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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../about-book.html">关于本书</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../into-rust.html">进入 Rust 编程世界</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../first-try/sth-you-should-not-do.html">避免从入门到放弃</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../community.html">社区和锈书</a></li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../some-thoughts.html">Xobserve: 一切皆可观测</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../beat-ai.html">BeatAI: 工程师 AI 入门圣经</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><li class="part-title">Rust 语言基础学习</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../first-try/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 寻找牛刀，以便小试</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../first-try/installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 安装 Rust 环境</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../first-try/editor.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 墙推 VSCode!</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../first-try/cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 认识 Cargo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../first-try/hello-world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> 不仅仅是 Hello world</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../first-try/slowly-downloading.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 下载依赖太慢了？</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Rust 基础入门</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/variable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 变量绑定与解构</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/base-type/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 基本类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/base-type/numbers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> 数值类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/base-type/char-bool.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> 字符、布尔、单元类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/base-type/statement-expression.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> 语句与表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/base-type/function.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.4.</strong> 函数</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/ownership/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 所有权和借用</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/ownership/ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.1.</strong> 所有权</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/ownership/borrowing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.2.</strong> 引用与借用</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/compound-type/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 复合类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/compound-type/string-slice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.1.</strong> 字符串与切片</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/compound-type/tuple.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.2.</strong> 元组</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/compound-type/struct.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.3.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/compound-type/enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.4.</strong> 枚举</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/compound-type/array.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.5.</strong> 数组</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/flow-control.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 流程控制</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/match-pattern/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 模式匹配</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/match-pattern/match-if-let.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.1.</strong> match 和 if let</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/match-pattern/option.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.2.</strong> 解构 Option</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/match-pattern/pattern-match.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.3.</strong> 模式适用场景</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/match-pattern/all-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.4.</strong> 全模式列表</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/method.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 方法 Method</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/trait/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.</strong> 泛型和特征</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/trait/generic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.1.</strong> 泛型 Generics</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/trait/trait.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.2.</strong> 特征 Trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/trait/trait-object.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.3.</strong> 特征对象</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/trait/advance-trait.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.4.</strong> 进一步深入特征</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/collections/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.9.</strong> 集合类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/collections/vector.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.9.1.</strong> 动态数组 Vector</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/collections/hashmap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.9.2.</strong> KV 存储 HashMap</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/lifetime.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.10.</strong> 认识生命周期</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/result-error/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.11.</strong> 返回值和错误处理</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/result-error/panic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.11.1.</strong> panic! 深入剖析</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/result-error/result.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.11.2.</strong> 返回值 Result 和?</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/crate-module/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.12.</strong> 包和模块</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/crate-module/crate.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.12.1.</strong> 包 Crate</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/crate-module/module.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.12.2.</strong> 模块 Module</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/crate-module/use.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.12.3.</strong> 使用 use 引入模块及受限可见性</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/comment.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.13.</strong> 注释和文档</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/formatted-output.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.14.</strong> 格式化输出</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic-practice/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 入门实战：文件搜索工具</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic-practice/base-features.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 基本功能</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic-practice/refactoring.