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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../about-book.html">关于本书</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../into-rust.html">进入 Rust 编程世界</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../first-try/sth-you-should-not-do.html">避免从入门到放弃</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../community.html">社区和锈书</a></li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../some-thoughts.html">Xobserve: 一切皆可观测</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../beat-ai.html">BeatAI: 工程师 AI 入门圣经</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><li class="part-title">Rust 语言基础学习</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 寻找牛刀，以便小试</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 安装 Rust 环境</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/editor.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 墙推 VSCode!</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 认识 Cargo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/hello-world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> 不仅仅是 Hello world</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/slowly-downloading.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 下载依赖太慢了？</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Rust 基础入门</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/variable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 变量绑定与解构</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 基本类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/numbers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> 数值类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/char-bool.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> 字符、布尔、单元类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/statement-expression.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> 语句与表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/function.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.4.</strong> 函数</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 所有权和借用</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.1.</strong> 所有权</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/borrowing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.2.</strong> 引用与借用</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 复合类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/string-slice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.1.</strong> 字符串与切片</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/tuple.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.2.</strong> 元组</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/struct.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.3.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.4.</strong> 枚举</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/array.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.5.</strong> 数组</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/flow-control.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 流程控制</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/match-pattern/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 模式匹配</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/match-pattern/match-if-let.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.1.</strong> match 和 if let</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/match-pattern/option.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.2.</strong> 解构 Option</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/match-pattern/pattern-match.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.3.</strong> 模式适用场景</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/match-pattern/all-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.4.</strong> 全模式列表</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/method.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 方法 Method</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/trait/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.</strong> 泛型和特征</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/trait/generic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.1.</strong> 泛型 Generics</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/trait/trait.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.2.</strong> 特征 Trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/trait/trait-object.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.3.</strong> 特征对象</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/trait/advance-trait.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.4.</strong> 进一步深入特征</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/collections/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.9.</strong> 集合类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/collections/vector.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.9.1.</strong> 动态数组 Vector</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/collections/hashmap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.9.2.</strong> KV 存储 HashMap</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/lifetime.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.10.</strong> 认识生命周期</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/result-error/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.11.</strong> 返回值和错误处理</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/result-error/panic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.11.1.</strong> panic! 深入剖析</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/result-error/result.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.11.2.</strong> 返回值 Result 和?</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/crate-module/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.12.</strong> 包和模块</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/crate-module/crate.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.12.1.</strong> 包 Crate</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/crate-module/module.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.12.2.</strong> 模块 Module</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/crate-module/use.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.12.3.</strong> 使用 use 引入模块及受限可见性</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/comment.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.13.</strong> 注释和文档</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/formatted-output.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.14.</strong> 格式化输出</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 入门实战：文件搜索工具</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/base-features.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 基本功能</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/refactoring.