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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../about-book.html">关于本书</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../into-rust.html">进入 Rust 编程世界</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../first-try/sth-you-should-not-do.html">避免从入门到放弃</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../community.html">社区和锈书</a></li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../some-thoughts.html">Xobserve: 一切皆可观测</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../beat-ai.html">BeatAI: 工程师 AI 入门圣经</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><li class="part-title">Rust 语言基础学习</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 寻找牛刀，以便小试</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 安装 Rust 环境</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/editor.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 墙推 VSCode!</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 认识 Cargo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/hello-world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> 不仅仅是 Hello world</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/slowly-downloading.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 下载依赖太慢了？</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Rust 基础入门</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/variable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 变量绑定与解构</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 基本类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/numbers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> 数值类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/char-bool.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> 字符、布尔、单元类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/statement-expression.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> 语句与表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/function.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.4.</strong> 函数</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 所有权和借用</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.1.</strong> 所有权</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/borrowing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.2.</strong> 引用与借用</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 复合类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/string-slice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.1.</strong> 字符串与切片</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/tuple.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.2.</strong> 元组</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/struct.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.3.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.4.</strong> 枚举</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/array.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.5.</strong> 数组</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/flow-control.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 流程控制</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/match-pattern/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 模式匹配</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/match-pattern/match-if-let.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.1.</strong> match 和 if let</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/match-pattern/option.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.2.</strong> 解构 Option</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/match-pattern/pattern-match.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.3.</strong> 模式适用场景</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/match-pattern/all-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.4.</strong> 全模式列表</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/method.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 方法 Method</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/trait/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.</strong> 泛型和特征</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/trait/generic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.1.</strong> 泛型 Generics</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/trait/trait.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.2.</strong> 特征 Trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/trait/trait-object.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.3.</strong> 特征对象</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/trait/advance-trait.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.4.</strong> 进一步深入特征</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/collections/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.9.</strong> 集合类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/collections/vector.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.9.1.</strong> 动态数组 Vector</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/collections/hashmap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.9.2.</strong> KV 存储 HashMap</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/lifetime.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.10.</strong> 认识生命周期</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/result-error/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.11.</strong> 返回值和错误处理</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/result-error/panic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.11.1.</strong> panic! 深入剖析</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/result-error/result.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.11.2.</strong> 返回值 Result 和?</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/crate-module/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.12.</strong> 包和模块</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/crate-module/crate.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.12.1.</strong> 包 Crate</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/crate-module/module.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.12.2.</strong> 模块 Module</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/crate-module/use.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.12.3.</strong> 使用 use 引入模块及受限可见性</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/comment.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.13.</strong> 注释和文档</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/formatted-output.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.14.</strong> 格式化输出</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 入门实战：文件搜索工具</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/base-features.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 基本功能</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/refactoring.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 增加模块化和错误处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 测试驱动开发</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/envs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 使用环境变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/stderr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 重定向错误信息的输出</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/iterators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 使用迭代器来改进程序(可选)</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">Rust 语言进阶学习</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Rust 高级进阶</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/lifetime/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 生命周期</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/lifetime/advance.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.1.</strong> 深入生命周期</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/lifetime/static.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.2.</strong> &'static 和 T: 'static</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/functional-programing/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> 函数式编程: 闭包、迭代器</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/functional-programing/closure.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.1.</strong> 闭包 Closure</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/functional-programing/iterator.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.2.