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<main>
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<h1 id="依赖覆盖"><a class="header" href="#依赖覆盖">依赖覆盖</a></h1>
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<p>依赖覆盖对于本地开发来说，是很常见的，大部分原因都是我们希望在某个包发布到 <code>crates.io</code> 之前使用它，例如：</p>
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<ul>
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<li>你正在同时开发一个包和一个项目，而后者依赖于前者，你希望能在该项目中对正在开发的包进行测试</li>
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<li>你引入的一个依赖包在 <code>master</code> 分支发布了新的代码，恰好修复了某个 bug，因此你希望能单独对该分支进行下测试</li>
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<li>你即将发布一个包的新版本，为了确保新版本正常工作，你需要对其进行集成测试</li>
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<li>你为项目的某个依赖包提了一个 PR 并解决了一个重要 bug，在等待合并到 <code>master</code> 分支，但是时间不等人，因此你决定先使用自己修改的版本，等未来合并后，再继续使用官方版本</li>
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</ul>
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<p>下面我们来具体看看类似的问题该如何解决。</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>上一章节中我们讲了如果通过<a href="https://course.rs/cargo/reference/specify-deps/intro.html#多引用方式混合">多种引用方式</a>来引入一个包，其实这也是一种依赖覆盖。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h2 id="测试-bugfix-版本"><a class="header" href="#测试-bugfix-版本">测试 bugfix 版本</a></h2>
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|
<p>假设我们有一个项目正在使用 <a href="https://crates.io/crates/uuid"><code>uuid</code></a> 依赖包，但是却不幸地发现了一个 bug，由于这个 bug 影响了使用，没办法等到官方提交新版本，因此还是自己修复为好。</p>
|
|
|
<p>我们项目的 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 内容如下：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[package]
|
|
|
name = "my-library"
|
|
|
version = "0.1.0"
|
|
|
|
|
|
[dependencies]
|
|
|
uuid = "0.8.2"
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>为了修复 <code>bug</code>，首先需要将 <code>uuid</code> 的源码克隆到本地，笔者是克隆到和项目同级的目录下:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-shell">git clone https://github.com/uuid-rs/uuid
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>下面，修改项目的 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 添加以下内容以引入本地克隆的版本:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[patch.crates-io]
|
|
|
uuid = { path = "../uuid" }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>这里我们使用自己修改过的 <code>patch</code> 来覆盖来自 <code>crates.io</code> 的版本，由于克隆下来的 <code>uuid</code> 目录和我们的项目同级，因此通过相对路径 “../uuid” 即可定位到。</p>
|
|
|
<p>在成功为 <code>uuid</code> 打了本地补丁后，现在尝试在项目下运行 <code>cargo build</code>，但是却报错了，而且报错内容有一些看不太懂：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo build
|
|
|
Updating crates.io index
|
|
|
warning: Patch `uuid v1.0.0-alpha.1 (/Users/sunfei/development/rust/demos/uuid)` was not used in the crate graph.
|
|
|
Check that the patched package version and available features are compatible
|
|
|
with the dependency requirements. If the patch has a different version from
|
|
|
what is locked in the Cargo.lock file, run `cargo update` to use the new
|
|
|
version. This may also occur with an optional dependency that is not enabled.
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>具体原因比较复杂，但是仔细观察，会发现克隆下来的 <code>uuid</code> 的版本是 <code>v1.0.0-alpha.1</code> (在 <code>"../uuid/Cargo.toml"</code> 中可以查看)，然后我们本地引入的 <code>uuid</code> 版本是 <code>0.8.2</code>，根据之前讲过的 <code>crates.io</code> 的<a href="https://course.rs/cargo/reference/specify-deps/intro.html#从-cratesio-引入依赖包">版本规则</a>，这两者是不兼容的，<code>0.8.2</code> 只能升级到 <code>0.8.z</code>，例如 <code>0.8.3</code>。</p>
|
|
|
<p>既然如此，我们先将 “../uuid/Cargo.toml” 中的 <code>version = "1.0.0-alpha.1"</code> 修改为 <code>version = "0.8.3"</code> ，然后看看结果先:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo build
|
|
|
Updating crates.io index
|
|
|
Compiling uuid v0.8.3 (/Users/sunfei/development/rust/demos/uuid)
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>大家注意到最后一行了吗？我们成功使用本地的 <code>0.8.3</code> 版本的 <code>uuid</code> 作为最新的依赖，因此也侧面证明了，补丁 <code>patch</code> 的版本也必须遵循相应的版本兼容规则！</p>
|
|
|
