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<main>
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<h1 id="构建单线程-web-服务器"><a class="header" href="#构建单线程-web-服务器">构建单线程 Web 服务器</a></h1>
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<p>在开始之前先来简单回顾下构建所需的网络协议: HTTP 和 TCP。这两种协议都是请求-应答模式的网络协议，意味着在客户端发起请求后，服务器会监听并处理进入的请求，最后给予应答，至于这个过程怎么进行，取决于具体的协议定义。</p>
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<p>与 HTTP 有所不同， TCP 是一个底层协议，它仅描述客户端传递了信息给服务器，至于这个信息长什么样，怎么解析处理，则不在该协议的职责范畴内。</p>
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<p>而 HTTP 协议是更高层的通信协议，一般来说都基于 TCP 来构建 (HTTP/3 是基于 UDP 构建的协议)，更高层的协议也意味着它会对传输的信息进行解析处理。</p>
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<p>更加深入的学习网络协议并不属于本书的范畴，因此让我们从如何读取 TCP 传输的字节流开始吧。</p>
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<h2 id="监听-tcp-连接"><a class="header" href="#监听-tcp-连接">监听 TCP 连接</a></h2>
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<p>先来创建一个全新的项目:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo new hello
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Created binary (application) `hello` project
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$ cd hello
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</code></pre>
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<p>接下来，使用 <code>std::net</code> 模块监听进入的请求连接，IP和端口是 <code>127.0.0.1:7878</code> 。</p>
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<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">use std::net::TcpListener;
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fn main() {
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// 监听地址: 127.0.0.1:7878
|
|
|
let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:7878").unwrap();
|
|
|
|
|
|
for stream in listener.incoming() {
|
|
|
let stream = stream.unwrap();
|
|
|
|
|
|
println!("Connection established!");
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>选择 <code>7878</code> 端口的原因是，<code>80</code> 和 <code>8080</code> 往往都被 HTTP 服务器霸占，因此我们需要选择一个跟已经监听的端口不冲突的。</p>
|
|
|
<p><code>bind</code> 非常类似 <code>new</code> ，它返回一个 <code>TcpListener</code> 实例，只不过我们一般都说 “绑定到某个端口”，因此 <code>bind</code> 这个名称会更合适。</p>
|
|
|
<p><code>unwrap</code> 的使用是因为 <code>bind</code> 返回 <code>Result<T,E></code>，毕竟监听是有可能报错的，例如：如果要监听 <code>80</code> 端口往往需要管理员权限；监听了同样的端口，等等。</p>
|
|
|
<p><code>incoming</code> 会返回一个迭代器，它每一次迭代都会返回一个新的连接 <code>stream</code>(客户端发起，web服务器监听接收)，因此，接下来要做的就是从 <code>stream</code> 中读取数据，然后返回处理后的结果。</p>
|
|
|
<p>细心的同学可能会注意到，代码中对 <code>stream</code> 还进行了一次 <code>unwrap</code> 处理，原因在于我们并不是在迭代一个一个连接，而是在迭代处理一个一个请求建立连接的尝试，而这种尝试可能会失败！例如，操作系统的最大连接数限制。</p>
|
|
|
<p>现在，启动服务器，然后在你的浏览器中，访问地址 <code>127.0.0.1:7878</code>，这时应该会看到一条错误信息，类似: “Connection reset”，毕竟我们的服务器目前只是接收了连接，并没有回复任何数据。</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo run
|
|
|
Running `target/debug/hello`
|
|
|
Connection established!
|
|
|
Connection established!
|
|
|
Connection established!