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 增加模块化和错误处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic-practice/tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 测试驱动开发</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic-practice/envs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 使用环境变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic-practice/stderr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 重定向错误信息的输出</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic-practice/iterators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 使用迭代器来改进程序(可选)</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">Rust 语言进阶学习</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Rust 高级进阶</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/lifetime/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 生命周期</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/lifetime/advance.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.1.</strong> 深入生命周期</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/lifetime/static.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.2.</strong> &'static 和 T: 'static</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/functional-programing/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> 函数式编程: 闭包、迭代器</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/functional-programing/closure.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.1.</strong> 闭包 Closure</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/functional-programing/iterator.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.2.</strong> 迭代器 Iterator</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/into-types/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> 深入类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/into-types/converse.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.1.</strong> 类型转换</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/into-types/custom-type.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.2.</strong> newtype 和 类型别名</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/into-types/sized.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.3.</strong> Sized 和不定长类型 DST</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/into-types/enum-int.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.4.</strong> 枚举和整数</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/smart-pointer/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 智能指针</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/smart-pointer/box.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.1.</strong> Box堆对象分配</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/smart-pointer/deref.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.2.</strong> Deref 解引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/smart-pointer/drop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.3.</strong> Drop 释放资源</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/smart-pointer/rc-arc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.4.</strong> Rc 与 Arc 实现 1vN 所有权机制</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/smart-pointer/cell-refcell.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.5.</strong> Cell 与 RefCell 内部可变性</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/circle-self-ref/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> 循环引用与自引用</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/circle-self-ref/circle-reference.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.1.</strong> Weak 与循环引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/circle-self-ref/self-referential.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.2.</strong> 结构体中的自引用</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/concurrency-with-threads/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.</strong> 多线程并发编程</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/concurrency-with-threads/concurrency-parallelism.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.1.</strong> 并发和并行</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/concurrency-with-threads/thread.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.2.</strong> 使用多线程</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/concurrency-with-threads/message-passing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.3.</strong> 线程同步：消息传递</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/concurrency-with-threads/sync1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.4.</strong> 线程同步：锁、Condvar 和信号量</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/concurrency-with-threads/sync2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.5.</strong> 线程同步：Atomic 原子操作与内存顺序</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/concurrency-with-threads/send-sync.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.6.</strong> 基于 Send 和 Sync 的线程安全</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/global-variable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.7.</strong> 全局变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/errors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.8.</strong> 错误处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/unsafe/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.9.</strong> Unsafe Rust</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/unsafe/superpowers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.9.1.</strong> 五种兵器</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/unsafe/inline-asm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.9.2.</strong> 内联汇编</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/macro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.10.</strong> Macro 宏编程</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/async/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.</strong> async/await 异步编程</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/async/getting-started.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.1.</strong> async 编程入门</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/async/future-excuting.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.2.</strong> 底层探秘: Future 执行与任务调度</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/async/pin-unpin.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.3.</strong> 定海神针 Pin 和 Unpin</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/async/async-await.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.4.</strong> async/await 和 Stream 流处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/async/multi-futures-simultaneous.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.5.</strong> 同时运行多个 Future</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/async/pain-points-and-workarounds.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.6.</strong> 一些疑难问题的解决办法</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/async/web-server.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.7.</strong> 实践应用：Async Web 服务器</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice1/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 进阶实战1: 实现一个 web 服务器</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice1/web-server.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> 单线程版本</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice1/multi-threads.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> 多线程版本</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice1/graceful-shutdown.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> 优雅关闭和资源清理</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 进阶实战2: 实现一个简单 Redis</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice/overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> tokio 概览</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice/getting-startted.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> 使用初印象</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice/spawning.