## Tests and ? in Rust 2018, your unit tests can return Result<()>, which lets you use ? in them! This can make them much more concise. ```rust fn sqrt(number: f64) -> Result { if number >= 0.0 { Ok(number.powf(0.5)) } else { Err("negative floats don't have square roots".to_owned()) } } #[cfg(test)] mod tests { use super::*; #[test] fn test_sqrt() -> Result<(), String> { let x = 4.0; assert_eq!(sqrt(x)?.powf(2.0), x); Ok(()) } } ``` ## Testing panics To check functions that should panic under certain circumstances, use attribute #[should_panic]. This attribute accepts optional parameter expected = with the text of the panic message. If your function can panic in multiple ways, it helps make sure your test is testing the correct panic. ```rust pub fn divide_non_zero_result(a: u32, b: u32) -> u32 { if b == 0 { panic!("Divide-by-zero error"); } else if a < b { panic!("Divide result is zero"); } a / b } #[cfg(test)] mod tests { use super::*; #[test] fn test_divide() { assert_eq!(divide_non_zero_result(10, 2), 5); } #[test] #[should_panic] fn test_any_panic() { divide_non_zero_result(1, 0); } #[test] #[should_panic(expected = "Divide result is zero")] fn test_specific_panic() { divide_non_zero_result(1, 10); } } ``` ## Ignoring tests Tests can be marked with the #[ignore] attribute to exclude some tests. Or to run them with command cargo test -- --ignored ```rust pub fn add(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 { a + b } #[cfg(test)] mod tests { use super::*; #[test] fn test_add() { assert_eq!(add(2, 2), 4); } #[test] fn test_add_hundred() { assert_eq!(add(100, 2), 102); assert_eq!(add(2, 100), 102); } #[test] #[ignore] fn ignored_test() { assert_eq!(add(0, 0), 0); } } ```