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>无论浏览器怎么摆烂，我们的服务器还是成功打出了信息：TCP 连接已经成功建立。</p>
|
|
|
<p>可能大家会疑问，为啥在浏览器访问一次，可能会在终端打印出多次请求建立的信息，难道不是应该一一对应吗？原因在于当 <code>stream</code> 超出作用域时，会触发 <code>drop</code> 的扫尾工作，其中包含了关闭连接。但是，浏览器可能会存在自动重试的情况，因此还会重新建立连接，最终打印了多次。</p>
|
|
|
<p>由于 <code>listener.incoming</code> 会在当前阻塞式监听，也就是 <code>main</code> 线程会被阻塞，我们最后需要通过 <code>ctrl + c</code> 来结束程序进程。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="读取请求"><a class="header" href="#读取请求">读取请求</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>连接建立后，就可以开始读取客户端传来的数据:</p>
|
|
|
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">use std::{
|
|
|
io::{prelude::*, BufReader},
|
|
|
net::{TcpListener, TcpStream},
|
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn main() {
|
|
|
let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:7878").unwrap();
|
|
|
|
|
|
for stream in listener.incoming() {
|
|
|
let stream = stream.unwrap();
|
|
|
|
|
|
handle_connection(stream);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn handle_connection(mut stream: TcpStream) {
|
|
|
let buf_reader = BufReader::new(&mut stream);
|
|
|
let http_request: Vec<_> = buf_reader
|
|
|
.lines()
|
|
|
.map(|result| result.unwrap())
|
|
|
.take_while(|line| !line.is_empty())
|
|
|
.collect();
|
|
|
|
|
|
println!("Request: {:#?}", http_request);
|
|
|
}</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>这段代码有几点值得注意:</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>引入 <code>std::io::prelude</code> 和 <code>std::io::BufReader</code> 是引入相应的特征和类型，帮助我们读取和写入数据</li>
|
|
|
<li><code>BufReader</code> 可以实现缓冲区读取，底层其实是基于 <code>std::io::Read</code> 实现</li>
|
|
|
<li>可以使用 <code>lines</code> 方法来获取一个迭代器，可以对传输的内容流进行按行迭代读取，要使用该方法，必须先引入 <code>std::io::BufRead</code></li>
|
|
|
<li>最后使用 <code>collect</code> 消费掉迭代器，最终客户端发来的请求数据被存到 <code>http_request</code> 这个动态数组中</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p>大家可能会比较好奇，该如何判断客户端发来的 HTTP 数据是否读取完成，答案就在于客户端会在请求数据的结尾附上两个换行符，当我们检测到某一行字符串为空时，就意味着请求数据已经传输完毕，可以 <code>collect</code> 了。</p>
|
|
|
<p>来运行下试试:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo run
|
|
|
Compiling hello v0.1.0 (file:///projects/hello)
|
|
|
Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.42s
|
|
|
Running `target/debug/hello`
|
|
|
Request: [
|
|
|
"GET / HTTP/1.1",
|
|
|
"Host: 127.0.0.1:7878",
|
|
|
"User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.15; rv:99.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/99.0",
|
|
|
"Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8",
|
|
|
"Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5",
|
|
|
"Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br",
|
|
|
"DNT: 1",
|
|
|
"Connection: keep-alive",
|
|
|
"Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1",
|
|
|
"Sec-Fetch-Dest: document",
|
|
|
"Sec-Fetch-Mode: navigate",
|
|
|
"Sec-Fetch-Site: none",
|
|
|
"Sec-Fetch-User: ?1",
|
|
|
"Cache-Control: max-age=0",
|
|
|
]
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>呦，还挺长的，是不是长得很像我们以前见过的 HTTP 请求 JSON，来简单分析下。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="http-请求长啥样"><a class="header" href="#http-请求长啥样">HTTP 请求长啥样</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>刚才的文本挺长的，但其实符合以下的格式:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-text">Method Request-URI HTTP-Version
|
|
|
headers CRLF
|
|
|
|
|
|
message-body
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>第一行 Method 是请求的方法，例如 <code>GET</code>、<code>POST</code> 等，Request-URI 是该请求希望访问的目标资源路径，例如 <code>/</code>、<code>/hello/world</code> 等</li>
|
|
|
<li>类似 JSON 格式的数据都是 HTTP 请求报头 headers，例如 <code>"Host: 127.0.0.1:7878"</code></li>