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 增加模块化和错误处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 测试驱动开发</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/envs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 使用环境变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/stderr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 重定向错误信息的输出</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/iterators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 使用迭代器来改进程序(可选)</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">Rust 语言进阶学习</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../advance/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Rust 高级进阶</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/lifetime/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 生命周期</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/lifetime/advance.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.1.</strong> 深入生命周期</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/lifetime/static.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.2.</strong> &'static 和 T: 'static</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/functional-programing/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> 函数式编程: 闭包、迭代器</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/functional-programing/closure.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.1.</strong> 闭包 Closure</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/functional-programing/iterator.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.2.</strong> 迭代器 Iterator</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/into-types/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> 深入类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/into-types/converse.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.1.</strong> 类型转换</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/into-types/custom-type.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.2.</strong> newtype 和 类型别名</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/into-types/sized.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.3.</strong> Sized 和不定长类型 DST</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/into-types/enum-int.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.4.</strong> 枚举和整数</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/smart-pointer/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 智能指针</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/smart-pointer/box.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.1.</strong> Box堆对象分配</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/smart-pointer/deref.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.2.</strong> Deref 解引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/smart-pointer/drop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.3.</strong> Drop 释放资源</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/smart-pointer/rc-arc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.4.</strong> Rc 与 Arc 实现 1vN 所有权机制</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/smart-pointer/cell-refcell.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.5.</strong> Cell 与 RefCell 内部可变性</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/circle-self-ref/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> 循环引用与自引用</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/circle-self-ref/circle-reference.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.1.</strong> Weak 与循环引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/circle-self-ref/self-referential.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.2.</strong> 结构体中的自引用</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.</strong> 多线程并发编程</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/concurrency-parallelism.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.1.</strong> 并发和并行</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/thread.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.2.</strong> 使用多线程</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/message-passing.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.3.</strong> 线程同步：消息传递</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/sync1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.4.</strong> 线程同步：锁、Condvar 和信号量</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/sync2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.5.</strong> 线程同步：Atomic 原子操作与内存顺序</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/send-sync.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.6.</strong> 基于 Send 和 Sync 的线程安全</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/global-variable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.7.</strong> 全局变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/errors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.8.</strong> 错误处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/unsafe/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.9.</strong> Unsafe Rust</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/unsafe/superpowers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.9.1.</strong> 五种兵器</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/unsafe/inline-asm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.9.2.</strong> 内联汇编</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/macro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.10.</strong> Macro 宏编程</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.</strong> async/await 异步编程</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/getting-started.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.1.</strong> async 编程入门</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/future-excuting.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.2.</strong> 底层探秘: Future 执行与任务调度</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/pin-unpin.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.3.</strong> 定海神针 Pin 和 Unpin</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/async-await.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.4.</strong> async/await 和 Stream 流处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/multi-futures-simultaneous.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.5.</strong> 同时运行多个 Future</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/pain-points-and-workarounds.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.6.</strong> 一些疑难问题的解决办法</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/web-server.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.7.</strong> 实践应用：Async Web 服务器</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice1/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 进阶实战1: 实现一个 web 服务器</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice1/web-server.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> 单线程版本</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice1/multi-threads.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> 多线程版本</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice1/graceful-shutdown.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> 优雅关闭和资源清理</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 进阶实战2: 实现一个简单 Redis</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> tokio 概览</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/getting-startted.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> 使用初印象</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/spawning.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> 创建异步任务</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/shared-state.