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> 创建异步任务</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice/shared-state.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> 共享状态</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice/channels.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> 消息传递</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice/io.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.6.</strong> I/O</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice/frame.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.7.</strong> 解析数据帧</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice/async.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.8.</strong> 深入 async</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice/select.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.9.</strong> select</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice/stream.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.10.</strong> 类似迭代器的 Stream</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice/graceful-shutdown.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.11.</strong> 优雅的关闭</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice/bridging-with-sync.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.12.</strong> 异步跟同步共存</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../difficulties/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Rust 难点攻关</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../difficulties/slice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> 切片和切片引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../difficulties/eq.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> Eq 和 PartialEq</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../difficulties/string.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> String、&str 和 str TODO</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../difficulties/lifetime.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> 作用域、生命周期和 NLL TODO</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../difficulties/move-copy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> move、Copy 和 Clone TODO</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/difficulties/pointer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.6.</strong> 裸指针、引用和智能指针 TODO</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">常用工具链</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../test/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> 自动化测试</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../test/write-tests.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> 编写测试及控制执行</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../test/unit-integration-test.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> 单元测试和集成测试</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../test/assertion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> 断言 assertion</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../test/ci.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.</strong> 用 GitHub Actions 进行持续集成</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../test/benchmark.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.5.</strong> 基准测试 benchmark</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Cargo 使用指南</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/getting-started.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> 上手使用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/guide/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> 基础指南</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/guide/why-exist.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.1.</strong> 为何会有 Cargo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/guide/download-package.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.2.</strong> 下载并构建 Package</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/guide/dependencies.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.3.</strong> 添加依赖</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/guide/package-layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.4.</strong> Package 目录结构</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/guide/cargo-toml-lock.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.5.</strong> Cargo.toml vs Cargo.lock</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/guide/tests-ci.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.6.</strong> 测试和 CI</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/guide/cargo-cache.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.7.</strong> Cargo 缓存</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/guide/build-cache.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.8.</strong> Build 缓存</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/reference/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> 进阶指南</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/reference/specify-deps.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.1.</strong> 指定依赖项</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/reference/deps-overriding.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.2.</strong> 依赖覆盖</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/reference/manifest.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.3.</strong> Cargo.toml 清单详解</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/reference/cargo-target.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.4.</strong> Cargo Target</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/reference/workspaces.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.5.</strong> 工作空间 Workspace</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/reference/features/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.6.</strong> 条件编译 Features</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/reference/features/examples.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.6.1.</strong> Features 示例</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/reference/profiles.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.7.</strong> 发布配置 Profile</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/reference/configuration.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.8.</strong> 通过 config.toml 对 Cargo 进行配置</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/reference/publishing-on-crates.io.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.9.</strong> 发布到 crates.io</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/reference/build-script/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.10.</strong> 构建脚本 build.rs</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/reference/build-script/examples.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.10.1.</strong> 构建脚本示例</a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">开发实践</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usecases/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> 企业落地实践</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usecases/aws-rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> AWS 为何这么喜欢 Rust?</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../logs/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> 日志和监控</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../logs/about-log.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> 日志详解</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../logs/log.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> 日志门面 log</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../logs/tracing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> 使用 tracing 记录日志</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../logs/tracing-logger.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.4.