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<main>
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<h1 id="条件编译-features"><a class="header" href="#条件编译-features">条件编译 Features</a></h1>
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<p><code>Cargo Feature</code> 是非常强大的机制,可以为大家提供<a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/reference/conditional-compilation.html">条件编译</a>和可选依赖的高级特性。</p>
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<h2 id="features"><a class="header" href="#features">[features]</a></h2>
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<p><code>Feature</code> 可以通过 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 中的 <code>[features]</code> 部分来定义:其中每个 <code>feature</code> 通过列表的方式指定了它所能启用的其他 <code>feature</code> 或可选依赖。</p>
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<p>假设我们有一个 2D 图像处理库,然后该库所支持的图片格式可以通过以下方式启用:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-toml">[features]
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# 定义一个 feature : webp, 但它并没有启用其它 feature
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webp = []
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</code></pre>
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<p>当定义了 <code>webp</code> 后,我们就可以在代码中通过 <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/reference/conditional-compilation.html"><code>cfg</code> 表达式</a>来进行条件编译。例如项目中的 <code>lib.rs</code> 可以使用以下代码对 <code>webp</code> 模块进行条件引入:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-toml">#[cfg(feature = "webp")]
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pub mod webp;
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</code></pre>
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<p><code>#[cfg(feature = "webp")]</code> 的含义是:只有在 <code>webp</code> feature 被定义后,以下的 <code>webp</code> 模块才能被引入进来。由于我们之前在 <code>[features]</code> 里定义了 <code>webp</code>,因此以上代码的 <code>webp</code> 模块会被成功引入。</p>
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<p>在 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 中定义的 <code>feature</code> 会被 <code>Cargo</code> 通过命令行参数 <code>--cfg</code> 传给 <code>rustc</code>,最终由后者完成编译:例如,定义 “hello” 和 “hi” 两个 <code>feature</code>,等价于 <code>rustc --cfg 'feature="hello"' --cfg 'feature="hi" ...'</code>。若项目中的代码想要测试 <code>feature</code> 是否存在,可以使用 <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/reference/conditional-compilation.html#the-cfg-attribute"><code>cfg</code> 属性</a>或 <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/macro.cfg.html"><code>cfg</code> 宏</a>。</p>
|
|
|
<p>之前我们提到了一个 <code>feature</code> 还可以开启其他 <code>feature</code>,举个例子,例如 ICO 图片格式包含 BMP 和 PNG 格式,因此当 <code>ico</code> 被启用后,它还得确保启用 <code>bmp</code> 和 <code>png</code> :</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[features]
|
|
|
bmp = []
|
|
|
png = []
|
|
|
ico = ["bmp", "png"]
|
|
|
webp = []
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>对此,我们可以理解为: <strong><code>bmp</code> 和 <code>png</code> 是开启 <code>ico</code> 的先决条件</strong>(注:开启 <code>ico</code>,会自动开启 <code>bmp</code>, <code>png</code>)。</p>
|
|
|
<p>Feature 名称可以包含来自 <a href="">Unicode XID standard</a> 定义的字母,允许使用 <code>_</code> 或 <code>0-9</code> 的数字作为起始字符,在起始字符后,还可以使用 <code>-</code>、<code>+</code> 或 <code>.</code> 。</p>
|
|
|
<p>但是我们<strong>还是推荐按照 crates.io 的方式来设置 Feature 名称</strong> : <code>crate.io</code> 要求名称只能由 ASCII 字母数字、<code>_</code>、<code>-</code> 或 <code>+</code> 组成。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="default-feature"><a class="header" href="#default-feature">default feature</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>默认情况下,所有的 <code>feature</code> 都会被自动禁用,可以通过 <code>default</code> 来启用它们:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[features]