|
|
|
<li>至于 message-body 是消息体， 它包含了用户请求携带的具体数据，例如更改用户名的请求，就要提交新的用户名数据，至于刚才的 <code>GET</code> 请求，它是没有 message-body 的</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p>大家可以尝试换一个浏览器再访问一次，看看不同的浏览器请求携带的 headers 是否不同。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="请求应答"><a class="header" href="#请求应答">请求应答</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>目前为止，都是在服务器端的操作，浏览器的请求依然还会报错，是时候给予相应的请求应答了，HTTP 格式类似:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-text">HTTP-Version Status-Code Reason-Phrase CRLF
|
|
|
headers CRLF
|
|
|
|
|
|
message-body
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>应答的格式与请求相差不大，其中 Status-Code 是最重要的，它用于告诉客户端，当前的请求是否成功，若失败，大概是什么原因，它就是著名的 HTTP 状态码，常用的有 <code>200</code>: 请求成功，<code>404</code> 目标不存在，等等。</p>
|
|
|
<p>为了帮助大家更直观的感受下应答格式第一行长什么样，下面给出一个示例:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-text">HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n\r\n
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>下面将该应答发送回客户端:</p>
|
|
|
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
</span>fn handle_connection(mut stream: TcpStream) {
|
|
|
let buf_reader = BufReader::new(&mut stream);
|
|
|
let http_request: Vec<_> = buf_reader
|
|
|
.lines()
|
|
|
.map(|result| result.unwrap())
|
|
|
.take_while(|line| !line.is_empty())
|
|
|
.collect();
|
|
|
|
|
|
let response = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n\r\n";
|
|
|
|
|
|
stream.write_all(response.as_bytes()).unwrap();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>由于 <code>write_all</code> 方法接受 <code>&[u8]</code> 类型作为参数，这里需要用 <code>as_bytes</code> 将字符串转换为字节数组。</p>
|
|
|
<p>重新启动服务器，然后再观察下浏览器中的输出，这次应该不再有报错，而是一个空白页面，因为没有返回任何具体的数据( message-body )，上面只是一条最简单的符合 HTTP 格式的数据。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="返回-html-页面"><a class="header" href="#返回-html-页面">返回 HTML 页面</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>空白页面显然会让人不知所措，那就返回一个简单的 HTML 页面，给用户打给招呼。</p>
|
|
|
<p>在项目的根目录下创建 <code>hello.html</code> 文件并写入如下内容：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-html"><!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
|
<html lang="en">
|
|
|
<head>
|
|
|
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
|
|
<title>Hello!</title>
|
|
|
</head>
|
|
|
<body>
|
|
|
<h1>Hello!</h1>
|
|
|
<p>Hi from Rust</p>
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
|
</html>
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>看得出来，这是一个非常简单的 HTML5 网页文档，基本上没人读不懂吧 ：）</p>
|
|
|
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
</span>use std::{
|
|
|
fs,
|
|
|
io::{prelude::*, BufReader},
|
|
|
net::{TcpListener, TcpStream},
|
|
|
};
|
|
|
// --snip--
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn handle_connection(mut stream: TcpStream) {
|
|
|
let buf_reader = BufReader::new(&mut stream);
|
|
|
let http_request: Vec<_> = buf_reader
|
|
|
.lines()
|
|
|
.map(|result| result.unwrap())
|
|
|
.take_while(|line| !line.is_empty())
|
|
|
.collect();
|
|
|
|
|
|
let status_line = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK";
|
|
|
let contents = fs::read_to_string("hello.html").unwrap();
|
|
|
let length = contents.len();
|
|
|
|
|
|
let response =
|
|
|
format!("{status_line}\r\nContent-Length: {length}\r\n\r\n{contents}");
|
|
|
|
|
|
stream.write_all(response.as_bytes()).unwrap();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>新修改的代码中，读取了新增 HTML 的内容，并按照 HTTP 格式，将内容传回给客户端。</p>
|
|
|