</strong> 自定义 tracing 的输出格式</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../logs/observe/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.</strong> 监控</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../logs/observe/about-observe.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.1.</strong> 可观测性</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../logs/observe/trace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.2.</strong> 分布式追踪</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../practice/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> Rust 最佳实践</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../practice/third-party-libs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> 日常开发三方库精选</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../practice/naming.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> 命名规范</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../practice/interview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> 面试经验</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../practice/best-pratice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> 代码开发实践 todo</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> 手把手带你实现链表</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/do-we-need-it.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.1.</strong> 我们到底需不需要链表</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/bad-stack/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.</strong> 不太优秀的单向链表：栈</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/bad-stack/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.1.</strong> 数据布局</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/bad-stack/basic-operations.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.2.</strong> 基本操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/bad-stack/final-code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.3.</strong> 最后实现</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/ok-stack/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.</strong> 还可以的单向链表</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/ok-stack/type-optimizing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.1.</strong> 优化类型定义</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/ok-stack/peek.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.2.</strong> 定义 Peek 函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/ok-stack/iter.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.3.</strong> IntoIter 和 Iter</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/ok-stack/itermut.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.4.</strong> IterMut 以及完整代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/persistent-stack/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.</strong> 持久化单向链表</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/persistent-stack/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.1.</strong> 数据布局和基本操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/persistent-stack/drop-arc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.2.</strong> Drop、Arc 及完整代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/deque/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.</strong> 不咋样的双端队列</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/deque/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.1.</strong> 数据布局和基本操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/deque/peek.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.2.</strong> Peek</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/deque/symmetric.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.3.</strong> 基本操作的对称镜像</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/deque/iterator.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.4.</strong> 迭代器</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/deque/final-code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.5.</strong> 最终代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.</strong> 不错的 unsafe 队列</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.1.</strong> 数据布局</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/basics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.2.</strong> 基本操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/miri.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.3.</strong> Miri</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/stacked-borrow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.4.</strong> 栈借用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/testing-stacked-borrow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.5.</strong> 测试栈借用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/layout2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.6.</strong> 数据布局 2</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/extra-junk.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.7.</strong> 额外的操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/final-code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.8.</strong> 最终代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.</strong> 生产级的双向 unsafe 队列</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.1.</strong> 数据布局</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/variance-and-phantomData.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.2.</strong> 型变与子类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/basics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.3.</strong> 基础结构</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/drop-and-panic-safety.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.4.</strong> 恐慌与安全</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/boring-combinatorics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.5.</strong> 无聊的组合</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/filling-in-random-bits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.6.</strong> 其它特征</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/testing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.7.</strong> 测试</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/send-sync-and-compile-tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.8.</strong> Send,Sync和编译测试</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/implementing-cursors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.9.</strong> 实现游标</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/testing-cursors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.10.</strong> 测试游标</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/final-code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.11.</strong> 最终代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/advanced-lists/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.8.</strong> 使用高级技巧实现链表</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/advanced-lists/double-singly.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.8.1.</strong> 双单向链表</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/advanced-lists/stack-allocated.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.8.2.</strong> 栈上的链表</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">攻克编译错误</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> 征服编译错误</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/fight-with-compiler/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> 对抗编译检查</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.</strong> 生命周期</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/too-long1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.1.</strong> 生命周期过大-01</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/too-long2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.2.</strong> 生命周期过大-02</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/loop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.3.