动检查和设置 <code>null</code> 了。</p>
<p>然后再实现下析构器,直接循环 <code>pop</code> 即可,怎么说,简单可爱,谁不爱呢?</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>impl&lt;T&gt; Drop for List&lt;T&gt; {
fn drop(&amp;mut self) {
while let Some(_) = self.pop() { }
}
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>现在到了检验正确性的时候:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
use super::List;
#[test]
fn basics() {
let mut list = List::new();
// Check empty list behaves right
assert_eq!(list.pop(), None);
// Populate list
list.push(1);
list.push(2);
list.push(3);
// Check normal removal
assert_eq!(list.pop(), Some(1));
assert_eq!(list.pop(), Some(2));
// Push some more just to make sure nothing's corrupted
list.push(4);
list.push(5);
// Check normal removal
assert_eq!(list.pop(), Some(3));
assert_eq!(list.pop(), Some(4));
// Check exhaustion
assert_eq!(list.pop(), Some(5));
assert_eq!(list.pop(), None);
// Check the exhaustion case fixed the pointer right
list.push(6);
list.push(7);
// Check normal removal
assert_eq!(list.pop(), Some(6));
assert_eq!(list.pop(), Some(7));
assert_eq!(list.pop(), None);
}
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo test
running 12 tests
test fifth::test::basics ... ok
test first::test::basics ... ok
test fourth::test::basics ... ok
test fourth::test::peek ... ok
test second::test::basics ... ok
test fourth::test::into_iter ... ok
test second::test::into_iter ... ok
test second::test::iter ... ok
test second::test::iter_mut ... ok
test second::test::peek ... ok
test third::test::basics ... ok
test third::test::iter ... ok
test result: ok. 12 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured
</code></pre>
<p>测试没问题,还有一个拦路虎 <code>miri</code> 呢。</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>MIRIFLAGS=&quot;-Zmiri-tag-raw-pointers&quot; cargo +nightly-2022-01-21 miri test
running 12 tests
test fifth::test::basics ... ok
test first::test::basics ... ok
test fourth::test::basics ... ok
test fourth::test::peek ... ok
test second::test::basics ... ok
test fourth::test::into_iter ... ok
test second::test::into_iter ... ok
test second::test::iter ... ok
test second::test::iter_mut ... ok
test second::test::peek ... ok
test third::test::basics ... ok
test third::test::iter ... ok
test result: ok. 12 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>苦尽甘来,苦尽甘来啊!我们这些章节的努力没有白费,它终于成功的工作了。</p>
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