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> 共享状态</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/channels.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> 消息传递</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/io.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.6.</strong> I/O</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/frame.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.7.</strong> 解析数据帧</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/async.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.8.</strong> 深入 async</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/select.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.9.</strong> select</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/stream.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.10.</strong> 类似迭代器的 Stream</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/graceful-shutdown.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.11.</strong> 优雅的关闭</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/bridging-with-sync.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.12.</strong> 异步跟同步共存</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../difficulties/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Rust 难点攻关</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../difficulties/slice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> 切片和切片引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../difficulties/eq.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> Eq 和 PartialEq</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../difficulties/string.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> String、&str 和 str TODO</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../difficulties/lifetime.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> 作用域、生命周期和 NLL TODO</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../difficulties/move-copy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> move、Copy 和 Clone TODO</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/difficulties/pointer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.6.</strong> 裸指针、引用和智能指针 TODO</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">常用工具链</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../test/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> 自动化测试</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../test/write-tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> 编写测试及控制执行</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../test/unit-integration-test.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> 单元测试和集成测试</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../test/assertion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> 断言 assertion</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../test/ci.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.</strong> 用 GitHub Actions 进行持续集成</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../test/benchmark.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.5.</strong> 基准测试 benchmark</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Cargo 使用指南</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/getting-started.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> 上手使用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> 基础指南</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/why-exist.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.1.</strong> 为何会有 Cargo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/download-package.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.2.</strong> 下载并构建 Package</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/dependencies.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.3.</strong> 添加依赖</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/package-layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.4.</strong> Package 目录结构</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/cargo-toml-lock.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.5.</strong> Cargo.toml vs Cargo.lock</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/tests-ci.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.6.</strong> 测试和 CI</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/cargo-cache.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.7.</strong> Cargo 缓存</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/build-cache.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.8.</strong> Build 缓存</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> 进阶指南</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/specify-deps.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.1.</strong> 指定依赖项</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/deps-overriding.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.2.</strong> 依赖覆盖</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/manifest.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.3.</strong> Cargo.toml 清单详解</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/cargo-target.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.4.</strong> Cargo Target</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/workspaces.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.5.</strong> 工作空间 Workspace</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/features/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.6.</strong> 条件编译 Features</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/features/examples.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.6.1.</strong> Features 示例</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/profiles.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.7.</strong> 发布配置 Profile</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/configuration.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.8.</strong> 通过 config.toml 对 Cargo 进行配置</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/publishing-on-crates.io.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.9.</strong> 发布到 crates.io</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/build-script/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.10.</strong> 构建脚本 build.rs</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/build-script/examples.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.10.1.</strong> 构建脚本示例</a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">开发实践</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../usecases/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> 企业落地实践</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../usecases/aws-rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> AWS 为何这么喜欢 Rust?</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> 日志和监控</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/about-log.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> 日志详解</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/log.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> 日志门面 log</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/tracing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> 使用 tracing 记录日志</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/tracing-logger.