</strong> 循环中的生命周期</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/closure-with-static.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.4.</strong> 闭包碰到特征对象-01</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/fight-with-compiler/borrowing/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.2.</strong> 重复借用</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/fight-with-compiler/borrowing/ref-exist-in-out-fn.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.2.1.</strong> 同时在函数内外使用引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/fight-with-compiler/borrowing/borrow-distinct-fields-of-struct.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.2.2.</strong> 智能指针引起的重复借用错误</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/fight-with-compiler/unconstrained.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.3.</strong> 类型未限制(todo)</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/fight-with-compiler/phantom-data.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.4.</strong> 幽灵数据(todo)</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/pitfalls/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.</strong> Rust 常见陷阱</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/pitfalls/use-vec-in-for.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.1.</strong> for 循环中使用外部数组</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/pitfalls/stack-overflow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.2.</strong> 线程类型导致的栈溢出</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/pitfalls/arithmetic-overflow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.3.</strong> 算术溢出导致的 panic</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/pitfalls/closure-with-lifetime.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.4.</strong> 闭包中奇怪的生命周期</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/pitfalls/the-disabled-mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.5.</strong> 可变变量不可变？</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/pitfalls/multiple-mutable-references.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.6.</strong> 可变借用失败引发的深入思考</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/pitfalls/lazy-iterators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.7.</strong> 不太勤快的迭代器</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/pitfalls/weird-ranges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.8.</strong> 奇怪的序列 x..y</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/pitfalls/iterator-everywhere.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.9.</strong> 无处不在的迭代器</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/pitfalls/main-with-channel-blocked.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.10.</strong> 线程间传递消息导致主线程无法结束</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/pitfalls/utf8-performance.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.11.</strong> 警惕 UTF-8 引发的性能隐患</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">性能优化</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> Rust 性能优化 todo</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/memory/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.</strong> 深入内存 todo</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/memory/pointer-ref.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.1.</strong> 指针和引用 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/memory/uninit.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.2.</strong> 未初始化内存 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/memory/allocation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.3.</strong> 内存分配 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/memory/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.4.</strong> 内存布局 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/memory/virtual.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.5.</strong> 虚拟内存 todo</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/performance/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.</strong> 性能调优 doing</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/performance/string.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.1.</strong> 字符串操作性能</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/performance/deep-into-move.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.2.</strong> 深入理解 move</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/performance/early-optimise.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.3.</strong> 糟糕的提前优化 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/performance/clone-copy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.4.</strong> Clone 和 Copy todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/performance/runtime-check.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.5.</strong> 减少 Runtime check(todo)</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/performance/cpu-cache.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.6.</strong> CPU 缓存性能优化 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/performance/calculate.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.7.</strong> 计算性能优化 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/performance/heap-stack.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.8.</strong> 堆和栈 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/performance/allocator.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.9.</strong> 内存 allocator todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/performance/tools.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.10.</strong> 常用性能测试工具 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/performance/enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.11.</strong> Enum 内存优化 todo</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/compiler/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.</strong> 编译优化 todo</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/compiler/llvm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.1.</strong> LLVM todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/compiler/attributes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.2.</strong> 常见属性标记 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/compiler/speed-up.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.3.</strong> 提升编译速度 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/compiler/optimization/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.4.</strong> 编译器优化 todo</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/compiler/optimization/option.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.4.1.</strong> Option 枚举 todo</a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">附录</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> Appendix</div><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/keywords.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.1.</strong> 关键字</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/operators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.2.</strong> 运算符与符号</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/expressions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.3.</strong> 表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/derive.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.4.</strong> 派生特征 trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/prelude.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.5.</strong> prelude 模块 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-version.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.6.</strong> Rust 版本说明</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.</strong> Rust 历次版本更新解读</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.58.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.1.</strong> 1.58</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.59.