<p>具体的运行验证就不再赘述，我们再来看看如何增加一些验证和选择性回复。</p>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>用这么奇怪的格式返回应答数据，原因只有一个，我们在模拟实现真正的 http web 服务器框架。事实上，写逻辑代码时，只需使用现成的 web 框架( 例如 <a href="https://rocket.rs"><code>rocket</code></a> )去启动 web 服务即可，解析请求数据和返回应答数据都已经被封装在 API 中，非常简单易用</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<h2 id="验证请求和选择性应答"><a class="header" href="#验证请求和选择性应答">验证请求和选择性应答</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>用户想要获取他的个人信息，你给他 say hi，用户想要查看他的某篇文章内容，你给他 say hi, 好吧用户想要骂你，你还是给它 say hi。</p>
|
|
|
<p>是的，这种服务态度我们很欣赏，但是这种服务质量属实令人堪忧。因此我们要针对用户的不同请求给出相应的不同回复，让场景模拟更加真实。</p>
|
|
|
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
</span>fn handle_connection(mut stream: TcpStream) {
|
|
|
let buf_reader = BufReader::new(&mut stream);
|
|
|
let request_line = buf_reader.lines().next().unwrap().unwrap();
|
|
|
|
|
|
if request_line == "GET / HTTP/1.1" {
|
|
|
let status_line = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK";
|
|
|
let contents = fs::read_to_string("hello.html").unwrap();
|
|
|
let length = contents.len();
|
|
|
|
|
|
let response = format!(
|
|
|
"{status_line}\r\nContent-Length: {length}\r\n\r\n{contents}"
|
|
|
);
|
|
|
|
|
|
stream.write_all(response.as_bytes()).unwrap();
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
// some other request
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>注意迭代器方法 <code>next</code> 的使用，原因在于我们只需要读取第一行，判断具体的 HTTP METHOD 是什么。</p>
|
|
|
<p>接着判断了用户是否请求了 <code>/</code> 根路径，如果是，返回之前的 <code>hello.html</code> 页面；如果不是…尚未实现。</p>
|
|
|
<p>重新运行服务器，如果你继续访问 <code>127.0.0.1:7878</code> ，那么看到的依然是 <code>hello.html</code> 页面，因为默认访问根路径，但是一旦换一个路径访问，例如 <code>127.0.0.1:7878/something-else</code>，那你将继续看到之前看过多次的连接错误。</p>
|
|
|
<p>下面来完善下，当用户访问根路径之外的页面时，给他展示一个友好的 404 页面( 相比直接报错 )。</p>
|
|
|
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
</span> // --snip--
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
let status_line = "HTTP/1.1 404 NOT FOUND";
|
|
|
let contents = fs::read_to_string("404.html").unwrap();
|
|
|
let length = contents.len();
|
|
|
|
|
|
let response = format!(
|
|
|
"{status_line}\r\nContent-Length: {length}\r\n\r\n{contents}"
|
|
|
);
|
|
|
|
|
|
stream.write_all(response.as_bytes()).unwrap();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>哦对了，别忘了在根路径下创建 <code>404.html</code>并填入下面内容:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-html"><!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
|
<html lang="en">
|
|
|
<head>
|
|
|
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
|
|
<title>你好!</title>
|
|
|
</head>
|
|
|
<body>
|
|
|
<h1>很抱歉!</h1>
|
|
|
<p>由于运维删库跑路，我们的数据全部丢失，总监也已经准备跑路，88</p>
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
|
</html>
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>最后，上面的代码其实有很多重复，可以提取出来进行简单重构:</p>
|
|
|
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
</span>// --snip--
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn handle_connection(mut stream: TcpStream) {
|
|
|
// --snip--
|
|
|
|
|
|
let (status_line, filename) = if request_line == "GET / HTTP/1.1" {
|
|
|
("HTTP/1.1 200 OK", "hello.html")
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
("HTTP/1.1 404 NOT FOUND", "404.html")
|
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
|
|
let contents = fs::read_to_string(filename).unwrap();
|
|
|
let length = contents.len();
|
|
|
|
|
|
let response =
|
|
|
format!("{status_line}\r\nContent-Length: {length}\r\n\r\n{contents}");
|
|
|
|
|
|
stream.write_all(response.as_bytes()).unwrap();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>至此，单线程版本的服务器已经完成，但是说实话，没啥用，总不能让你的用户排队等待访问吧，那也太糟糕了…</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</main>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="nav-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
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