</strong> 迭代器 Iterator</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/into-types/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> 深入类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/into-types/converse.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.1.</strong> 类型转换</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/into-types/custom-type.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.2.</strong> newtype 和 类型别名</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/into-types/sized.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.3.</strong> Sized 和不定长类型 DST</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/into-types/enum-int.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.4.</strong> 枚举和整数</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/smart-pointer/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 智能指针</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/smart-pointer/box.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.1.</strong> Box堆对象分配</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/smart-pointer/deref.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.2.</strong> Deref 解引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/smart-pointer/drop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.3.</strong> Drop 释放资源</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/smart-pointer/rc-arc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.4.</strong> Rc 与 Arc 实现 1vN 所有权机制</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/smart-pointer/cell-refcell.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.5.</strong> Cell 与 RefCell 内部可变性</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/circle-self-ref/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> 循环引用与自引用</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/circle-self-ref/circle-reference.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.1.</strong> Weak 与循环引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/circle-self-ref/self-referential.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.2.</strong> 结构体中的自引用</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.</strong> 多线程并发编程</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/concurrency-parallelism.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.1.</strong> 并发和并行</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/thread.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.2.</strong> 使用多线程</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/message-passing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.3.</strong> 线程同步：消息传递</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/sync1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.4.</strong> 线程同步：锁、Condvar 和信号量</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/sync2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.5.</strong> 线程同步：Atomic 原子操作与内存顺序</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/send-sync.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.6.</strong> 基于 Send 和 Sync 的线程安全</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/global-variable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.7.</strong> 全局变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/errors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.8.</strong> 错误处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/unsafe/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.9.</strong> Unsafe Rust</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/unsafe/superpowers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.9.1.</strong> 五种兵器</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/unsafe/inline-asm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.9.2.</strong> 内联汇编</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/macro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.10.</strong> Macro 宏编程</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.</strong> async/await 异步编程</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/getting-started.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.1.</strong> async 编程入门</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/future-excuting.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.2.</strong> 底层探秘: Future 执行与任务调度</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/pin-unpin.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.3.</strong> 定海神针 Pin 和 Unpin</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/async-await.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.4.</strong> async/await 和 Stream 流处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/multi-futures-simultaneous.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.5.</strong> 同时运行多个 Future</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/pain-points-and-workarounds.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.6.</strong> 一些疑难问题的解决办法</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/web-server.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.7.</strong> 实践应用：Async Web 服务器</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice1/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 进阶实战1: 实现一个 web 服务器</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice1/web-server.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> 单线程版本</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice1/multi-threads.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> 多线程版本</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice1/graceful-shutdown.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> 优雅关闭和资源清理</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 进阶实战2: 实现一个简单 Redis</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> tokio 概览</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/getting-startted.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> 使用初印象</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/spawning.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> 创建异步任务</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/shared-state.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> 共享状态</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/channels.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> 消息传递</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/io.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.6.</strong> I/O</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/frame.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.7.</strong> 解析数据帧</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/async.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.8.</strong> 深入 async</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/select.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.9.</strong> select</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/stream.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.10.</strong> 类似迭代器的 Stream</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/graceful-shutdown.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.11.</strong> 优雅的关闭</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/bridging-with-sync.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.12.</strong> 异步跟同步共存</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../difficulties/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Rust 难点攻关</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../difficulties/slice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> 切片和切片引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../difficulties/eq.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> Eq 和 PartialEq</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../difficulties/string.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> String、&str 和 str TODO</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../difficulties/lifetime.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> 作用域、生命周期和 NLL TODO</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../difficulties/move-copy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> move、Copy 和 Clone TODO</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/difficulties/pointer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.6.</strong> 裸指针、引用和智能指针 TODO</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">常用工具链</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../test/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> 自动化测试</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../test/write-tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> 编写测试及控制执行</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../test/unit-integration-test.