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.4.</strong> 自定义 tracing 的输出格式</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/observe/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.</strong> 监控</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/observe/about-observe.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.1.</strong> 可观测性</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/observe/trace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.2.</strong> 分布式追踪</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../practice/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> Rust 最佳实践</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../practice/third-party-libs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> 日常开发三方库精选</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../practice/naming.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> 命名规范</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../practice/interview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> 面试经验</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../practice/best-pratice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> 代码开发实践 todo</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> 手把手带你实现链表</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/do-we-need-it.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.1.</strong> 我们到底需不需要链表</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/bad-stack/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.</strong> 不太优秀的单向链表：栈</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/bad-stack/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.1.</strong> 数据布局</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/bad-stack/basic-operations.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.2.</strong> 基本操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/bad-stack/final-code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.3.</strong> 最后实现</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/ok-stack/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.</strong> 还可以的单向链表</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/ok-stack/type-optimizing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.1.</strong> 优化类型定义</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/ok-stack/peek.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.2.</strong> 定义 Peek 函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/ok-stack/iter.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.3.</strong> IntoIter 和 Iter</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/ok-stack/itermut.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.4.</strong> IterMut 以及完整代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/persistent-stack/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.</strong> 持久化单向链表</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/persistent-stack/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.1.</strong> 数据布局和基本操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/persistent-stack/drop-arc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.2.</strong> Drop、Arc 及完整代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/deque/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.</strong> 不咋样的双端队列</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/deque/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.1.</strong> 数据布局和基本操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/deque/peek.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.2.</strong> Peek</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/deque/symmetric.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.3.</strong> 基本操作的对称镜像</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/deque/iterator.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.4.</strong> 迭代器</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/deque/final-code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.5.</strong> 最终代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.</strong> 不错的 unsafe 队列</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.1.</strong> 数据布局</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/basics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.2.</strong> 基本操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/miri.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.3.</strong> Miri</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/stacked-borrow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.4.</strong> 栈借用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/testing-stacked-borrow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.5.</strong> 测试栈借用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/layout2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.6.</strong> 数据布局 2</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/extra-junk.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.7.</strong> 额外的操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/final-code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.8.</strong> 最终代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.</strong> 生产级的双向 unsafe 队列</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.1.</strong> 数据布局</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/variance-and-phantomData.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.2.</strong> 型变与子类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/basics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.3.</strong> 基础结构</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/drop-and-panic-safety.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.4.</strong> 恐慌与安全</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/boring-combinatorics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.5.</strong> 无聊的组合</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/filling-in-random-bits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.6.</strong> 其它特征</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/testing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.7.</strong> 测试</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/send-sync-and-compile-tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.8.</strong> Send,Sync和编译测试</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/implementing-cursors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.9.</strong> 实现游标</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/testing-cursors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.10.</strong> 测试游标</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/final-code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.11.</strong> 最终代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/advanced-lists/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.8.</strong> 使用高级技巧实现链表</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/advanced-lists/double-singly.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.8.1.</strong> 双单向链表</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/advanced-lists/stack-allocated.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.8.2.