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<main>
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<h2 id="认识-cargo"><a class="header" href="#认识-cargo">认识 Cargo</a></h2>
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<p>但凡经历过 C/C++ 或 Go 语言 1.10 版本之前的用户都知道，一个好的包管理工具有多么的重要！！我那个时候是如此的渴望类似 <code>nodejs</code> 的 <code>npm</code> 包管理工具，但是却求而不得。</p>
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<p>包管理工具最重要的意义就是<strong>任何用户拿到你的代码，都能运行起来</strong>，而不会因为各种包版本依赖焦头烂额。</p>
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<p>Go 语言在 1.10 版本之前，所有的包都是在 <code>github.com</code> 下存放，导致了所有的项目都公用一套依赖代码，在本地项目复杂后，这简直是一种灾难。</p>
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<p>说多了都是泪，笔者目前还有一个早期 Go 的项目（15 年写的），用到了 <code>iris</code> （一个坑爹 HTTP 服务），结果现在运行不起来了，因为找不到 <code>iris</code> 当时的那个版本了！！</p>
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<p>作为一门现代化语言，<code>Rust</code> 吸收了多个语言的包管理优点，为大家提供超级大杀器： <code>cargo</code>，真的，再挑剔的开发者，都对它赞不绝口。👍</p>
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<p>总而言之，<code>cargo</code> 提供了一系列的工具，从项目的建立、构建到测试、运行直至部署，为 Rust 项目的管理提供尽可能完整的手段。同时，与 Rust 语言及其编译器 <code>rustc</code> 紧密结合，可以说用了后就忘不掉，如同初恋般的感觉。</p>
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<h2 id="创建一个你好世界项目"><a class="header" href="#创建一个你好世界项目">创建一个“你好，世界“项目</a></h2>
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<p>又见“你好，世界“，肯定有读者在批评了：你就不能有点创意吗？“世界，你好“难道不配？你是读者，你说了算，那我们就来创建一个“世界，你好”。</p>
|
|
|
<p>上文提到，Rust 语言的包管理工具是 <code>cargo</code>。不过，我们无需再手动安装，之前安装 Rust 的时候，就已经一并安装了。</p>
|
|
|
<p>终于到了紧张刺激的 new new new 环节：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo new world_hello
|
|
|
$ cd world_hello
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>上面的命令使用 <code>cargo new</code> 创建一个项目，项目名是 <code>world_hello</code> （向读者势力低头的项目名称，泪奔），该项目的结构和配置文件都是由 <code>cargo</code> 生成，意味着<strong>我们的项目被 <code>cargo</code> 所管理</strong>。</p>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>如果你在终端无法使用这个命令，考虑一下 <code>环境变量</code> 是否正确的设置：把 <code>cargo</code> 可执行文件所在的目录添加到环境变量中。</p>
|
|
|
<p>如果是在 Windows 的 WSL2 子系统下，出现以下错误：</p>
|
|
|
<p><code>error: command failed: 'rustc'</code>
|
|
|
<code>error: caused by: Permission denied (os error 13)</code></p>
|
|
|
<p>可尝试先卸载，再使用<code>sudo</code>命令进行安装：<code>$ sudo curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | sh</code></p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>早期的 <code>cargo</code> 在创建项目时，必须添加 <code>--bin</code> 的参数，如下所示：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo new world_hello --bin
|
|
|
$ cd world_hello
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>现在的版本，已经无需此参数，<code>cargo</code> 默认就创建 <code>bin</code> 类型的项目，顺便说一句，Rust 项目主要分为两个类型：<code>bin</code> 和 <code>lib</code>，前者是一个可运行的项目，后者是一个依赖库项目。</p>
|
|
|
<p>下面来看看创建的项目结构：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ tree
|
|
|
.