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> 单元测试和集成测试</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../test/assertion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> 断言 assertion</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../test/ci.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.</strong> 用 GitHub Actions 进行持续集成</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../test/benchmark.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.5.</strong> 基准测试 benchmark</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../cargo/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Cargo 使用指南</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/getting-started.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> 上手使用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> 基础指南</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/why-exist.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.1.</strong> 为何会有 Cargo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/download-package.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.2.</strong> 下载并构建 Package</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/dependencies.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.3.</strong> 添加依赖</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/package-layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.4.</strong> Package 目录结构</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/cargo-toml-lock.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.5.</strong> Cargo.toml vs Cargo.lock</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/tests-ci.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.6.</strong> 测试和 CI</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/cargo-cache.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.7.</strong> Cargo 缓存</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/build-cache.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.8.</strong> Build 缓存</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../cargo/reference/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> 进阶指南</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../cargo/reference/specify-deps.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.1.</strong> 指定依赖项</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/deps-overriding.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.2.</strong> 依赖覆盖</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/manifest.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.3.</strong> Cargo.toml 清单详解</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/cargo-target.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.4.</strong> Cargo Target</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/workspaces.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.5.</strong> 工作空间 Workspace</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/features/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.6.</strong> 条件编译 Features</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/features/examples.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.6.1.</strong> Features 示例</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/profiles.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.7.</strong> 发布配置 Profile</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/configuration.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.8.</strong> 通过 config.toml 对 Cargo 进行配置</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/publishing-on-crates.io.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.9.</strong> 发布到 crates.io</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/build-script/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.10.</strong> 构建脚本 build.rs</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/build-script/examples.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.10.1.</strong> 构建脚本示例</a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">开发实践</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../usecases/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> 企业落地实践</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../usecases/aws-rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> AWS 为何这么喜欢 Rust?</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> 日志和监控</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/about-log.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> 日志详解</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/log.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> 日志门面 log</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/tracing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> 使用 tracing 记录日志</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/tracing-logger.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.4.</strong> 自定义 tracing 的输出格式</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/observe/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.</strong> 监控</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/observe/about-observe.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.1.</strong> 可观测性</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/observe/trace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.2.</strong> 分布式追踪</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../practice/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> Rust 最佳实践</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../practice/third-party-libs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> 日常开发三方库精选</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../practice/naming.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> 命名规范</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../practice/interview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> 面试经验</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../practice/best-pratice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> 代码开发实践 todo</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> 手把手带你实现链表</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/do-we-need-it.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.1.</strong> 我们到底需不需要链表</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/bad-stack/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.</strong> 不太优秀的单向链表：栈</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/bad-stack/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.1.</strong> 数据布局</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/bad-stack/basic-operations.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.2.</strong> 基本操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/bad-stack/final-code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.3.</strong> 最后实现</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/ok-stack/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.</strong> 还可以的单向链表</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/ok-stack/type-optimizing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.1.</strong> 优化类型定义</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/ok-stack/peek.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.2.</strong> 定义 Peek 函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/ok-stack/iter.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.3.</strong> IntoIter 和 Iter</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/ok-stack/itermut.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.4.</strong> IterMut 以及完整代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/persistent-stack/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.</strong> 持久化单向链表</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/persistent-stack/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.1.</strong> 数据布局和基本操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/persistent-stack/drop-arc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.2.</strong> Drop、Arc 及完整代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/deque/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.</strong> 不咋样的双端队列</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/deque/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.1.</strong> 数据布局和基本操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/deque/peek.