</strong> 栈上的链表</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">攻克编译错误</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> 征服编译错误</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> 对抗编译检查</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.</strong> 生命周期</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/too-long1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.1.</strong> 生命周期过大-01</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/too-long2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.2.</strong> 生命周期过大-02</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/loop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.3.</strong> 循环中的生命周期</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/closure-with-static.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.4.</strong> 闭包碰到特征对象-01</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/borrowing/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.2.</strong> 重复借用</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/borrowing/ref-exist-in-out-fn.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.2.1.</strong> 同时在函数内外使用引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/borrowing/borrow-distinct-fields-of-struct.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.2.2.</strong> 智能指针引起的重复借用错误</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/unconstrained.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.3.</strong> 类型未限制(todo)</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/phantom-data.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.4.</strong> 幽灵数据(todo)</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.</strong> Rust 常见陷阱</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/use-vec-in-for.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.1.</strong> for 循环中使用外部数组</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/stack-overflow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.2.</strong> 线程类型导致的栈溢出</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/arithmetic-overflow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.3.</strong> 算术溢出导致的 panic</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/closure-with-lifetime.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.4.</strong> 闭包中奇怪的生命周期</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/the-disabled-mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.5.</strong> 可变变量不可变？</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/multiple-mutable-references.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.6.</strong> 可变借用失败引发的深入思考</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/lazy-iterators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.7.</strong> 不太勤快的迭代器</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/weird-ranges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.8.</strong> 奇怪的序列 x..y</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/iterator-everywhere.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.9.</strong> 无处不在的迭代器</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/main-with-channel-blocked.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.10.</strong> 线程间传递消息导致主线程无法结束</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/utf8-performance.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.11.</strong> 警惕 UTF-8 引发的性能隐患</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">性能优化</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> Rust 性能优化 todo</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/memory/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.</strong> 深入内存 todo</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/memory/pointer-ref.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.1.</strong> 指针和引用 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/memory/uninit.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.2.</strong> 未初始化内存 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/memory/allocation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.3.</strong> 内存分配 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/memory/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.4.</strong> 内存布局 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/memory/virtual.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.5.</strong> 虚拟内存 todo</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.</strong> 性能调优 doing</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/string.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.1.</strong> 字符串操作性能</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/deep-into-move.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.2.</strong> 深入理解 move</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/early-optimise.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.3.</strong> 糟糕的提前优化 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/clone-copy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.4.</strong> Clone 和 Copy todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/runtime-check.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.5.</strong> 减少 Runtime check(todo)</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/cpu-cache.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.6.</strong> CPU 缓存性能优化 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/calculate.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.7.</strong> 计算性能优化 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/heap-stack.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.8.</strong> 堆和栈 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/allocator.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.9.</strong> 内存 allocator todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/tools.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.10.</strong> 常用性能测试工具 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.11.</strong> Enum 内存优化 todo</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/compiler/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.</strong> 编译优化 todo</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/compiler/llvm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.1.</strong> LLVM todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/compiler/attributes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.2.</strong> 常见属性标记 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/compiler/speed-up.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.3.</strong> 提升编译速度 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/compiler/optimization/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.4.</strong> 编译器优化 todo</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/compiler/optimization/option.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.4.1.</strong> Option 枚举 todo</a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">附录</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> Appendix</div><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/keywords.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.1.</strong> 关键字</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/operators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.2.</strong> 运算符与符号</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/expressions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.3.