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[快速查询入口](index-list.md)
---
[Rust 语言中文网](community.md)
[一本生锈的书](rusty-book.md)
[Rust 语言周刊](rust-weekly.md)
[Rust 翻译计划( 代号 Rustt )](rustt.md)
# 快速开始
---
- [寻找牛刀，以便小试](first-try/intro.md)
- [安装 Rust 环境](first-try/installation.md)
- [墙推 VSCode!](first-try/editor.md)
@ -19,10 +22,13 @@
- [不仅仅是 Hello world](first-try/hello-world.md)
- [下载依赖太慢了？](first-try/slowly-downloading.md)
- [避免从入门到放弃](first-try/sth-you-should-not-do.md)
# Rust语言学习
# Rust 语言学习
---
- [Rust 基础入门](basic/intro.md)
- [变量绑定与解构](basic/variable.md)
- [基本类型](basic/base-type/index.md)
- [数值类型](basic/base-type/numbers.md)
@ -65,6 +71,7 @@
- [格式化输出](basic/formatted-output.md)
- [Rust 高级进阶](advance/intro.md)
- [生命周期](advance/lifetime/intro.md)
- [认识生命周期](advance/lifetime/basic.md)
- [深入生命周期](advance/lifetime/advance.md)
@ -102,8 +109,9 @@
- [Macro 宏编程](advance/macro.md)
<!-- - [SIMD todo](advance/simd.md) -->
<!-- - [高阶特征约束(HRTB) todo](advance/hrtb.md) -->
- [Rust 异步编程](async-rust/intro.md)
- [async/await 异步编程](async-rust/async/intro.md)
- [async 编程入门](async-rust/async/getting-started.md)
- [底层探秘: Future 执行与任务调度](async-rust/async/future-excuting.md)
@ -126,7 +134,6 @@
- [优雅的关闭](async-rust/tokio/graceful-shutdown.md)
- [异步跟同步共存](async-rust/tokio/bridging-with-sync.md)
- [Rust 难点攻关](difficulties/intro.md)
- [切片和切片引用](difficulties/slice.md)
- [Eq 和 PartialEq](difficulties/eq.md)
@ -135,11 +142,12 @@
- [move、Copy 和 Clone TODO](difficulties/move-copy.md)
- [裸指针、引用和智能指针 TODO](advance/difficulties/pointer.md)
# 常用工具链
---
- [自动化测试](test/intro.md)
- [编写测试及控制执行](test/write-tests.md)
- [单元测试和集成测试](test/unit-integration-test.md)
- [断言 assertion](test/assertion.md)
@ -169,66 +177,69 @@
- [通过 config.toml 对 Cargo 进行配置](cargo/reference/configuration.md)
- [发布到 crates.io](cargo/reference/publishing-on-crates.io.md)
- [构建脚本 build.rs](cargo/reference/build-script/intro.md)
- [构建脚本示例](cargo/reference/build-script/examples.md)
- [构建脚本示例](cargo/reference/build-script/examples.md)
# 开发实践
---
- [企业落地实践](usecases/intro.md)
- [AWS 为何这么喜欢 Rust?](usecases/aws-rust.md)
- [日志和监控](logs/intro.md)
- [日志详解](logs/about-log.md)
- [日志门面 log](logs/log.md)
- [使用 tracing 记录日志](logs/tracing.md)
- [自定义 tracing 的输出格式](logs/tracing-logger.md)
- [监控](logs/observe/intro.md)
- [可观测性](logs/observe/about-observe.md)
- [分布式追踪](logs/observe/trace.md)
- [日志详解](logs/about-log.md)
- [日志门面 log](logs/log.md)
- [使用 tracing 记录日志](logs/tracing.md)
- [自定义 tracing 的输出格式](logs/tracing-logger.md)
- [监控](logs/observe/intro.md)
- [可观测性](logs/observe/about-observe.md)
- [分布式追踪](logs/observe/trace.md)
- [Rust 最佳实践](practice/intro.md)
- [日常开发三方库精选](practice/third-party-libs.md)
- [命名规范](practice/naming.md)
- [面试经验](practice/interview.md)
- [代码开发实践 todo](practice/best-pratice.md)
- [手把手带你实现链表](too-many-lists/intro.md)
- [我们到底需不需要链表](too-many-lists/do-we-need-it.md)
- [不太优秀的单向链表：栈](too-many-lists/bad-stack/intro.md)
- [数据布局](too-many-lists/bad-stack/layout.md)
- [基本操作](too-many-lists/bad-stack/basic-operations.md)
- [最后实现](too-many-lists/bad-stack/final-code.md)
- [还可以的单向链表](too-many-lists/ok-stack/intro.md)
- [优化类型定义](too-many-lists/ok-stack/type-optimizing.md)
- [定义 Peek 函数](too-many-lists/ok-stack/peek.md)
- [IntoIter 和 Iter](too-many-lists/ok-stack/iter.md)
- [IterMut以及完整代码](too-many-lists/ok-stack/itermut.md)
- [持久化单向链表](too-many-lists/persistent-stack/intro.md)