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.2.</strong> Peek</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/deque/symmetric.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.3.</strong> 基本操作的对称镜像</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/deque/iterator.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.4.</strong> 迭代器</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/deque/final-code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.5.</strong> 最终代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.</strong> 不错的 unsafe 队列</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.1.</strong> 数据布局</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/basics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.2.</strong> 基本操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/miri.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.3.</strong> Miri</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/stacked-borrow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.4.</strong> 栈借用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/testing-stacked-borrow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.5.</strong> 测试栈借用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/layout2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.6.</strong> 数据布局 2</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/extra-junk.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.7.</strong> 额外的操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/final-code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.8.</strong> 最终代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.</strong> 生产级的双向 unsafe 队列</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.1.</strong> 数据布局</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/variance-and-phantomData.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.2.</strong> 型变与子类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/basics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.3.</strong> 基础结构</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/drop-and-panic-safety.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.4.</strong> 恐慌与安全</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/boring-combinatorics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.5.</strong> 无聊的组合</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/filling-in-random-bits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.6.</strong> 其它特征</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/testing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.7.</strong> 测试</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/send-sync-and-compile-tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.8.</strong> Send,Sync和编译测试</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/implementing-cursors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.9.</strong> 实现游标</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/testing-cursors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.10.</strong> 测试游标</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/final-code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.11.</strong> 最终代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/advanced-lists/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.8.</strong> 使用高级技巧实现链表</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/advanced-lists/double-singly.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.8.1.</strong> 双单向链表</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/advanced-lists/stack-allocated.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.8.2.</strong> 栈上的链表</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">攻克编译错误</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> 征服编译错误</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> 对抗编译检查</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.</strong> 生命周期</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/too-long1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.1.</strong> 生命周期过大-01</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/too-long2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.2.</strong> 生命周期过大-02</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/loop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.3.</strong> 循环中的生命周期</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/closure-with-static.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.4.</strong> 闭包碰到特征对象-01</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/borrowing/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.2.</strong> 重复借用</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/borrowing/ref-exist-in-out-fn.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.2.1.</strong> 同时在函数内外使用引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/borrowing/borrow-distinct-fields-of-struct.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.2.2.</strong> 智能指针引起的重复借用错误</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/unconstrained.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.3.</strong> 类型未限制(todo)</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/phantom-data.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.4.</strong> 幽灵数据(todo)</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.</strong> Rust 常见陷阱</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/use-vec-in-for.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.1.</strong> for 循环中使用外部数组</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/stack-overflow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.2.</strong> 线程类型导致的栈溢出</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/arithmetic-overflow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.3.</strong> 算术溢出导致的 panic</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/closure-with-lifetime.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.4.</strong> 闭包中奇怪的生命周期</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/the-disabled-mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.5.</strong> 可变变量不可变？</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/multiple-mutable-references.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.6.</strong> 可变借用失败引发的深入思考</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/lazy-iterators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.7.</strong> 不太勤快的迭代器</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/weird-ranges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.8.</strong> 奇怪的序列 x..y</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/iterator-everywhere.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.9.</strong> 无处不在的迭代器</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/main-with-channel-blocked.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.10.</strong> 线程间传递消息导致主线程无法结束</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/utf8-performance.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.11.</strong> 警惕 UTF-8 引发的性能隐患</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">性能优化</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> Rust 性能优化 todo</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/memory/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.</strong> 深入内存 todo</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/memory/pointer-ref.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.1.</strong> 指针和引用 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/memory/uninit.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.2.</strong> 未初始化内存 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/memory/allocation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.3.</strong> 内存分配 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/memory/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.4.</strong> 内存布局 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/memory/virtual.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.5.</strong> 虚拟内存 todo</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.</strong> 性能调优 doing</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/string.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.1.</strong> 字符串操作性能</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/deep-into-move.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.2.</strong> 深入理解 move</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/early-optimise.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.3.