</strong> 表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/derive.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.4.</strong> 派生特征 trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/prelude.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.5.</strong> prelude 模块 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-version.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.6.</strong> Rust 版本说明</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.</strong> Rust 历次版本更新解读</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.58.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.1.</strong> 1.58</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.59.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.2.</strong> 1.59</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.60.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.3.</strong> 1.60</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.61.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.4.</strong> 1.61</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.62.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.5.</strong> 1.62</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.63.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.6.</strong> 1.63</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.7.</strong> 1.64</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.65.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.8.</strong> 1.65</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.66.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.9.</strong> 1.66</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.67.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.10.</strong> 1.67</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.68.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.11.</strong> 1.68</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.69.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.12.</strong> 1.69</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.70.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.13.</strong> 1.70</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.71.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.14.</strong> 1.71</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.72.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.15.</strong> 1.72</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.73.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.16.</strong> 1.73</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.74.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.17.</strong> 1.74</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.75.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.18.</strong> 1.75</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.76.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.19.</strong> 1.76</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.77.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.20.</strong> 1.77</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.78.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.21.</strong> 1.78</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.79.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.22.</strong> 1.79</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.80.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.23.</strong> 1.80</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.81.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.24.</strong> 1.81</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.82.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.25.</strong> 1.82</a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>
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<main>
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<h1 id="线程间的消息传递"><a class="header" href="#线程间的消息传递">线程间的消息传递</a></h1>
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<p>在多线程间有多种方式可以共享、传递数据，最常用的方式就是通过消息传递或者将锁和<code>Arc</code>联合使用，而对于前者，在编程界还有一个大名鼎鼎的<code>Actor线程模型</code>为其背书，典型的有 Erlang 语言，还有 Go 语言中很经典的一句话：</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>Do not communicate by sharing memory; instead, share memory by communicating</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>而对于后者，我们将在下一节中进行讲述。</p>
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<h2 id="消息通道"><a class="header" href="#消息通道">消息通道</a></h2>
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<p>与 Go 语言内置的<code>chan</code>不同，Rust 是在标准库里提供了消息通道(<code>channel</code>)，你可以将其想象成一场直播，多个主播联合起来在搞一场直播，最终内容通过通道传输给屏幕前的我们，其中主播被称之为<strong>发送者</strong>，观众被称之为<strong>接收者</strong>，显而易见的是：一个通道应该支持多个发送者和接收者。</p>
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<p>但是，在实际使用中，我们需要使用不同的库来满足诸如：<strong>多发送者 -> 单接收者，多发送者 -> 多接收者</strong>等场景形式，此时一个标准库显然就不够了，不过别急，让我们先从标准库讲起。</p>
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<h2 id="多发送者单接收者"><a class="header" href="#多发送者单接收者">多发送者，单接收者</a></h2>
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<p>标准库提供了通道<code>std::sync::mpsc</code>，其中<code>mpsc</code>是<em>multiple producer, single consumer</em>的缩写，代表了该通道支持多个发送者，但是只支持唯一的接收者。 当然，支持多个发送者也意味着支持单个发送者，我们先来看看单发送者、单接收者的简单例子:</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">use std::sync::mpsc;
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use std::thread;
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fn main() {
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// 创建一个消息通道, 返回一个元组：(发送者，接收者)
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let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
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// 创建线程，并发送消息
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thread::spawn(move || {
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// 发送一个数字1, send方法返回Result<T,E>，通过unwrap进行快速错误处理
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tx.send(1).unwrap();
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// 下面代码将报错，因为编译器自动推导出通道传递的值是i32类型，那么Option<i32>类型将产生不匹配错误
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// tx.send(Some(1)).unwrap()
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});
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// 在主线程中接收子线程发送的消息并输出
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println!("receive {}", rx.recv().unwrap());
|
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}</code></pre></pre>
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<p>以上代码并不复杂，但仍有几点需要注意：</p>
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<ul>
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<li><code>tx</code>,<code>rx</code>对应发送者和接收者，它们的类型由编译器自动推导: <code>tx.send(1)</code>发送了整数，因此它们分别是<code>mpsc::Sender<i32></code>和<code>mpsc::Receiver<i32></code>类型，需要注意，由于内部是泛型实现，一旦类型被推导确定，该通道就只能传递对应类型的值, 例如此例中非<code>i32</code>类型的值将导致编译错误</li>
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<li>接收消息的操作<code>rx.recv()</code>会阻塞当前线程，直到读取到值，或者通道被关闭</li>
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<li>需要使用<code>move</code>将<code>tx</code>的所有权转移到子线程的闭包中</li>
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</ul>