|
|
|
default = ["ico", "webp"]
|
|
|
bmp = []
|
|
|
png = []
|
|
|
ico = ["bmp", "png"]
|
|
|
webp = []
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>使用如上配置的项目被构建时,<code>default</code> feature 首先会被启用,然后它接着启用了 <code>ico</code> 和 <code>webp</code> feature,当然我们还可以关闭 <code>default</code>:</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li><code>--no-default-features</code> 命令行参数可以禁用 <code>default</code> feature</li>
|
|
|
<li><code>default-features = false</code> 选项可以在依赖声明中指定</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>当你要去改变某个依赖库的 <code>default</code> 启用的 feature 列表时(例如觉得该库引入的 feature 过多,导致最终编译出的文件过大),需要格外的小心,因为这可能会导致某些功能的缺失</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<h2 id="可选依赖"><a class="header" href="#可选依赖">可选依赖</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>当依赖被标记为 “可选 optional” 时,意味着它默认不会被编译。假设我们的 2D 图片处理库需要用到一个外部的包来处理 GIF 图片:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
|
|
|
gif = { version = "0.11.1", optional = true }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p><strong>这种可选依赖的写法会自动定义一个与依赖同名的 feature,也就是 <code>gif</code> feature</strong>,这样一来,当我们启用 <code>gif</code> feature 时,该依赖库也会被自动引入并启用:例如通过 <code>--features gif</code> 的方式启用 feature 。</p>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>注意:目前来说,<code>[feature]</code> 中定义的 feature 还不能与已引入的依赖库同名。但是在 <code>nightly</code> 中已经提供了实验性的功能用于改变这一点: <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/cargo/reference/unstable.html#namespaced-features">namespaced features</a></p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>当然,<strong>我们还可以通过显式定义 feature 的方式来启用这些可选依赖库</strong>,例如为了支持 AVIF 图片格式,我们需要引入两个依赖包,由于 <code>avif</code> 是通过 feature 引入的可选格式,因此它依赖的两个包也必须声明为可选的:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
|
|
|
ravif = { version = "0.6.3", optional = true }
|
|
|
rgb = { version = "0.8.25", optional = true }
|
|
|
|
|
|
[features]
|
|
|
avif = ["ravif", "rgb"]
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>之后,<code>avif</code> feature 一旦被启用,那这两个依赖库也将自动被引入。</p>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>注意:我们之前也讲过条件引入依赖的方法,那就是使用<a href="https://course.rs/cargo/reference/specify-deps.html#根据平台引入依赖">平台相关的依赖</a>,与基于 feature 的可选依赖不同,它们是基于特定平台的可选依赖</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<h2 id="依赖库自身的-feature"><a class="header" href="#依赖库自身的-feature">依赖库自身的 feature</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>就像我们的项目可以定义 <code>feature</code> 一样,依赖库也可以定义它自己的 <code>feature</code>,也有需要启用的 <code>feature</code> 列表,当引入该依赖库时,我们可以通过以下方式为其启用相关的 <code>features</code> :</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
|
|
|
serde = { version = "1.0.118", features = ["derive"] }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>以上配置为 <code>serde</code> 依赖开启了 <code>derive</code> feature,还可以通过 <code>default-features = false</code> 来禁用依赖库的 <code>default</code> feature :</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
|
|
|
flate2 = { version = "1.0.3", default-features = false, features = ["zlib"] }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>这里我们禁用了 <code>flate2</code> 的 <code>default</code> feature,但又手动为它启用了 <code>zlib</code> feature。</p>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>注意:这种方式未必能成功禁用 <code>default</code>,原因是可能会有其它依赖也引入了 <code>flate2</code>,并且没有对 <code>default</code> 进行禁用,那此时 <code>default</code> 依然会被启用。</p>
|
|
|
<p>查看下文的 <a href="#feature-同一化">feature 同一化</a> 获取更多信息</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>除此之外,还能通过下面的方式来间接开启依赖库的 feature :</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
|
|
|
jpeg-decoder = { version = "0.1.20", default-features = false }
|
|
|
|
|
|
[features]