- [数据布局和基本操作](too-many-lists/persistent-stack/layout.md)
- [Drop、Arc 及完整代码](too-many-lists/persistent-stack/drop-arc.md)
- [不咋样的双端队列](too-many-lists/deque/intro.md)
- [数据布局和基本操作](too-many-lists/deque/layout.md)
- [Peek](too-many-lists/deque/peek.md)
- [基本操作的对称镜像](too-many-lists/deque/symmetric.md)
- [迭代器](too-many-lists/deque/iterator.md)
- [最终代码](too-many-lists/deque/final-code.md)
- [不错的unsafe队列](too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/intro.md)
- [数据布局](too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/layout.md)
- [基本操作](too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/basics.md)
- [Miri](too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/miri.md)
- [栈借用](too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/stacked-borrow.md)
- [测试栈借用](too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/testing-stacked-borrow.md)
- [数据布局2](too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/layout2.md)
- [额外的操作](too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/extra-junk.md)
- [最终代码](too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/final-code.md)
- [使用高级技巧实现链表](too-many-lists/advanced-lists/intro.md)
- [生产级可用的双向链表](too-many-lists/advanced-lists/unsafe-deque.md)
- [双单向链表](too-many-lists/advanced-lists/double-singly.md)
- [栈上的链表](too-many-lists/advanced-lists/stack-allocated.md)
- [我们到底需不需要链表](too-many-lists/do-we-need-it.md)
- [不太优秀的单向链表：栈](too-many-lists/bad-stack/intro.md)
- [数据布局](too-many-lists/bad-stack/layout.md)
- [基本操作](too-many-lists/bad-stack/basic-operations.md)
- [最后实现](too-many-lists/bad-stack/final-code.md)
- [还可以的单向链表](too-many-lists/ok-stack/intro.md)
- [优化类型定义](too-many-lists/ok-stack/type-optimizing.md)
- [定义 Peek 函数](too-many-lists/ok-stack/peek.md)
- [IntoIter 和 Iter](too-many-lists/ok-stack/iter.md)
- [IterMut 以及完整代码](too-many-lists/ok-stack/itermut.md)
- [持久化单向链表](too-many-lists/persistent-stack/intro.md)
- [数据布局和基本操作](too-many-lists/persistent-stack/layout.md)
- [Drop、Arc 及完整代码](too-many-lists/persistent-stack/drop-arc.md)
- [不咋样的双端队列](too-many-lists/deque/intro.md)
- [数据布局和基本操作](too-many-lists/deque/layout.md)
- [Peek](too-many-lists/deque/peek.md)
- [基本操作的对称镜像](too-many-lists/deque/symmetric.md)
- [迭代器](too-many-lists/deque/iterator.md)
- [最终代码](too-many-lists/deque/final-code.md)
- [不错的 unsafe 队列](too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/intro.md)
- [数据布局](too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/layout.md)
- [基本操作](too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/basics.md)
- [Miri](too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/miri.md)
- [栈借用](too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/stacked-borrow.md)
- [测试栈借用](too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/testing-stacked-borrow.md)
- [数据布局 2](too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/layout2.md)
- [额外的操作](too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/extra-junk.md)
- [最终代码](too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/final-code.md)
- [使用高级技巧实现链表](too-many-lists/advanced-lists/intro.md)
- [生产级可用的双向链表](too-many-lists/advanced-lists/unsafe-deque.md)
- [双单向链表](too-many-lists/advanced-lists/double-singly.md)
- [栈上的链表](too-many-lists/advanced-lists/stack-allocated.md)
# 高级专题
---
- [征服编译错误](compiler/intro.md)
- [对抗编译检查](compiler/fight-with-compiler/intro.md)
