# 生命周期过大-02 继上篇文章后,我们再来看一段**可能**涉及生命周期过大导致的无法编译问题: ```rust fn bar(writer: &mut Writer) { baz(writer.indent()); writer.write("world"); } fn baz(writer: &mut Writer) { writer.write("hello"); } pub struct Writer<'a> { target: &'a mut String, indent: usize, } impl<'a> Writer<'a> { fn indent(&'a mut self) -> &'a mut Self { &mut Self { target: self.target, indent: self.indent + 1, } } fn write(&mut self, s: &str) { for _ in 0..self.indent { self.target.push(' '); } self.target.push_str(s); self.target.push('\n'); } } fn main() {} ``` 报错如下: ```console error[E0623]: lifetime mismatch --> src/main.rs:2:16 | 1 | fn bar(writer: &mut Writer) { | ----------- | | | these two types are declared with different lifetimes... 2 | baz(writer.indent()); | ^^^^^^ ...but data from `writer` flows into `writer` here ``` WTF,这什么报错,之前都没有见过,而且很难理解,什么叫`writer`滑入了另一个`writer`? 别急,我们先来仔细看下代码,注意这一段: ```rust impl<'a> Writer<'a> { fn indent(&'a mut self) -> &'a mut Self { &mut Self { target: self.target, indent: self.indent + 1, } } ``` 这里的生命周期定义说明`indent`方法使用的。。。等等!你的代码错了,你怎么能在一个函数中返回一个新创建实例的引用?!!最重要的是,编译器不提示这个错误,竟然提示一个莫名其妙看不懂的东东。 行,那我们先解决这个问题,将该方法修改为: ```rust fn indent(&'a mut self) -> Writer<'a> { Writer { target: self.target, indent: self.indent + 1, } } ``` 怀着惴惴这心,再一次运行程序,果不其然,编译器又朝我们扔了一坨错误: ```console error[E0308]: mismatched types --> src/main.rs:2:9 | 2 | baz(writer.indent()); | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | | | expected `&mut Writer<'_>`, found struct `Writer` | help: consider mutably borrowing here: `&mut writer.indent()` ``` 哦,这次错误很明显,因为`baz`需要`&mut Writer`,但是咱们`writer.indent`返回了一个`Writer`,因此修改下即可: ```rust fn bar(writer: &mut Writer) { baz(&mut writer.indent()); writer.write("world"); } ``` 这次总该成功了吧?再次心慌慌的运行编译器,哐: ```console error[E0623]: lifetime mismatch --> src/main.rs:2:21 | 1 | fn bar(writer: &mut Writer) { | ----------- | | | these two types are declared with different lifetimes... 2 | baz(&mut writer.indent()); | ^^^^^^ ...but data from `writer` flows into `writer` here ``` 可恶,还是这个看不懂的错误,仔细检查了下代码,这次真的没有其他错误了,只能硬着头皮上。 大概的意思可以分析,生命周期范围不匹配,说明一个大一个小,然后一个`writer`中流入到另一个`writer`说明,两个`writer`的生命周期定义错了,既然这里提到了`indent`方法调用,那么我们再去仔细看一眼: ```rust impl<'a> Writer<'a> { fn indent(&'a mut self) -> Writer<'a> { Writer { target: self.target, indent: self.indent + 1, } } ... } ``` 好像有点问题,`indent`返回的`Writer`的生命周期和外面的`Writer`的生命周期一模一样,这很不合理,一眼就能看出前者远小于后者,那我们尝试着修改下`indent`: ```rust fn indent<'b>(&'b mut self) -> Writer<'b> { Writer { target: self.target, indent: self.indent + 1, } } ``` Bang! 编译成功,不过稍等,回想下生命周期消除的规则,我们还可以实现的更优雅: ```rust fn bar(writer: &mut Writer) { baz(&mut writer.indent()); writer.write("world"); } fn baz(writer: &mut Writer) { writer.write("hello"); } pub struct Writer<'a> { target: &'a mut String, indent: usize, } impl<'a> Writer<'a> { fn indent(&mut self) -> Writer { Writer { target: self.target, indent: self.indent + 1, } } fn write(&mut self, s: &str) { for _ in 0..self.indent { self.target.push(' '); } self.target.push_str(s); self.target.push('\n'); } } fn main() {} ``` 至此,问题彻底解决,太好了,我感觉我又变强了。可是默默看了眼自己的头发,只能以`哎~`一声叹息结束本章内容。