|
|
|
# Enables parallel processing support by enabling the "rayon" feature of jpeg-decoder.
|
|
|
parallel = ["jpeg-decoder/rayon"]
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>如上所示,我们定义了一个 <code>parallel</code> feature,同时为其启用了 <code>jpeg-decoder</code> 依赖的 <code>rayon</code> feature。</p>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>注意: 上面的 “package-name/feature-name” 语法形式不仅会开启指定依赖的指定 feature,若该依赖是可选依赖,那还会自动将其引入</p>
|
|
|
<p>在 <code>nightly</code> 版本中,可以对这种行为进行禁用:<a href=""package-name/feature-name"">weak dependency features</a></p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<h2 id="通过命令行参数启用-feature"><a class="header" href="#通过命令行参数启用-feature">通过命令行参数启用 feature</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>以下的命令行参数可以启用指定的 <code>feature</code> :</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li><code>--features FEATURES</code>: 启用给出的 feature 列表,可以使用逗号或空格进行分隔,若你是在终端中使用,还需要加上双引号,例如 <code>--features "foo bar"</code>。 若在工作空间中构建多个 <code>package</code>,可以使用 <code>package-name/feature-name</code> 为特定的成员启用 features</li>
|
|
|
<li><code>--all-features</code>: 启用命令行上所选择的所有包的所有 features</li>
|
|
|
<li><code>--no-default-features</code>: 对选择的包禁用 <code>default</code> feature</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h2 id="feature-同一化"><a class="header" href="#feature-同一化">feature 同一化</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p><code>feature</code> 只有在定义的包中才是唯一的,不同包之间的 <code>feature</code> 允许同名。因此,在一个包上启用 <code>feature</code> 不会导致另一个包的同名 <code>feature</code> 被误启用。</p>
|
|
|
<p><strong>当一个依赖被多个包所使用时,这些包对该依赖所设置的 <code>feature</code> 将被进行合并,这样才能确保该依赖只有一个拷贝存在,这个过程就被称之为同一化</strong>。大家可以查看<a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/cargo/reference/resolver.html#features">这里</a>了解下解析器如何对 feature 进行解析处理。</p>
|
|
|
<p>这里,我们使用 <code>winapi</code> 为例来说明这个过程。首先,<code>winapi</code> 使用了大量的 <code>features</code>;然后我们有两个包 <code>foo</code> 和 <code>bar</code> 分别使用了它的两个 features,那么在合并后,最终 <code>winapi</code> 将同时启四个 features :</p>
|
|
|
<img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/80/v2-251973b0cc83f35cd6858bf21dd00ed6_1440w.png" />
|
|
|
<p>由于这种不可控性,我们需要让 <code>启用feature = 添加特性</code> 这个等式成立,换而言之,<strong>启用一个 feature 不应该导致某个功能被禁止</strong>。这样才能让多个包启用同一个依赖的不同 features。</p>
|
|
|
<p>例如,如果我们想可选的支持 <code>no_std</code> 环境(不使用标准库),那么有两种做法:</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>默认代码使用标准库的,当 <code>no_std</code> feature 启用时,禁用相关的标准库代码</li>
|
|
|
<li>默认代码使用非标准库的,当 <code>std</code> feature 启用时,才使用标准库的代码</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p>前者就是功能削减,与之相对,后者是功能添加,根据之前的内容,我们应该选择后者的做法:</p>
|
|
|
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
</span>#![no_std]
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
</span>#[cfg(feature = "std")]
|
|
|
extern crate std;
|
|
|
|
|
|
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
|
|
|
pub fn function_that_requires_std() {
|
|
|
// ...