<p>如果修改后还是有问题，大家可以试试以下命令，指定版本进行更新:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-shell">% cargo update -p uuid --precise 0.8.3
|
|
|
Updating crates.io index
|
|
|
Updating uuid v0.8.3 (/Users/sunfei/development/rust/demos/uuid) -> v0.8.3
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>修复 bug 后，我们可以提交 pr 给 <code>uuid</code>，一旦 pr 被合并到了 <code>master</code> 分支，你可以直接通过以下方式来使用补丁:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[patch.crates-io]
|
|
|
uuid = { git = 'https://github.com/uuid-rs/uuid' }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>等未来新的内容更新到 <code>crates.io</code> 后，大家就可以移除这个补丁，直接更新 <code>[dependencies]</code> 中的 <code>uuid</code> 版本即可！</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="使用未发布的小版本"><a class="header" href="#使用未发布的小版本">使用未发布的小版本</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>还是 <code>uuid</code> 包，这次假设我们要为它新增一个特性，同时我们已经修改完毕，在本地测试过，并提交了相应的 pr，下面一起来看看该如何在它发布到 <code>crates.io</code> 之前继续使用。</p>
|
|
|
<p>再做一个假设，对于 <code>uuid</code> 来说，目前 <code>crates.io</code> 上的版本是 <code>1.0.0</code>，在我们提交了 pr 并合并到 <code>master</code> 分支后，<code>master</code> 上的版本变成了 <code>1.0.1</code>，这意味着未来 <code>crates.io</code> 上的版本也将变成 <code>1.0.1</code>。</p>
|
|
|
<p>为了使用新加的特性，同时当该包在未来发布到 <code>crates.io</code> 后，我们可以自动使用 <code>crates.io</code> 上的新版本，而无需再使用 <code>patch</code> 补丁，可以这样修改 <code>Cargo.toml</code>：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[package]
|
|
|
name = "my-library"
|
|
|
version = "0.1.0"
|
|
|
|
|
|
[dependencies]
|
|
|
uuid = "1.0.1"
|
|
|
|
|
|
[patch.crates-io]
|
|
|
uuid = { git = 'https://github.com/uuid-rs/uuid' }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>注意，我们将 <code>[dependencies]</code> 中的 <code>uuid</code> 版本提前修改为 <code>1.0.1</code>，由于该版本在 <code>crates.io</code> 尚未发布，因此 <code>patch</code> 版本会被使用。</p>
|
|
|
<p>现在，我们的项目是基于 <code>patch</code> 版本的 <code>uuid</code> 来构建，也就是从 <code>gihtub</code> 的 <code>master</code> 分支中拉取最新的 <code>commit</code> 来构建。一旦未来 <code>crates.io</code> 上有了 <code>1.0.1</code> 版本，那项目就会继续基于 <code>crates.io</code> 来构建，此时，<code>patch</code> 就可以删除了。</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="间接使用-patch"><a class="header" href="#间接使用-patch">间接使用 <code>patch</code></a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>现在假设项目 <code>A</code> 的依赖是 <code>B</code> 和 <code>uuid</code>，而 <code>B</code> 的依赖也是 <code>uuid</code>，此时我们可以让 <code>A</code> 和 <code>B</code> 都使用来自 <code>GitHub</code> 的 <code>patch</code> 版本，配置如下:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[package]
|
|
|
name = "my-binary"
|
|
|
version = "0.1.0"
|
|
|
|
|
|
[dependencies]
|
|
|
my-library = { git = 'https://example.com/git/my-library' }
|
|
|
uuid = "1.0.1"
|
|
|
|
|
|
[patch.crates-io]
|
|
|
uuid = { git = 'https://github.com/uuid-rs/uuid' }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>如上所示，<code>patch</code> 不仅仅对于 <code>my-binary</code> 项目有用，对于 <code>my-binary</code> 的依赖 <code>my-library</code> 来说，一样可以间接生效。</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="非-cratesio-的-patch"><a class="header" href="#非-cratesio-的-patch">非 crates.io 的 patch</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>若我们想要覆盖的依赖并不是来自 <code>crates.io</code> ，就需要对 <code>[patch]</code> 做一些修改。例如依赖是 <code>git</code> 仓库，然后使用本地路径来覆盖它:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[patch."https://github.com/your/repository"]
|
|
|
my-library = { path = "../my-library/path" }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>easy，轻松搞定!</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="使用未发布的大版本"><a class="header" href="#使用未发布的大版本">使用未发布的大版本</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>现在假设我们要发布一个大版本 <code>2.0.0</code>，与之前类似，可以将 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 修改如下:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
|
|
|
uuid = "2.0"
|
|
|
|
|
|
[patch.crates-io]
|
|
|