|
|
|
├── .git
|
|
|
├── .gitignore
|
|
|
├── Cargo.toml
|
|
|
└── src
|
|
|
└── main.rs
|
|
|
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>是的，连 <code>git</code> 都给你创建了，不禁令人感叹，不是女儿，胜似女儿，比小棉袄还体贴。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="运行项目"><a class="header" href="#运行项目">运行项目</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>有两种方式可以运行项目：</p>
|
|
|
<ol>
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
|
<p><code>cargo run</code></p>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
|
<p>手动编译和运行项目</p>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
<p>首先来看看第一种方式，一码胜似千言，在之前创建的 <code>world_hello</code> 目录下运行：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo run
|
|
|
Compiling world_hello v0.1.0 (/Users/sunfei/development/rust/world_hello)
|
|
|
Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.43s
|
|
|
Running `target/debug/world_hello`
|
|
|
Hello, world!
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>好了，你已经看到程序的输出：<code>"Hello, world"</code>。</p>
|
|
|
<p>如果你安装的 Rust 的 <code>host triple</code> 是 <code>x86_64-pc-windows-msvc</code> 并确认 Rust 已经正确安装，但在终端上运行上述命令时，出现类似如下的错误摘要 <code>linking with `link.exe` failed: exit code: 1181</code>，请使用 Visual Studio Installer 安装 <code>Windows SDK</code>。</p>
|
|
|
<p>可能有读者不愿意了，说好了“世界，你好“呢？别急，在下一节，我们再对代码进行修改。（认真想来，“你好，世界“强调的是我对世界说你好，而“世界，你好“是世界对我说你好，明显是后者更有包容性和国际范儿，读者真·好眼光。）</p>
|
|
|
<p>上述代码，<code>cargo run</code> 首先对项目进行编译，然后再运行，因此它实际上等同于运行了两个指令，下面我们手动试一下编译和运行项目：</p>
|
|
|
<p>编译</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo build
|
|
|
Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.00s
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>运行</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ ./target/debug/world_hello
|
|
|
Hello, world!
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>行云流水，但谈不上一气呵成。 细心的读者可能已经发现，在调用的时候，路径 <code>./target/debug/world_hello</code> 中有一个明晃晃的 <code>debug</code> 字段，没错我们运行的是 <code>debug</code> 模式，在这种模式下，<strong>代码的编译速度会非常快</strong>，可是福兮祸所伏，<strong>运行速度就慢了</strong>. 原因是，在 <code>debug</code> 模式下，Rust 编译器不会做任何的优化，只为了尽快的编译完成，让你的开发流程更加顺畅。</p>
|
|
|
<p>作为尊贵的读者，咱自然可以要求更多，比如你想要高性能的代码怎么办？ 简单，添加 <code>--release</code> 来编译：</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li><code>cargo run --release</code></li>
|
|
|
<li><code>cargo build --release</code></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p>试着运行一下我们高性能的 <code>release</code> 程序：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ ./target/release/world_hello
|
|
|
Hello, world!