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.2.</strong> 1.59</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.60.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.3.</strong> 1.60</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.61.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.4.</strong> 1.61</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.62.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.5.</strong> 1.62</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.63.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.6.</strong> 1.63</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.7.</strong> 1.64</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.65.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.8.</strong> 1.65</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.66.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.9.</strong> 1.66</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.67.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.10.</strong> 1.67</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.68.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.11.</strong> 1.68</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.69.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.12.</strong> 1.69</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.70.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.13.</strong> 1.70</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.71.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.14.</strong> 1.71</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.72.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.15.</strong> 1.72</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.73.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.16.</strong> 1.73</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.74.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.17.</strong> 1.74</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.75.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.18.</strong> 1.75</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.76.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.19.</strong> 1.76</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.77.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.20.</strong> 1.77</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.78.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.21.</strong> 1.78</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.79.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.22.</strong> 1.79</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.80.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.23.</strong> 1.80</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.81.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.24.</strong> 1.81</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.82.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.25.</strong> 1.82</a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>
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<h1 id="编写测试及控制执行"><a class="header" href="#编写测试及控制执行">编写测试及控制执行</a></h1>
<p>在 Rust 中，测试是通过函数的方式实现的，它可以用于验证被测试代码的正确性。测试函数往往依次执行以下三种行为：</p>
<ol>
<li>设置所需的数据或状态</li>
<li>运行想要测试的代码</li>
<li>判断( assert )返回的结果是否符合预期</li>
</ol>
<p>让我们来看看该如何使用 Rust 提供的特性来按照上述步骤编写测试用例。</p>
<h2 id="测试函数"><a class="header" href="#测试函数">测试函数</a></h2>
<p>当使用 <code>Cargo</code> 创建一个 <code>lib</code> 类型的包时，它会为我们自动生成一个测试模块。先来创建一个 <code>lib</code> 类型的 <code>adder</code> 包：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo new adder --lib
Created library `adder` project
$ cd adder
</code></pre>
<p>创建成功后，在 <em>src/lib.rs</em> 文件中可以发现如下代码:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
#[test]
fn it_works() {
assert_eq!(2 + 2, 4);
}
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>其中，<code>tests</code> 就是一个测试模块，<code>it_works</code> 则是我们的主角：测试函数。</p>
<p>可以看出，测试函数需要使用 <code>test</code> 属性进行标注。关于属性( <code>attribute</code> )，我们在之前的章节已经见过类似的 <code>derive</code>，使用它可以派生自动实现的 <code>Debug</code> 、<code>Copy</code> 等特征，同样的，使用 <code>test</code> 属性，我们也可以获取 Rust 提供的测试特性。</p>
<p>经过 <code>test</code> 标记的函数就可以被测试执行器发现，并进行运行。当然，在测试模块 <code>tests</code> 中，还可以定义非测试函数，这些函数可以用于设置环境或执行一些通用操作：例如为部分测试函数提供某个通用的功能，这种功能就可以抽象为一个非测试函数。</p>
<p>换而言之，正是因为测试模块既可以定义测试函数又可以定义非测试函数，导致了我们必须提供一个特殊的标记 <code>test</code>，用于告知哪个函数才是测试函数。</p>
<h4 id="assert_eq"><a class="header" href="#assert_eq">assert_eq</a></h4>
<p>在测试函数中，还使用到了一个内置的断言：<code>assert_eq</code>，该宏用于对结果进行断言：<code>2 + 2</code> 是否等于 <code>4</code>。与之类似，Rust 还内置了其它一些实用的断言，具体参见<a href="https://course.rs/test/assertion.html">后续章节</a>。</p>
<h2 id="cargo-test"><a class="header" href="#cargo-test">cargo test</a></h2>
<p>下面使用 <code>cargo test</code> 命令来运行项目中的所有测试:</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo test
Compiling adder v0.1.0 (file:///projects/adder)
Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.57s
Running unittests (target/debug/deps/adder-92948b65e88960b4)
running 1 test
test tests::it_works ... ok
test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
Doc-tests adder
running 0 tests
test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
</code></pre>
<p>上面测试输出中，有几点值得注意:</p>
<ul>
<li>测试用例是分批执行的，<code>running 1 test</code> 表示下面的输出 <code>test result</code> 来自一个测试用例的运行结果。</li>
<li><code>test tests::it_works</code> 中包含了测试用例的名称</li>
<li><code>test result: ok</code> 中的 <code>ok</code> 表示测试成功通过</li>
<li><code>1 passed</code> 代表成功通过一个测试用例(因为只有一个)，<code>0 failed</code> : 没有测试用例失败，<code>0 ignored</code> 说明我们没有将任何测试函数标记为运行时可忽略，<code>0 filtered</code> 意味着没有对测试结果做任何过滤，<code>0 mesasured</code> 代表<a href="https://course.rs/test/benchmark.html">基准测试(benchmark)</a>的结果</li>
</ul>
<p>关于 <code>filtered</code> 和 <code>ignored</code> 的使用，在本章节的后续内容我们会讲到，这里暂且略过。</p>
<p>还有一个很重要的点，输出中的 <code>Doc-tests adder</code> 代表了文档测试，由于我们的代码中没有任何文档测试的内容，因此这里的测试用例数为 <code>0</code>，关于文档测试的详细介绍请参见<a href="https://course.rs/basic/comment.html#%E6%96%87%E6%A1%A3%E6%B3%A8%E9%87%8A">这里</a>。</p>
<p>大家还可以尝试修改下测试函数的名称，例如修改为 <code>exploration</code>，看看运行结果将如何变化。</p>
<h4 id="失败的测试用例"><a class="header" href="#失败的测试用例">失败的测试用例</a></h4>
<p>是时候开始写自己的测试函数了，为了演示，这次我们来写一个会运行失败的:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
#[test]
fn exploration() {
assert_eq!(2 + 2, 4);
}
#[test]
fn another() {
panic!(&quot;Make this test fail&quot;);
}
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>新的测试函数 <code>another</code> 相当简单粗暴，直接使用 <code>panic</code> 来报错，使用 <code>cargo test</code> 运行看看结果：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">running 2 tests
test tests::another ... FAILED
test tests::exploration ... ok
failures:
---- tests::another stdout ----
thread 'main' panicked at 'Make this test fail', src/lib.rs:10:9
note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace
failures:
tests::another
test result: FAILED. 1 passed; 1 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
error: test failed, to rerun pass '--lib'
</code></pre>
<p>从结果看，两个测试函数，一个成功，一个失败，同时在输出中准确的告知了失败的函数名: <code>failures: tests::another</code>，同时还给出了具体的失败原因： <code>tests::another stdout</code>。这两者虽然看起来存在重复，但是前者用于说明每个失败的具体原因，后者用于给出一眼可得结论的汇总信息。</p>
<p>有同学可能会好奇，这两个测试函数以什么方式运行？ 它们会运行在同一个线程中吗？答案是否定的，Rust 在默认情况下会为每一个测试函数启动单独的线程去处理，当主线程 <code>main</code> 发现有一个测试线程死掉时，<code>main</code> 会将相应的测试标记为失败。</p>
<p>事实上，多线程运行测试虽然性能高，但是存在数据竞争的风险，在后文我们会对其进行详细介绍并给出解决方案。</p>
<h2 id="自定义失败信息"><a class="header" href="#自定义失败信息">自定义失败信息</a></h2>
<p>默认的失败信息在有时候并不是我们想要的，来看一个例子：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>pub fn greeting(name: &amp;str) -&gt; String {
format!(&quot;Hello {}!&quot;, name)
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn greeting_contains_name() {
let result = greeting(&quot;Sunface&quot;);