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<p>在注释中提到<code>send</code>方法返回一个<code>Result<T,E></code>，说明它有可能返回一个错误，例如接收者被<code>drop</code>导致了发送的值不会被任何人接收，此时继续发送毫无意义，因此返回一个错误最为合适，在代码中我们仅仅使用<code>unwrap</code>进行了快速处理，但在实际项目中你需要对错误进行进一步的处理。</p>
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<p>同样的，对于<code>recv</code>方法来说，当发送者关闭时，它也会接收到一个错误，用于说明不会再有任何值被发送过来。</p>
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<h2 id="不阻塞的-try_recv-方法"><a class="header" href="#不阻塞的-try_recv-方法">不阻塞的 try_recv 方法</a></h2>
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<p>除了上述<code>recv</code>方法，还可以使用<code>try_recv</code>尝试接收一次消息，该方法并<strong>不会阻塞线程</strong>，当通道中没有消息时，它会立刻返回一个错误：</p>
|
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">use std::sync::mpsc;
|
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use std::thread;
|
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|
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|
fn main() {
|
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let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
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thread::spawn(move || {
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tx.send(1).unwrap();
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});
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|
println!("receive {:?}", rx.try_recv());
|
|
|
}</code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
<p>由于子线程的创建需要时间，因此<code>println!</code>和<code>try_recv</code>方法会先执行，而此时子线程的<strong>消息还未被发出</strong>。<code>try_recv</code>会尝试立即读取一次消息，因为消息没有发出，此次读取最终会报错，且主线程运行结束(可悲的是，相对于主线程中的代码，子线程的创建速度实在是过慢，直到主线程结束，都无法完成子线程的初始化。。):</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">receive Err(Empty)
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>如上，<code>try_recv</code>返回了一个错误，错误内容是<code>Empty</code>，代表通道并没有消息。如果你尝试把<code>println!</code>复制一些行，就会发现一个有趣的输出：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">···
|
|
|
receive Err(Empty)
|
|
|
receive Ok(1)
|
|
|
receive Err(Disconnected)
|
|
|
···
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>如上，当子线程创建成功且发送消息后，主线程会接收到<code>Ok(1)</code>的消息内容，紧接着子线程结束，发送者也随着被<code>drop</code>，此时接收者又会报错，但是这次错误原因有所不同：<code>Disconnected</code>代表发送者已经被关闭。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="传输具有所有权的数据"><a class="header" href="#传输具有所有权的数据">传输具有所有权的数据</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>使用通道来传输数据，一样要遵循 Rust 的所有权规则：</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>若值的类型实现了<code>Copy</code>特征，则直接复制一份该值，然后传输过去，例如之前的<code>i32</code>类型</li>
|
|
|
<li>若值没有实现<code>Copy</code>，则它的所有权会被转移给接收端，在发送端继续使用该值将报错</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p>一起来看看第二种情况:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">use std::sync::mpsc;
|
|
|
use std::thread;
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn main() {
|
|
|
let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
|
|
|
|
|
|
thread::spawn(move || {
|
|
|
let s = String::from("我，飞走咯!");
|
|
|
tx.send(s).unwrap();
|
|
|
println!("val is {}", s);
|
|
|
});
|
|
|
|
|
|
let received = rx.recv().unwrap();
|
|
|
println!("Got: {}", received);
|
|
|
}</code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
<p>以上代码中，<code>String</code>底层的字符串是存储在堆上，并没有实现<code>Copy</code>特征，当它被发送后，会将所有权从发送端的<code>s</code>转移给接收端的<code>received</code>，之后<code>s</code>将无法被使用:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">error[E0382]: borrow of moved value: `s`
|
|
|
--> src/main.rs:10:31
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8 | let s = String::from("我，飞走咯!");
|
|
|
| - move occurs because `s` has type `String`, which does not implement the `Copy` trait // 所有权被转移，由于`String`没有实现`Copy`特征
|
|
|
9 | tx.send(s).unwrap();
|
|
|
| - value moved here // 所有权被转移走
|
|
|
10 | println!("val is {}", s);
|
|
|
| ^ value borrowed here after move // 所有权被转移后，依然对s进行了借用
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>各种细节不禁令人感叹：Rust 还是安全！假如没有所有权的保护，<code>String</code>字符串将被两个线程同时持有，任何一个线程对字符串内容的修改都会导致另外一个线程持有的字符串被改变，除非你故意这么设计，否则这就是不安全的隐患。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="使用-for-进行循环接收"><a class="header" href="#使用-for-进行循环接收">使用 for 进行循环接收</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>下面来看看如何连续接收通道中的值:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">use std::sync::mpsc;
|
|
|
use std::thread;
|
|
|
use std::time::Duration;
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn main() {
|
|
|
let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
|
|
|
|
|
|
thread::spawn(move || {
|
|
|
let vals = vec![
|
|
|
String::from("hi"),
|
|
|
String::from("from"),
|
|
|
String::from("the"),
|
|
|
String::from("thread"),
|
|
|
];
|
|
|
|
|
|
for val in vals {
|
|
|
tx.send(val).unwrap();
|
|
|
thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
});
|
|
|
|
|
|
for received in rx {
|
|
|
println!("Got: {}", received);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}</code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
<p>在上面代码中，主线程和子线程是并发运行的，子线程在不停的<strong>发送消息 -> 休眠 1 秒</strong>，与此同时，主线程使用<code>for</code>循环<strong>阻塞</strong>的从<code>rx</code><strong>迭代器</strong>中接收消息，当子线程运行完成时，发送者<code>tx</code>会随之被<code>drop</code>，此时<code>for</code>循环将被终止，最终<code>main</code>线程成功结束。</p>
|
|
|
<h3 id="使用多发送者"><a class="header" href="#使用多发送者">使用多发送者</a></h3>
|
|
|
<p>由于子线程会拿走发送者的所有权，因此我们必须对发送者进行克隆，然后让每个线程拿走它的一份拷贝:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">use std::sync::mpsc;
|
|
|
use std::thread;
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn main() {
|
|
|
let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
|
|
|
let tx1 = tx.clone();
|
|
|
thread::spawn(move || {
|
|
|
tx.send(String::from("hi from raw tx")).unwrap();
|
|
|
});
|
|
|
|
|
|
thread::spawn(move || {
|
|
|
tx1.send(String::from("hi from cloned tx")).unwrap();
|
|
|
});
|
|
|
|
|
|
for received in rx {
|
|
|
println!("Got: {}", received);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}</code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
<p>代码并无太大区别，就多了一个对发送者的克隆<code>let tx1 = tx.clone();</code>，然后一个子线程拿走<code>tx</code>的所有权，另一个子线程拿走<code>tx1</code>的所有权，皆大欢喜。</p>
|
|
|
<p>但是有几点需要注意:</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>需要所有的发送者都被<code>drop</code>掉后，接收者<code>rx</code>才会收到错误，进而跳出<code>for</code>循环，最终结束主线程</li>
|
|
|
<li>这里虽然用了<code>clone</code>但是并不会影响性能，因为它并不在热点代码路径中，仅仅会被执行一次</li>
|
|
|
<li>由于两个子线程谁先创建完成是未知的，因此哪条消息先发送也是未知的，最终主线程的输出顺序也不确定</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h2 id="消息顺序"><a class="header" href="#消息顺序">消息顺序</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>上述第三点的消息顺序仅仅是因为线程创建引起的，并不代表通道中的消息是无序的，对于通道而言，消息的发送顺序和接收顺序是一致的，满足<code>FIFO</code>原则(先进先出)。</p>
|
|
|
<p>由于篇幅有限，具体的代码这里就不再给出，感兴趣的读者可以自己验证下。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="同步和异步通道"><a class="header" href="#同步和异步通道">同步和异步通道</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>Rust 标准库的<code>mpsc</code>通道其实分为两种类型：同步和异步。</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="异步通道"><a class="header" href="#异步通道">异步通道</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>之前我们使用的都是异步通道：无论接收者是否正在接收消息，消息发送者在发送消息时都不会阻塞:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">use std::sync::mpsc;
|
|
|
use std::thread;
|
|
|
use std::time::Duration;
|
|
|
fn main() {