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre>
|
|
|
<h4 id="彼此互斥的-feature"><a class="header" href="#彼此互斥的-feature">彼此互斥的 feature</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>某极少数情况下,features 之间可能会互相不兼容。我们应该避免这种设计,因为如果一旦这么设计了,那你可能需要修改依赖图的很多地方才能避免两个不兼容 feature 的同时启用。</p>
|
|
|
<p>如果实在没有办法,可以考虑增加一个编译错误来让报错更清晰:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">#[cfg(all(feature = "foo", feature = "bar"))]
|
|
|
compile_error!("feature \"foo\" and feature \"bar\" cannot be enabled at the same time");
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>当同时启用 <code>foo</code> 和 <code>bar</code> 时,编译器就会爆出一个更清晰的错误:feature <code>foo</code> 和 <code>bar</code> 无法同时启用。</p>
|
|
|
<p>总之,我们还是应该在设计上避免这种情况的发生,例如:</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>将某个功能分割到多个包中</li>
|
|
|
<li>当冲突时,设置 feature 优先级,<a href="https://crates.io/crates/cfg-if">cfg-if</a> 包可以帮助我们写出更复杂的 <code>cfg</code> 表达式</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h4 id="检视已解析的-features"><a class="header" href="#检视已解析的-features">检视已解析的 features</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>在复杂的依赖图中,如果想要了解不同的 features 是如何被多个包多启用的,这是相当困难的。好在 <code>cargo tree</code> 命令提供了几个选项可以帮组我们更好的检视哪些 features 被启用了:</p>
|
|
|
<p><code>cargo tree -e features</code> ,该命令以依赖图的方式来展示已启用的 features,包含了每个依赖包所启用的特性:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo tree -e features
|
|
|
test_cargo v0.1.0 (/Users/sunfei/development/rust/demos/test_cargo)
|
|
|
└── uuid feature "default"
|
|
|
├── uuid v0.8.2
|
|
|
└── uuid feature "std"
|
|
|
└── uuid v0.8.2
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p><code>cargo tree -f "{p} {f}"</code> 命令会提供一个更加紧凑的视图:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo tree -f "{p} {f}"
|
|
|
test_cargo v0.1.0 (/Users/sunfei/development/rust/demos/test_cargo)
|
|
|
└── uuid v0.8.2 default,std
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p><code>cargo tree -e features -i foo</code>,该命令会显示 <code>features</code> 会如何“流入“指定的包 <code>foo</code> 中:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo tree -e features -i uuid
|
|
|
uuid v0.8.2
|
|
|
├── uuid feature "default"
|
|
|
│ └── test_cargo v0.1.0 (/Users/sunfei/development/rust/demos/test_cargo)
|
|
|
│ └── test_cargo feature "default" (command-line)
|
|
|
└── uuid feature "std"
|
|
|
└── uuid feature "default" (*)
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>该命令在依赖图较为复杂时非常有用,使用它可以让你了解某个依赖包上开启了哪些 <code>features</code> 以及其中的原因。</p>
|
|
|
<p>大家可以查看官方的 <code>cargo tree</code> <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/cargo/commands/cargo-tree.html">文档</a>获取更加详细的使用信息。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="feature-解析器-v2-版本"><a class="header" href="#feature-解析器-v2-版本">Feature 解析器 V2 版本</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>我们还能通过以下配置指定使用 V2 版本的解析器( <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/cargo/reference/resolver.html#resolver-versions">resolver</a> ):</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[package]
|
|
|
name = "my-package"
|
|
|
version = "1.0.0"
|
|
|
resolver = "2"
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>V2 版本的解析器可以在某些情况下避免 feature 同一化的发生,具体的情况在<a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/cargo/reference/resolver.html#feature-resolver-version-2">这里</a>有描述,下面做下简单的总结:</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>为特定平台开启的 <code>features</code> 且此时并没有被构建,会被忽略</li>
|
|
|
<li><code>build-dependencies</code> 和 <code>proc-macros</code> 不再跟普通的依赖共享 <code>features</code></li>
|
|
|
<li><code>dev-dependencies</code> 的 <code>features</code> 不会被启用,除非正在构建的对象需要它们(例如测试对象、示例对象等)</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p>对于部分场景而言,feature 同一化确实是需要避免的,例如,一个构建依赖开启了 <code>std</code> feature,而同一个依赖又被用于 <code>no_std</code> 环境,很明显,开启 <code>std</code> 将导致错误的发生。</p>
|
|
|