assert!(result.contains(&quot;孙飞&quot;));
}
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>使用 <code>cargo test</code> 运行后，错误如下：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">test tests::greeting_contains_name ... FAILED
failures:
---- tests::greeting_contains_name stdout ----
thread 'tests::greeting_contains_name' panicked at 'assertion failed: result.contains(\&quot;孙飞\&quot;)', src/lib.rs:12:9
note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace
failures:
tests::greeting_contains_name
</code></pre>
<p>可以看出，这段报错除了告诉我们错误发生的地方，并没有更多的信息，那再来看看该如何提供一些更有用的信息：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>fn greeting_contains_name() {
let result = greeting(&quot;Sunface&quot;);
let target = &quot;孙飞&quot;;
assert!(
result.contains(target),
&quot;你的问候中并没有包含目标姓名 {} ，你的问候是 `{}`&quot;,
target,
result
);
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>这段代码跟之前并无不同，只是为 <code>assert!</code> 新增了几个格式化参数，这种使用方式与 <code>format!</code> 并无区别。再次运行后，输出如下：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">---- tests::greeting_contains_name stdout ----
thread 'tests::greeting_contains_name' panicked at '你的问候中并没有包含目标姓名 孙飞 ，你的问候是 `Hello Sunface!`', src/lib.rs:14:9
note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace
</code></pre>
<p>这次的报错就清晰太多了，真棒！在测试用例少的时候，也许这种信息还无法体现最大的价值，但是一旦测试多了后，详尽的报错信息将帮助我们更好的进行 Debug。</p>
<h2 id="测试-panic"><a class="header" href="#测试-panic">测试 panic</a></h2>
<p>在之前的例子中，我们通过 <code>panic</code> 来触发报错，但是如果一个函数本来就会 <code>panic</code> ，而我们想要检查这种结果呢？</p>
<p>也就是说，我们需要一个办法来测试一个函数是否会 <code>panic</code>，对此， Rust 提供了 <code>should_panic</code> 属性注解，和 <code>test</code> 注解一样，对目标测试函数进行标注即可：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>pub struct Guess {
value: i32,
}
impl Guess {
pub fn new(value: i32) -&gt; Guess {
if value &lt; 1 || value &gt; 100 {
panic!(&quot;Guess value must be between 1 and 100, got {}.&quot;, value);
}
Guess { value }
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
#[should_panic]
fn greater_than_100() {
Guess::new(200);
}
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>上面是一个简单的猜数字游戏，<code>Guess</code> 结构体的 <code>new</code> 方法在传入的值不在 [1,100] 之间时，会直接 <code>panic</code>，而在测试函数 <code>greater_than_100</code> 中，我们传入的值 <code>200</code> 显然没有落入该区间，因此 <code>new</code> 方法会直接 <code>panic</code>，为了测试这个预期的 <code>panic</code> 行为，我们使用 <code>#[should_panic]</code> 对其进行了标注。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">running 1 test
test tests::greater_than_100 - should panic ... ok
test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
</code></pre>
<p>从输出可以看出， <code>panic</code> 的结果被准确的进行了测试，那如果测试函数中的代码不再 <code>panic</code> 呢？例如：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>fn greater_than_100() {
Guess::new(50);
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>此时显然会测试失败，因为我们预期一个 <code>panic</code>，但是 <code>new</code> 函数顺利的返回了一个 <code>Guess</code> 实例:</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">running 1 test
test tests::greater_than_100 - should panic ... FAILED
failures:
---- tests::greater_than_100 stdout ----
note: test did not panic as expected // 测试并没有按照预期发生 panic
</code></pre>
<h4 id="expected"><a class="header" href="#expected">expected</a></h4>
<p>虽然 <code>panic</code> 被成功测试到，但是如果代码发生的 <code>panic</code> 和我们预期的 <code>panic</code> 不符合呢？因为一段糟糕的代码可能会在不同的代码行生成不同的 <code>panic</code>。</p>
<p>鉴于此，我们可以使用可选的参数 <code>expected</code> 来说明预期的 <code>panic</code> 长啥样：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>// --snip--
impl Guess {
pub fn new(value: i32) -&gt; Guess {
if value &lt; 1 {
panic!(
&quot;Guess value must be greater than or equal to 1, got {}.&quot;,
value
);
} else if value &gt; 100 {
panic!(
&quot;Guess value must be less than or equal to 100, got {}.&quot;,
value
);
}
Guess { value }
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
#[should_panic(expected = &quot;Guess value must be less than or equal to 100&quot;)]
fn greater_than_100() {
Guess::new(200);
}
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>这段代码会通过测试，因为通过增加了 <code>expected</code> ，我们成功指定了期望的 <code>panic</code> 信息，大家可以顺着代码推测下：把 <code>200</code> 带入到 <code>new</code> 函数中看看会触发哪个 <code>panic</code>。</p>
<p>如果注意看，你会发现 <code>expected</code> 的字符串和实际 <code>panic</code> 的字符串可以不同，前者只需要是后者的字符串前缀即可，如果改成 <code> #[should_panic(expected = &quot;Guess value must be less than&quot;)]</code>，一样可以通过测试。</p>
<p>这里由于篇幅有限，我们就不再展示测试失败的报错，大家可以自己修改下 <code>expected</code> 的信息，然后看看报错后的输出长啥样。</p>
<h2 id="使用-resultt-e"><a class="header" href="#使用-resultt-e">使用 <code>Result&lt;T, E&gt;</code></a></h2>
<p>在之前的例子中，<code>panic</code> 扫清一切障碍，但是它也不是万能的，例如你想在测试中使用 <code>?</code> 操作符进行链式调用该怎么办？那就得请出 <code>Result&lt;T, E&gt;</code> 了：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
#[test]
fn it_works() -&gt; Result&lt;(), String&gt; {
if 2 + 2 == 4 {
Ok(())
} else {
Err(String::from(&quot;two plus two does not equal four&quot;))
}
}
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>如上所示，测试函数不会再使用 <code>assert_eq!</code> 导致 <code>panic</code>，而是手动进行了逻辑判断，并返回一个 <code>Result</code>。当然，当这么实现时，<code>#[should_panic]</code> 将无法再被使用。</p>
<p>至此，关于如何写测试的基本知识，大家已经了解的差不多了，下面来看看该如何控制测试的执行。</p>
<h2 id="使用----分割命令行参数"><a class="header" href="#使用----分割命令行参数">使用 <code>--</code> 分割命令行参数</a></h2>
<p>大家应该都知道 <code>cargo build</code> 可以将代码编译成一个可执行文件，那你知道 <code>cargo run</code> 和 <code>cargo test</code> 是如何运行的吗？其实道理都一样，这两个也是将代码编译成可执行文件，然后进行运行，唯一的区别就在于这个可执行文件随后会被删除。</p>
<p>正因为如此，<code>cargo test</code> 也可以通过命令行参数来控制测试的执行，例如你可以通过参数来让默认的多线程测试变成单线程下的测试。需要注意的是命令行参数有两种，这两种通过 <code>--</code> 进行分割：</p>
<ul>
<li>第一种是提供给 <code>cargo test</code> 命令本身的，这些参数在 <code>--</code> 之前指定</li>
<li>第二种是提供给编译后的可执行文件的，在 <code>--</code> 之后指定</li>
</ul>
<p>例如我们可以使用 <code>cargo test --help</code> 来查看第一种参数的帮助列表，还可以通过 <code>cargo test -- --help</code> 来查看第二种的帮助列表。</p>
<p>先来看看第二种参数中的其中一个，它可以控制测试是并行运行还是顺序运行。</p>
<h2 id="测试用例的并行或顺序执行"><a class="header" href="#测试用例的并行或顺序执行">测试用例的并行或顺序执行</a></h2>
<p>当运行多个测试函数时，默认情况下是为每个测试都生成一个线程，然后通过主线程来等待它们的完成和结果。这种模式的优点很明显，那就是并行运行会让整体测试时间变短很多，运行过大量测试用例的同学都明白并行测试的重要性：生命苦短，我用并行。</p>
<p>但是有利就有弊，并行测试最大的问题就在于共享状态的修改，因为你难以控制测试的运行顺序，因此如果多个测试共享一个数据，那么对该数据的使用也将变得不可控制。</p>
<p>例如，我们有多个测试，它们每个都会往该文件中写入一些<strong>自己的数据</strong>，最后再从文件中读取这些数据进行对比。由于所有测试都是同时运行的，当测试 <code>A</code> 写入数据准备读取并对比时，很有可能会被测试 <code>B</code> 写入新的数据，导致 <code>A</code> 写入的数据被覆盖，然后 <code>A</code> 再读取到的就是 <code>B</code> 写入的数据。结果 <code>A</code> 测试就会失败，而且这种失败还不是因为测试代码不正确导致的！</p>
<p>解决办法也有，我们可以让每个测试写入自己独立的文件中，当然，也可以让所有测试一个接着一个顺序运行:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>$ cargo test -- --test-threads=1
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>首先能注意到的是该命令行参数是第二种类型：提供给编译后的可执行文件的，因为它在 <code>--</code> 之后进行传递。其次，细心的同学可能会想到，线程数不仅仅可以指定为 <code>1</code>，还可以指定为 <code>4</code>、<code>8</code>，当然，想要顺序运行，就必须是 <code>1</code>。</p>
<h2 id="测试函数中的-println"><a class="header" href="#测试函数中的-println">测试函数中的 <code>println!</code></a></h2>
<p>默认情况下，如果测试通过，那写入标准输出的内容是不会显示在测试结果中的:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>fn prints_and_returns_10(a: i32) -&gt; i32 {
println!(&quot;I got the value {}&quot;, a);
10
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn this_test_will_pass() {
let value = prints_and_returns_10(4);
assert_eq!(10, value);
}
#[test]
fn this_test_will_fail() {
let value = prints_and_returns_10(8);
assert_eq!(5, value);
}
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>上面代码使用 <code>println!</code> 输出收到的参数值，来看看测试结果:</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">running 2 tests
test tests::this_test_will_fail ... FAILED
test tests::this_test_will_pass ... ok
failures:
---- tests::this_test_will_fail stdout ----
I got the value 8
thread 'main' panicked at 'assertion failed: `(left == right)`
left: `5`,
right: `10`', src/lib.rs:19:9
note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace
failures:
tests::this_test_will_fail
