|
|
|
|
# 整数转换为枚举
|
|
|
|
|
在Rust中,从枚举到整数的转换很容易,但是反过来,就没那么容易,甚至部分实现还挺邪恶, 例如使用`transmute`。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## C语言的实现
|
|
|
|
|
对于C语言来说,万物皆邪恶,因此我们不讨论安全,只看实现,不得不说很简洁:
|
|
|
|
|
```C
|
|
|
|
|
#include <stdio.h>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
enum atomic_number {
|
|
|
|
|
HYDROGEN = 1,
|
|
|
|
|
HELIUM = 2,
|
|
|
|
|
// ...
|
|
|
|
|
IRON = 26,
|
|
|
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
int main(void)
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
enum atomic_number element = 26;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if (element == IRON) {
|
|
|
|
|
printf("Beware of Rust!\n");
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
但是在Rust中,以下代码:
|
|
|
|
|
```rust
|
|
|
|
|
enum MyEnum {
|
|
|
|
|
A = 1,
|
|
|
|
|
B,
|
|
|
|
|
C,
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 将枚举转换成整数,顺利通过
|
|
|
|
|
let x = MyEnum::C as i32;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 将整数转换为枚举,失败
|
|
|
|
|
match x {
|
|
|
|
|
MyEnum::A => {}
|
|
|
|
|
MyEnum::B => {}
|
|
|
|
|
MyEnum::C => {}
|
|
|
|
|
_ => {}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
就会报错: `MyEnum::A => {} mismatched types, expected i32, found enum MyEnum`。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 一个真实场景的需求
|
|
|
|
|
在实际场景中,从枚举到整数的转换有时还是非常需要的,例如你有一个枚举类型,然后需要从外面穿入一个整数,用于控制后续的流程走向,此时就需要用整数去匹配相应的枚举(你也可以用整数匹配整数-, -,看看会不会被喷)。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
既然有了需求,剩下的就是看看该如何实现,这篇文章的水远比你想象的要深,且看八仙过海各显神通。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 使用三方库
|
|
|
|
|
首先可以想到的肯定是三方库,毕竟Rust的生态目前已经发展的很不错,类似的需求总是有的,这里我们先使用`num-traits`和`num-derive`来试试。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
在`Cargo.toml`中引入:
|
|
|
|
|
```toml
|
|
|
|
|
[dependencies]
|
|
|
|
|
num-traits = "0.2.14"
|
|
|
|
|
num-derive = "0.3.3"
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码如下:
|
|
|
|
|
```rust
|
|
|
|
|
use num_derive::FromPrimitive;
|
|
|
|
|
use num_traits::FromPrimitive;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#[derive(FromPrimitive)]
|
|
|
|
|
enum MyEnum {
|
|
|
|
|
A = 1,
|
|
|
|
|
B,
|
|
|
|
|
C,
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
let x = 2;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
match FromPrimitive::from_i32(x) {
|
|
|
|
|
Some(MyEnum::A) => println!("Got A"),
|
|
|
|
|
Some(MyEnum::B) => println!("Got B"),
|
|
|
|
|
Some(MyEnum::C) => println!("Got C"),
|
|
|
|
|
None => println!("Couldn't convert {}", x),
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
除了上面的库,还可以使用一个较新的库: [`num_enums`](https://github.com/illicitonion/num_enum)。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## TryFrom + 宏
|
|
|
|
|
在Rust1.34后,可以实现`TryFrom`特征来做转换:
|
|
|
|
|
```rust
|
|
|
|
|
use std::convert::TryFrom;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
impl TryFrom<i32> for MyEnum {
|
|
|
|
|
type Error = ();
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn try_from(v: i32) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
|
|
|
|
|
match v {
|
|
|
|
|
x if x == MyEnum::A as i32 => Ok(MyEnum::A),
|
|
|
|
|
x if x == MyEnum::B as i32 => Ok(MyEnum::B),
|
|
|
|
|
x if x == MyEnum::C as i32 => Ok(MyEnum::C),
|
|
|
|
|
_ => Err(()),
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
以上代码定义了从`i32`到`MyEnum`的转换,接着就可以使用`TryInto`来实现转换:
|
|
|
|
|
```rust
|
|
|
|
|
use std::convert::TryInto;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
let x = MyEnum::C as i32;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
match x.try_into() {
|
|
|
|
|
Ok(MyEnum::A) => println!("a"),
|
|
|
|
|
Ok(MyEnum::B) => println!("b"),
|
|
|
|
|
Ok(MyEnum::C) => println!("c"),
|
|
|
|
|
Err(_) => eprintln!("unknown number"),
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
但是上面的代码有个问题,你需要为每个枚举成员都实现一个转换分支,非常麻烦。好在可以使用宏来简化,自动根据枚举的定义来实现`TryFrom`特征:
|
|
|
|
|
```rust
|
|
|
|
|
macro_rules! back_to_enum {
|
|
|
|
|
($(#[$meta:meta])* $vis:vis enum $name:ident {
|
|
|
|
|
$($(#[$vmeta:meta])* $vname:ident $(= $val:expr)?,)*
|
|
|
|
|
}) => {
|
|
|
|
|
$(#[$meta])*
|
|
|
|
|
$vis enum $name {
|
|
|
|
|
$($(#[$vmeta])* $vname $(= $val)?,)*
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
impl std::convert::TryFrom<i32> for $name {
|
|
|
|
|
type Error = ();
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn try_from(v: i32) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
|
|
|
|
|
match v {
|
|
|
|
|
$(x if x == $name::$vname as i32 => Ok($name::$vname),)*
|
|
|
|
|
_ => Err(()),
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
back_to_enum! {
|
|
|
|
|
enum MyEnum {
|
|
|
|
|
A = 1,
|
|
|
|
|
B,
|
|
|
|
|
C,
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 邪恶之王std::mem::transmute
|
|
|
|
|
**这个方法原则上并不推荐,但是有其存在的意义,如果要使用,你需要清晰的知道自己为什么使用**。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
在之前的类型转换章节,我们提到过非常邪恶的[`transmute`转换](../basic/converse.md#变形记(Transmutes)),其实,当你知道数值一定不会超过枚举的范围时(例如枚举成员对应1,2,3,传入的整数也在这个范围内),就可以使用这个方法完成变形。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
> 最好使用#[repr(..)]来控制底层类型的大小,免得本来需要i32,结果传入i64,最终内存无法对齐,产生奇怪的结果
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust
|
|
|
|
|
#[repr(i32)]
|
|
|
|
|
enum MyEnum {
|
|
|
|
|
A = 1, B, C
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
let x = MyEnum::C;
|
|
|
|
|
let y = x as i32;
|
|
|
|
|
let z: MyEnum = unsafe { ::std::mem::transmute(y) };
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// match the enum that came from an int
|
|
|
|
|
match z {
|
|
|
|
|
MyEnum::A => { println!("Found A"); }
|
|
|
|
|
MyEnum::B => { println!("Found B"); }
|
|
|
|
|
MyEnum::C => { println!("Found C"); }
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
既然是邪恶之王,当然得有真本事,无需标准库、也无需unstable的Rust版本,我们就完成了转换!awesome!??
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 总结
|
|
|
|
|
本文列举了常用(其实差不多也是全部了,还有一个unstable特性没提到)的从整数转换为枚举的方式,推荐度按照出现的先后顺序递减。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
但是推荐度最低,不代表它就没有出场的机会,只要使用边界清晰,一样可以大方光彩,例如最后的`transmute`函数.
|