<p>说完优点,我们再来看看 V2 的缺点,其中增加编译构建时间就是其中之一,原因是同一个依赖会被构建多次(每个都拥有不同的 feature 列表)。</p>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>由于此部分内容可能只有极少数的用户需要,因此我们并没有对其进行扩展,如果大家希望了解更多关于 V2 的内容,可以查看<a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/cargo/reference/features.html#feature-resolver-version-2">官方文档</a></p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<h2 id="构建脚本"><a class="header" href="#构建脚本">构建脚本</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p><a href="https://course.rs/cargo/reference/build-script/intro.html">构建脚本</a>可以通过 <code>CARGO_FEATURE_<name></code> 环境变量获取启用的 <code>feature</code> 列表,其中 <code><name></code> 是 feature 的名称,该名称被转换成大全写字母,且 <code>-</code> 被转换为 <code>_</code>。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="required-features"><a class="header" href="#required-features">required-features</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>该字段可以用于禁用特定的 Cargo Target:当某个 feature 没有被启用时,查看<a href="https://course.rs/cargo/reference/cargo-target.html#required-features">这里</a>获取更多信息。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="semver-兼容性"><a class="header" href="#semver-兼容性">SemVer 兼容性</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>启用一个 feature 不应该引入一个不兼容 SemVer 的改变。例如,启用的 feature 不应该改变现有的 API,因为这会给用户造成不兼容的破坏性变更。 如果大家想知道哪些变化是兼容的,可以参见<a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/cargo/reference/semver.html">官方文档</a>。</p>
|
|
|
<p>总之,在新增/移除 feature 或可选依赖时,你需要小心,因此这些可能会造成向后不兼容性。更多信息参见<a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/cargo/reference/semver.html#cargo">这里</a>,简单总结如下:</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
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<li>在发布 <code>minor</code> 版本时,以下通常是安全的:
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<ul>
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<li><a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/cargo/reference/semver.html#cargo-feature-add">新增 feature</a> 或<a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/cargo/reference/semver.html#cargo-dep-add">可选依赖</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/cargo/reference/semver.html#cargo-change-dep-feature">修改某个依赖的 features</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>在发布 <code>minor</code> 版本时,以下操作应该避免:
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<ul>
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<li><a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/cargo/reference/semver.html#cargo-feature-remove">移除 feature</a> 或<a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/cargo/reference/semver.html#cargo-remove-opt-dep">可选依赖</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/cargo/reference/semver.html#cargo-remove-opt-dep">将现有的公有代码放在某个 feature 之后</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/cargo/reference/semver.html#cargo-feature-remove-another">从 feature 列表中移除一个 feature</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="feature-文档和发现"><a class="header" href="#feature-文档和发现">feature 文档和发现</a></h2>
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<p>将你的项目支持的 feature 信息写入到文档中是非常好的选择:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>我们可以通过在 <code>lib.rs</code> 的顶部添加<a href="https://course.rs/basic/comment.html#文档注释">文档注释</a>的方式来实现。例如 <code>regex</code> 就是<a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/regex/blob/1.4.2/src/lib.rs#L488-L583">这么做的</a>。</li>
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<li>若项目拥有一个用户手册,那也可以在那里添加说明,例如 <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/regex/blob/1.4.2/src/lib.rs#L488-L583">serde.rs</a>。</li>
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<li>若项目是二进制类型(可运行的应用服务,包含 <code>fn main</code> 入口),可以将说明放在 <code>README</code> 文件或其他文档中,例如 <a href="https://github.com/mozilla/sccache/blob/0.2.13/README.md#build-requirements">sccache</a>。</li>
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</ul>
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<p>特别是对于不稳定的或者不该再被使用的 feature 而言,它们更应该被放在文档中进行清晰的说明。</p>
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<p>当构建发布到 <code>docs.rs</code> 上的文档时,会使用 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 中的元数据来控制哪些 features 会被启用。查看 <a href="https://docs.rs/about/metadata">docs.rs 文档</a>获取更多信息。</p>
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<h4 id="如何发现-features"><a class="header" href="#如何发现-features">如何发现 features</a></h4>
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<p>若依赖库的文档中对其使用的 <code>features</code> 做了详细描述,那你会更容易知道他们使用了哪些 <code>features</code> 以及该如何使用。</p>
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<p>当依赖库的文档没有相关信息时,你也可以通过源码仓库的 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 文件来获取,但是有些时候,使用这种方式来跟踪并获取全部相关的信息是相当困难的。</p>
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