test result: FAILED. 1 passed; 1 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
</code></pre>
<p>大家注意看，<code>I got the value 4</code> 并没有被输出，因为该测试顺利通过了，如果就是想要看所有的输出，该怎么办呢？</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>$ cargo test -- --show-output
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>如上所示，只需要增加一个参数，具体的输出就不再展示，总之这次大家一定可以顺利看到 <code>I got the value 4</code> 的身影。</p>
<h2 id="指定运行一部分测试"><a class="header" href="#指定运行一部分测试">指定运行一部分测试</a></h2>
<p>在 Mysql 中有上百万的单元测试，如果使用类似 <code>cargo test</code> 的命令来运行全部的测试，那开发真的工作十分钟，吹牛八小时了。对于 Rust 的中大型项目也一样，每次都运行全部测试是不可接受的，特别是你的工作仅仅是项目中的一部分时。</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>pub fn add_two(a: i32) -&gt; i32 {
a + 2
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn add_two_and_two() {
assert_eq!(4, add_two(2));
}
#[test]
fn add_three_and_two() {
assert_eq!(5, add_two(3));
}
#[test]
fn one_hundred() {
assert_eq!(102, add_two(100));
}
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>如果直接使用 <code>cargo test</code> 运行，那三个测试函数会同时并行的运行：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">running 3 tests
test tests::add_three_and_two ... ok
test tests::add_two_and_two ... ok
test tests::one_hundred ... ok
test result: ok. 3 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
Doc-tests adder
running 0 tests
test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
</code></pre>
<p>就不说上百万测试，就说几百个，想象一下结果会是怎么样，下面我们来看看该如何解决这个问题。</p>
<h4 id="运行单个测试"><a class="header" href="#运行单个测试">运行单个测试</a></h4>
<p>这个很简单，只需要将指定的测试函数名作为参数即可：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo test one_hundred
running 1 test
test tests::one_hundred ... ok
test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 2 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
</code></pre>
<p>此时，只有测试函数 <code>one_hundred</code> 会被运行，其它两个由于名称不匹配，会被直接忽略。同时，在上面的输出中，Rust 也通过 <code>2 filtered out</code> 提示我们：有两个测试函数被过滤了。</p>
<p>但是，如果你试图同时指定多个名称，那抱歉:</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo test one_hundred,add_two_and_two
$ cargo test one_hundred add_two_and_two
</code></pre>
<p>这两种方式统统不行，此时就需要使用名称过滤的方式来实现了。</p>
<h4 id="通过名称来过滤测试"><a class="header" href="#通过名称来过滤测试">通过名称来过滤测试</a></h4>
<p>我们可以通过指定部分名称的方式来过滤运行相应的测试:</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo test add
running 2 tests
test tests::add_three_and_two ... ok
test tests::add_two_and_two ... ok
test result: ok. 2 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 1 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
</code></pre>
<p>事实上，你不仅可以使用前缀，还能使用名称中间的一部分：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo test and
running 2 tests
test tests::add_two_and_two ... ok
test tests::add_three_and_two ... ok
test result: ok. 2 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 1 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
</code></pre>
<p>其中还有一点值得注意，那就是测试模块 <code>tests</code> 的名称也出现在了最终结果中：<code>tests::add_two_and_two</code>，这是非常贴心的细节，也意味着我们可以通过<strong>模块名称来过滤测试</strong>：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo test tests
running 3 tests
test tests::add_two_and_two ... ok
test tests::add_three_and_two ... ok
test tests::one_hundred ... ok
test result: ok. 3 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
</code></pre>
<h4 id="忽略部分测试"><a class="header" href="#忽略部分测试">忽略部分测试</a></h4>
<p>有时候，一些测试会非常耗时间，因此我们希望在 <code>cargo test</code> 中对它进行忽略，如果使用之前的方式，我们需要将所有需要运行的名称指定一遍，这非常麻烦，好在 Rust 允许通过 <code>ignore</code> 关键字来忽略特定的测试用例:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>#[test]
fn it_works() {
assert_eq!(2 + 2, 4);
}
#[test]
#[ignore]
fn expensive_test() {
// 这里的代码需要几十秒甚至几分钟才能完成
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>在这里，我们使用 <code>#[ignore]</code> 对 <code>expensive_test</code> 函数进行了标注，看看结果：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo test
running 2 tests
test expensive_test ... ignored
test it_works ... ok
test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 1 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
Doc-tests adder
running 0 tests
test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
</code></pre>
<p>输出中的 <code>test expensive_test ... ignored</code> 意味着该测试函数被忽略了，因此并没有被执行。</p>
<p>当然，也可以通过以下方式运行被忽略的测试函数：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo test -- --ignored
running 1 test
test expensive_test ... ok
test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 1 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
Doc-tests adder
running 0 tests
test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
</code></pre>
<h4 id="组合过滤"><a class="header" href="#组合过滤">组合过滤</a></h4>
<p>上面的方式虽然很强大，但是单独使用依然存在局限性。好在它们还能组合使用，例如还是之前的代码：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn it_works() {
assert_eq!(2 + 2, 4);
}
#[test]
#[ignore]
fn expensive_test() {
// 这里的代码需要几十秒甚至几分钟才能完成
}
#[test]
#[ignore]
fn expensive_run() {
// 这里的代码需要几十秒甚至几分钟才能完成
}
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>然后运行 <code>tests</code> 模块中的被忽略的测试函数</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo test tests -- --ignored
running 2 tests
test tests::expensive_test ... ok
test tests::expensive_run ... ok
test result: ok. 2 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 1 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
</code></pre>
<p>运行名称中带 <code>run</code> 且被忽略的测试函数：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo test run -- --ignored
running 1 test
test tests::expensive_run ... ok
test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 2 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
</code></pre>
<p>类似的还有很多，大家可以自己摸索研究下，总之，熟练掌握测试的使用是非常重要的，虽然包括我在内的很多开发并不喜欢写测试 :)</p>
<h2 id="dev-dependencies"><a class="header" href="#dev-dependencies"><code>[dev-dependencies]</code></a></h2>
<p>与 <code>package.json</code>( Nodejs )文件中的 <code>devDependencies</code> 一样， Rust 也能引入只在开发测试场景使用的外部依赖。</p>
<p>其中一个例子就是 <a href="https://docs.rs/pretty_assertions/1.0.0/pretty_assertions/index.html"><code>pretty_assertions</code></a>，它可以用来扩展标准库中的 <code>assert_eq!</code> 和 <code>assert_ne!</code>，例如提供彩色字体的结果对比。</p>
<p>在 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 文件中添加以下内容来引入 <code>pretty_assertions</code>：</p>
<pre><code class="language-toml"># standard crate data is left out
[dev-dependencies]
pretty_assertions = &quot;1&quot;
</code></pre>
<p>然后在 <code>src/lib.rs</code> 中添加:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>pub fn add(a: i32, b: i32) -&gt; i32 {
a + b
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
use pretty_assertions::assert_eq; // 该包仅能用于测试
#[test]
fn test_add() {
assert_eq!(add(2, 3), 5);
}
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>在 <code>tests</code> 模块中，我们通过 <code>use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;</code> 成功的引入之前添加的包，由于 <code>tests</code> 模块明确的用于测试目的，这种引入并不会报错。 大家可以试试在正常代码(非测试代码)中引入该包，看看会发生什么。</p>
<h2 id="生成测试二进制文件"><a class="header" href="#生成测试二进制文件">生成测试二进制文件</a></h2>
<p>在有些时候，我们可能希望将测试与别人分享，这种情况下生成一个类似 <code>cargo build</code> 的可执行二进制文件是很好的选择。</p>
<p>事实上，在 <code>cargo test</code> 运行的时候，系统会自动为我们生成一个可运行测试的二进制可执行文件:</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo test
Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.00s
Running unittests (target/debug/deps/study_cargo-0d693f72a0f49166)
</code></pre>
<p>这里的 <code>target/debug/deps/study_cargo-0d693f72a0f49166</code> 就是可执行文件的路径和名称，我们直接运行该文件来执行编译好的测试:</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ target/debug/deps/study_cargo-0d693f72a0f49166
running 3 tests
test tests::add_two_and_two ... ok
test tests::add_three_and_two ... ok
test tests::one_hundred ... ok
test result: ok. 3 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
</code></pre>
<p>如果你只想生成编译生成文件，不想看 <code>cargo test</code> 的输出结果，还可以使用 <code>cargo test --no-run</code>.</p>
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