uuid = { git = "https://github.com/uuid-rs/uuid", branch = "2.0.0" }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>此时 <code>2.0</code> 版本在 <code>crates.io</code> 上还不存在，因此我们使用了 <code>patch</code> 版本且指定了 <code>branch = "2.0.0"</code>。</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="间接使用-patch-1"><a class="header" href="#间接使用-patch-1">间接使用 <code>patch</code></a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>这里需要注意，<strong>与之前的小版本不同，大版本的 <code>patch</code> 不会发生间接的传递！</strong>，例如：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[package]
|
|
|
name = "my-binary"
|
|
|
version = "0.1.0"
|
|
|
|
|
|
[dependencies]
|
|
|
my-library = { git = 'https://example.com/git/my-library' }
|
|
|
uuid = "1.0"
|
|
|
|
|
|
[patch.crates-io]
|
|
|
uuid = { git = 'https://github.com/uuid-rs/uuid', branch = '2.0.0' }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>以上配置中, <code>my-binary</code> 将继续使用 <code>1.x.y</code> 系列的版本，而 <code>my-library</code> 将使用最新的 <code>2.0.0</code> patch。</p>
|
|
|
<p>原因是，大版本更新往往会带来破坏性的功能，Rust 为了让我们平稳的升级，采用了滚动的方式：在依赖图中逐步推进更新，而不是一次性全部更新。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="多版本patch"><a class="header" href="#多版本patch">多版本[patch]</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>在之前章节，我们介绍过如何使用 <code>package key</code> 来<a href="https://course.rs/cargo/reference/specify-deps/intro.html#在-cargotoml-中重命名依赖">重命名依赖包</a>，现在来看看如何使用它同时引入多个 <code>patch</code>。</p>
|
|
|
<p>假设，我们对 <code>serde</code> 有两个新的 <code>patch</code> 需求:</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li><code>serde</code> 官方解决了一个 <code>bug</code> 但是还没发布到 <code>crates.io</code>，我们想直接从 <code>git</code> 仓库的最新 <code>commit</code> 拉取版本 <code>1.*</code></li>
|
|
|
<li>我们自己为 <code>serde</code> 添加了新的功能，命名为 <code>2.0.0</code> 版本，并将该版本上传到自己的 <code>git</code> 仓库中</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p>为了满足这两个 <code>patch</code>，可以使用如下内容的 <code>Cargo.toml</code>：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[patch.crates-io]
|
|
|
serde = { git = 'https://github.com/serde-rs/serde' }
|
|
|
serde2 = { git = 'https://github.com/example/serde', package = 'serde', branch = 'v2' }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>第一行说明，第一个 <code>patch</code> 从官方仓库 <code>main</code> 分支的最新 <code>commit</code> 拉取，而第二个则从我们自己的仓库拉取 <code>v2</code> 分支，同时将其重命名为 <code>serde2</code>。</p>
|
|
|
<p>这样，在代码中就可以分别通过 <code>serde</code> 和 <code>serde2</code> 引用不同版本的依赖库了。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="通过path来覆盖依赖"><a class="header" href="#通过path来覆盖依赖">通过[path]来覆盖依赖</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>有时我们只是临时性地对一个项目进行处理，因此并不想去修改它的 <code>Cargo.toml</code>。此时可以使用 <code>Cargo</code> 提供的路径覆盖方法: <strong>注意，这个方法限制较多，如果可以，还是要使用 [patch]</strong>。</p>
|
|
|
<p>与 <code>[patch]</code> 修改 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 不同，路径覆盖修改的是 <code>Cargo</code> 自身的<a href="https://course.rs/cargo/guide/cargo-cache.html#cargo-home">配置文件</a> <code>$Home/.cargo/config.toml</code>:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">paths = ["/path/to/uuid"]
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p><code>paths</code> 数组中的元素是一个包含 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 的目录(依赖包)，在当前例子中，由于我们只有一个 <code>uuid</code>，因此只需要覆盖它即可。目标路径可以是相对的，也是绝对的，需要注意，如果是相对路径，那是相对包含 <code>.cargo</code> 的 <code>$Home</code> 来说的。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="不推荐的replace"><a class="header" href="#不推荐的replace">不推荐的[replace]</a></h2>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p><code>[replace]</code> 已经被标记为 <code>deprecated</code>，并将在未来被移除，请使用 <code>[patch]</code> 替代</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>虽然不建议使用，但是如果大家阅读其它项目时依然可能会碰到这种用法:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[replace]
|
|
|
"foo:0.1.0" = { git = 'https://github.com/example/foo' }
|
|
|
"bar:1.0.2" = { path = 'my/local/bar' }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>语法看上去还是很清晰的，<code>[replace]</code> 中的每一个 <code>key</code> 都是 <code>Package ID</code> 格式，通过这种写法可以在依赖图中任意挑选一个节点进行覆盖。</p>
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