|
|
|
let (tx, rx)= mpsc::channel();
|
|
|
|
|
|
let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
|
|
|
println!("发送之前");
|
|
|
tx.send(1).unwrap();
|
|
|
println!("发送之后");
|
|
|
});
|
|
|
|
|
|
println!("睡眠之前");
|
|
|
thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(3));
|
|
|
println!("睡眠之后");
|
|
|
|
|
|
println!("receive {}", rx.recv().unwrap());
|
|
|
handle.join().unwrap();
|
|
|
}</code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
<p>运行后输出如下:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">睡眠之前
|
|
|
发送之前
|
|
|
发送之后
|
|
|
//···睡眠3秒
|
|
|
睡眠之后
|
|
|
receive 1
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>主线程因为睡眠阻塞了 3 秒，因此并没有进行消息接收，而子线程却在此期间轻松完成了消息的发送。等主线程睡眠结束后，才姗姗来迟的从通道中接收了子线程老早之前发送的消息。</p>
|
|
|
<p>从输出还可以看出，<code>发送之前</code>和<code>发送之后</code>是连续输出的，没有受到接收端主线程的任何影响，因此通过<code>mpsc::channel</code>创建的通道是异步通道。</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="同步通道"><a class="header" href="#同步通道">同步通道</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>与异步通道相反，同步通道<strong>发送消息是阻塞的，只有在消息被接收后才解除阻塞</strong>，例如：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">use std::sync::mpsc;
|
|
|
use std::thread;
|
|
|
use std::time::Duration;
|
|
|
fn main() {
|
|
|
let (tx, rx)= mpsc::sync_channel(0);
|
|
|
|
|
|
let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
|
|
|
println!("发送之前");
|
|
|
tx.send(1).unwrap();
|
|
|
println!("发送之后");
|
|
|
});
|
|
|
|
|
|
println!("睡眠之前");
|
|
|
thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(3));
|
|
|
println!("睡眠之后");
|
|
|
|
|
|
println!("receive {}", rx.recv().unwrap());
|
|
|
handle.join().unwrap();
|
|
|
}</code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
<p>运行后输出如下：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">睡眠之前
|
|
|
发送之前
|
|
|
//···睡眠3秒
|
|
|
睡眠之后
|
|
|
receive 1
|
|
|
发送之后
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>可以看出，主线程由于睡眠被阻塞导致无法接收消息，因此子线程的发送也一直被阻塞，直到主线程结束睡眠并成功接收消息后，发送才成功：<strong>发送之后</strong>的输出是在<strong>receive 1</strong>之后，说明<strong>只有接收消息彻底成功后，发送消息才算完成</strong>。</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="消息缓存"><a class="header" href="#消息缓存">消息缓存</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>细心的读者可能已经发现在创建同步通道时，我们传递了一个参数<code>0</code>: <code>mpsc::sync_channel(0);</code>，这是什么意思呢？</p>
|
|
|
<p>答案不急给出，先将<code>0</code>改成<code>1</code>，然后再运行试试:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">睡眠之前
|
|
|
发送之前
|
|
|
发送之后
|
|
|
睡眠之后
|
|
|
receive 1
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>纳尼。。竟然得到了和异步通道一样的效果：根本没有等待主线程的接收开始，消息发送就立即完成了！ 难道同步通道变成了异步通道？ 别急，将子线程中的代码修改下试试：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
</span>println!("首次发送之前");
|
|
|
tx.send(1).unwrap();
|
|
|
println!("首次发送之后");
|
|
|
tx.send(1).unwrap();
|
|
|
println!("再次发送之后");
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
<p>在子线程中，我们又多发了一条消息，此时输出如下：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">睡眠之前
|
|
|
首次发送之前
|
|
|
首次发送之后
|
|
|
//···睡眠3秒
|
|
|
睡眠之后
|
|
|
receive 1
|
|
|
再次发送之后
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>Bingo，更奇怪的事出现了，第一条消息瞬间发送完成，没有阻塞，而发送第二条消息时却符合同步通道的特点：阻塞了，直到主线程接收后，才发送完成。</p>
|
|
|
<p>其实，一切的关键就在于<code>1</code>上，该值可以用来指定同步通道的消息缓存条数，当你设定为<code>N</code>时，发送者就可以无阻塞的往通道中发送<code>N</code>条消息，当消息缓冲队列满了后，新的消息发送将被阻塞(如果没有接收者消费缓冲队列中的消息，那么第<code>N+1</code>条消息就将触发发送阻塞)。</p>
|
|
|
<p>问题又来了，异步通道创建时完全没有这个缓冲值参数<code>mpsc::channel()</code>，它的缓冲值怎么设置呢？ 额。。。都异步了，都可以无限发送了，都有摩托车了，还要自行车做啥子哦？事实上异步通道的缓冲上限取决于你的内存大小，不要撑爆就行。</p>
|
|
|
<p>因此，使用异步消息虽然能非常高效且不会造成发送线程的阻塞，但是存在消息未及时消费，最终内存过大的问题。在实际项目中，可以考虑使用一个带缓冲值的同步通道来避免这种风险。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="关闭通道"><a class="header" href="#关闭通道">关闭通道</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>之前我们数次提到了通道关闭，并且提到了当通道关闭后，发送消息或接收消息将会报错。那么如何关闭通道呢？ 很简单：<strong>所有发送者被<code>drop</code>或者所有接收者被<code>drop</code>后，通道会自动关闭</strong>。</p>
|
|
|
<p>神奇的是，这件事是在编译期实现的，完全没有运行期性能损耗！只能说 Rust 的<code>Drop</code>特征 YYDS!</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="传输多种类型的数据"><a class="header" href="#传输多种类型的数据">传输多种类型的数据</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>之前提到过，一个消息通道只能传输一种类型的数据，如果你想要传输多种类型的数据，可以为每个类型创建一个通道，你也可以使用枚举类型来实现：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">use std::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver, Sender};
|
|
|
|
|
|
enum Fruit {
|
|
|
Apple(u8),
|
|
|
Orange(String)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn main() {
|
|
|
let (tx, rx): (Sender<Fruit>, Receiver<Fruit>) = mpsc::channel();
|
|
|
|
|
|
tx.send(Fruit::Orange("sweet".to_string())).unwrap();
|
|
|
tx.send(Fruit::Apple(2)).unwrap();
|
|
|
|
|
|
for _ in 0..2 {
|
|
|
match rx.recv().unwrap() {
|
|
|
Fruit::Apple(count) => println!("received {} apples", count),
|
|
|
Fruit::Orange(flavor) => println!("received {} oranges", flavor),
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}</code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
<p>如上所示，枚举类型还能让我们带上想要传输的数据，但是有一点需要注意，Rust 会按照枚举中占用内存最大的那个成员进行内存对齐，这意味着就算你传输的是枚举中占用内存最小的成员，它占用的内存依然和最大的成员相同, 因此会造成内存上的浪费。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="新手容易遇到的坑"><a class="header" href="#新手容易遇到的坑">新手容易遇到的坑</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p><code>mpsc</code>虽然相当简洁明了，但是在使用起来还是可能存在坑：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">use std::sync::mpsc;
|
|
|
fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
|
use std::thread;
|
|
|
|
|
|
let (send, recv) = mpsc::channel();
|
|
|
let num_threads = 3;
|
|
|
for i in 0..num_threads {
|
|
|
let thread_send = send.clone();
|
|
|
thread::spawn(move || {
|
|
|
thread_send.send(i).unwrap();
|
|
|
println!("thread {:?} finished", i);
|
|
|
});
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 在这里drop send...
|
|
|
|
|
|
for x in recv {
|
|
|
println!("Got: {}", x);
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}
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println!("finished iterating");
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}</code></pre></pre>
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<p>以上代码看起来非常正常，但是运行后主线程会一直阻塞，最后一行打印输出也不会被执行，原因在于： 子线程拿走的是复制后的<code>send</code>的所有权，这些拷贝会在子线程结束后被<code>drop</code>，因此无需担心，但是<code>send</code>本身却直到<code>main</code>函数的结束才会被<code>drop</code>。</p>
|
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<p>之前提到，通道关闭的两个条件：发送者全部<code>drop</code>或接收者被<code>drop</code>，要结束<code>for</code>循环显然是要求发送者全部<code>drop</code>，但是由于<code>send</code>自身没有被<code>drop</code>，会导致该循环永远无法结束，最终主线程会一直阻塞。</p>
|
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<p>解决办法很简单，<code>drop</code>掉<code>send</code>即可：在代码中的注释下面添加一行<code>drop(send);</code>。</p>
|
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<h2 id="mpmc-更好的性能"><a class="header" href="#mpmc-更好的性能">mpmc 更好的性能</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>如果你需要 mpmc(多发送者，多接收者)或者需要更高的性能，可以考虑第三方库:</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/crossbeam-rs/crossbeam/tree/master/crossbeam-channel"><strong>crossbeam-channel</strong></a>, 老牌强库，功能较全，性能较强，之前是独立的库，但是后面合并到了<code>crossbeam</code>主仓库中</li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/zesterer/flume"><strong>flume</strong></a>, 官方给出的性能数据某些场景要比 crossbeam 更好些</li>
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