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<h2 id="cargo-check"><a class="header" href="#cargo-check">cargo check</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>当项目大了后，<code>cargo run</code> 和 <code>cargo build</code> 不可避免的会变慢，那么有没有更快的方式来验证代码的正确性呢？大杀器来了，接着！</p>
|
|
|
<p><code>cargo check</code> 是我们在代码开发过程中最常用的命令，它的作用很简单：快速的检查一下代码能否编译通过。因此该命令速度会非常快，能节省大量的编译时间。</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo check
|
|
|
Checking world_hello v0.1.0 (/Users/sunfei/development/rust/world_hello)
|
|
|
Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.06s
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>Rust 虽然编译速度还行，但是还是不能与 Go 语言相提并论，因为 Rust 需要做很多复杂的编译优化和语言特性解析，甚至连如何优化编译速度都成了一门学问: <a href="https://course.rs/profiling/compiler/speed-up.html">优化编译速度</a>。</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<h2 id="cargotoml-和-cargolock"><a class="header" href="#cargotoml-和-cargolock">Cargo.toml 和 Cargo.lock</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p><code>Cargo.toml</code> 和 <code>Cargo.lock</code> 是 <code>cargo</code> 的核心文件，它的所有活动均基于此二者。</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
|
<p><code>Cargo.toml</code> 是 <code>cargo</code> 特有的<strong>项目数据描述文件</strong>。它存储了项目的所有元配置信息，如果 Rust 开发者希望 Rust 项目能够按照期望的方式进行构建、测试和运行，那么，必须按照合理的方式构建 <code>Cargo.toml</code>。</p>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
|
<p><code>Cargo.lock</code> 文件是 <code>cargo</code> 工具根据同一项目的 <code>toml</code> 文件生成的<strong>项目依赖详细清单</strong>，因此我们一般不用修改它，只需要对着 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 文件撸就行了。</p>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>什么情况下该把 <code>Cargo.lock</code> 上传到 git 仓库里？很简单，当你的项目是一个可运行的程序时，就上传 <code>Cargo.lock</code>，如果是一个依赖库项目，那么请把它添加到 <code>.gitignore</code> 中。</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>现在用 VSCode 打开上面创建的“世界，你好“项目，然后进入根目录的 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 文件，可以看到该文件包含不少信息：</p>
|
|
|
<h3 id="package-配置段落"><a class="header" href="#package-配置段落">package 配置段落</a></h3>
|
|
|
<p><code>package</code> 中记录了项目的描述信息，典型的如下：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[package]
|
|
|
name = "world_hello"
|
|
|
version = "0.1.0"
|
|
|
edition = "2021"
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p><code>name</code> 字段定义了项目名称，<code>version</code> 字段定义当前版本，新项目默认是 <code>0.1.0</code>，<code>edition</code> 字段定义了我们使用的 Rust 大版本。因为本书很新（不仅仅是现在新，未来也将及时修订，跟得上 Rust 的小步伐），所以使用的是 <code>Rust edition 2021</code> 大版本，详情见 <a href="https://course.rs/appendix/rust-version.html">Rust 版本详解</a></p>
|
|
|
<h3 id="定义项目依赖"><a class="header" href="#定义项目依赖">定义项目依赖</a></h3>
|
|
|
<p>使用 <code>cargo</code> 工具的最大优势就在于，能够对该项目的各种依赖项进行方便、统一和灵活的管理。</p>
|
|
|
<p>在 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 中，主要通过各种依赖段落来描述该项目的各种依赖项：</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>基于 Rust 官方仓库 <code>crates.io</code>，通过版本说明来描述</li>
|
|
|
<li>基于项目源代码的 git 仓库地址，通过 URL 来描述</li>
|
|
|
<li>基于本地项目的绝对路径或者相对路径，通过类 Unix 模式的路径来描述</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p>这三种形式具体写法如下：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
|
|
|
rand = "0.3"
|
|
|
hammer = { version = "0.5.0"}
|
|
|
color = { git = "https://github.com/bjz/color-rs" }
|
|
|
geometry = { path = "crates/geometry" }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>相信聪明的读者已经能看懂该如何引入外部依赖库，这里就不再赘述。详细的说明参见此章：<a href="https://course.rs/cargo/reference/specify-deps.html">Cargo 依赖管理</a>，但是不建议大家现在去看，只要按照目录浏览，拨云见日指日可待。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="基于-cargo-的项目组织结构"><a class="header" href="#基于-cargo-的项目组织结构">基于 cargo 的项目组织结构</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>前文有提到 <code>cargo</code> 默认生成的项目结构，真实的项目肯定会有所不同，但是在目前的学习阶段，还无需关注。感兴趣的同学可以移步：<a href="https://course.rs/cargo/guide/package-layout.html">Cargo 项目结构</a></p>
|
|
|
<p>至此，大家对 Rust 项目的创建和管理已经有了初步的了解，那么来完善刚才的<code>"世界，你好"</code>项目吧。</p>
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