- [生命周期](compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/intro.md)
- [生命周期过大-01](compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/too-long1.md)
@ -254,6 +265,7 @@
- [警惕 UTF-8 引发的性能隐患](compiler/pitfalls/utf8-performance.md)
- [Rust 性能优化 todo](profiling/intro.md)
- [深入内存 todo](profiling/memory/intro.md)
- [指针和引用 todo](profiling/memory/pointer-ref.md)
- [未初始化内存 todo](profiling/memory/uninit.md)
@ -280,13 +292,12 @@
- [Option 枚举 todo](profiling/compiler/optimization/option.md)
- [标准库解析 todo](std/intro.md)
- [标准库使用最佳时间 todo](std/search.md)
- [Vector 常用方法 todo](std/vector.md)
- [HashMap todo](std/hashmap.md)
- [Iterator 常用方法 todo](std/iterator.md)
<!-- - [配置文件解析 todo](cookbook/config.md)
- [编解码 todo](cookbook/encoding/intro.md)
- [JSON](cookbook/encoding/json.md)
@ -314,8 +325,8 @@
- [Rust前端开发入门]()
- [Rust和WASM]() -->
# 附录
---
- [Appendix]()
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- [Rust 历次版本更新解读](appendix/rust-versions/intro.md)
- [1.58](appendix/rust-versions/1.58.md)
- [1.59](appendix/rust-versions/1.59.md)
- [1.60](appendix/rust-versions/1.60.md)
- [1.60](appendix/rust-versions/1.60.md)
- [1.61](appendix/rust-versions/1.61.md)

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# Rust 新版解读 | 1.61 | 重点: 自定义 main 函数 ExitCode、const fn 增强、为锁定的 stdio 提供静态句柄
> 原文链接: https://blog.rust-lang.org/2022/05/19/Rust-1.61.0.html
> 翻译 by ：[AllanDowney](https://github.com/AllanDowney)
通过 [rustup](https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install) 安装的同学可以使用以下命令升级到 1.61 版本:
```shell
$ rustup update stable
```
## 支持自定义 main 函数 ExitCode
一开始， Rust `main` 函数只能返回单元类型 `()`（隐式或显式），总是指示成功的退出状态，如果您要你想要其它的，必须调用 `process::exit(code)`。从 Rust 1.26 开始， `main` 允许返回一个 `Result` ，其中 `Ok` 转换为 `C EXIT_SUCCESS`，`Err` 转换为 `EXIT_FAILURE`（也调试打印错误）。在底层，这些返回类型统一使用不稳定的 `Termination` 特征。
在此版本中，最终稳定了 `Termination` 特征，以及一个更通用的 `ExitCode` 类型，它封装了特定于平台的返回类型。它具有 `SUCCESS` 和 `FAILURE` 常量，并为更多任意值实现 `From<u8>`。也可以为您自己的类型实现 `Termination` 特征，允许您在转换为 `ExitCode` 之前定制任何类型的报告。
例如，下面是一种类型安全的方式来编写 `git bisect` 运行脚本的退出代码：
```rust
use std::process::{ExitCode, Termination};
#[repr(u8)]
pub enum GitBisectResult {
Good = 0,
Bad = 1,
Skip = 125,
Abort = 255,
}
impl Termination for GitBisectResult {
fn report(self) -> ExitCode {
// Maybe print a message here
ExitCode::from(self as u8)
}
}
fn main() -> GitBisectResult {
std::panic::catch_unwind(|| {
todo!("test the commit")
}).unwrap_or(GitBisectResult::Abort)
}
```
## const fn 增强
这个版本稳定了几个增量特性，以支持 const 函数的更多功能：
- `fn` 指针的基本处理：现在可以在 `const fn` 中创建、传递和强制转换函数指针。例如，在为解释器构建编译时函数表时，这可能很有用。但是，仍然不允许调用 `fn` 指针。
- 特征约束：现在可以将特征约束写在 `const fn` 的泛型参数上，如 `T: Copy`，以前只允许 `Sized`。
- `dyn Trait` 类型：类似地，`const fn` 现在可以处理特征对象 `dyn Trait`。
- `impl Trait` 类型：`const fn` 的参数和返回值现在可以是不透明的 `impl Trait` 类型。
注意，特征特性还不支持在 `const fn` 中调用这些特征的方法。
## 为锁定的 stdio 提供静态句柄
三种标准 I/O 流 —— `Stdin` 、`Stdout` 和 `Stderr` —— 都有一个 `锁(&self)`，允许对同步读写进行更多控制。但是，它们返回的锁守卫具有从 `&self` 借来的生命周期，因此它们被限制在原始句柄的范围内。这被认为是一个不必要的限制，因为底层锁实际上是在静态存储中，所以现在守卫返回一个 `'static` 生命期，与句柄断开连接。
例如，一个常见的错误来自于试图获取一个句柄并将其锁定在一个语句中:
```rust
// error[E0716]: temporary value dropped while borrowed
let out = std::io::stdout().lock();
// ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ - temporary value is freed at the end of this statement
// |
// creates a temporary which is freed while still in use
```
现在锁守卫是 `'static`，而不是借用那个临时的，所以这个可以正常工作！
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