</strong> 糟糕的提前优化 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/clone-copy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.4.</strong> Clone 和 Copy todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/runtime-check.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.5.</strong> 减少 Runtime check(todo)</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/cpu-cache.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.6.</strong> CPU 缓存性能优化 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/calculate.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.7.</strong> 计算性能优化 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/heap-stack.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.8.</strong> 堆和栈 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/allocator.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.9.</strong> 内存 allocator todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/tools.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.10.</strong> 常用性能测试工具 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.11.</strong> Enum 内存优化 todo</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/compiler/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.</strong> 编译优化 todo</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/compiler/llvm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.1.</strong> LLVM todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/compiler/attributes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.2.</strong> 常见属性标记 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/compiler/speed-up.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.3.</strong> 提升编译速度 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/compiler/optimization/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.4.</strong> 编译器优化 todo</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/compiler/optimization/option.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.4.1.</strong> Option 枚举 todo</a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">附录</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> Appendix</div><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/keywords.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.1.</strong> 关键字</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/operators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.2.</strong> 运算符与符号</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/expressions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.3.</strong> 表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/derive.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.4.</strong> 派生特征 trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/prelude.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.5.</strong> prelude 模块 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-version.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.6.</strong> Rust 版本说明</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.</strong> Rust 历次版本更新解读</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.58.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.1.</strong> 1.58</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.59.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.2.</strong> 1.59</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.60.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.3.</strong> 1.60</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.61.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.4.</strong> 1.61</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.62.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.5.</strong> 1.62</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.63.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.6.</strong> 1.63</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.7.</strong> 1.64</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.65.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.8.</strong> 1.65</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.66.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.9.</strong> 1.66</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.67.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.10.</strong> 1.67</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.68.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.11.</strong> 1.68</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.69.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.12.</strong> 1.69</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.70.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.13.</strong> 1.70</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.71.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.14.</strong> 1.71</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.72.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.15.</strong> 1.72</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.73.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.16.</strong> 1.73</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.74.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.17.</strong> 1.74</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.75.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.18.</strong> 1.75</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.76.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.19.</strong> 1.76</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.77.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.20.</strong> 1.77</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.78.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.21.</strong> 1.78</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.79.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.22.</strong> 1.79</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.80.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.23.</strong> 1.80</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.81.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.24.</strong> 1.81</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.82.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.25.</strong> 1.82</a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>
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<main>
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<h1 id="指定依赖项"><a class="header" href="#指定依赖项">指定依赖项</a></h1>
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<p>我们的项目可以引用在 <code>crates.io</code> 或 <code>GitHub</code> 上的依赖包，也可以引用存放在本地文件系统中的依赖包。</p>
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<p>大家可能会想，直接从前两个引用即可，为何还提供了本地方式？可以设想下，如果你要有一个正处于开发中的包，然后需要在本地的另一个项目中引用测试，那是将该包先传到网上，然后再引用简单，还是直接从本地路径的方式引用简单呢？答案显然不言而喻。</p>
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<p>本章节，我们一起来看看有哪些方式可以指定和引用三方依赖包。</p>
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<h2 id="从-cratesio-引入依赖包"><a class="header" href="#从-cratesio-引入依赖包">从 <code>crates.io</code> 引入依赖包</a></h2>
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<p>默认设置下，<code>Cargo</code> 就从 <a href="https://crates.io">crates.io</a> 上下载依赖包，只需要一个包名和版本号即可：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
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time = "0.1.12"
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</code></pre>
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<p>字符串 <code>"0.1.12"</code> 是一个 <a href="https://semver.org"><code>semver</code></a> 格式的版本号，符合 <code>"x.y.z"</code> 的形式，其中 <code>x</code> 被称为主版本<code>major</code>, <code>y</code> 被称为小版本 <code>minor</code> ，而 <code>z</code> 被称为补丁 <code>patch</code>，可以看出从左到右，版本的影响范围逐步降低，补丁的更新是无关痛痒的，并不会造成 API 的兼容性被破坏。</p>
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<p><code>"0.1.12"</code> 中并没有任何额外的符号，在版本语义上，它跟使用了 <code>^</code> 的 <code>"^0.1.12"</code> 是相同的，都是指定非常具体的版本进行引入。</p>
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<p>但是 <code>^</code> 能做的更多。</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>npm 使用的就是 <code>semver</code> 版本号，从 <code>JavaScript</code> 过来的同学应该非常熟悉。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4 id="-指定版本"><a class="header" href="#-指定版本"><code>^</code> 指定版本</a></h4>
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<p>与之前的 <code>"0.1.12"</code> 不同， <code>^</code> 可以指定一个版本号范围，<strong>然后会使用该范围内的最大版本号来引用对应的包</strong>。</p>
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<p>只要新的版本号没有修改最左边的非零数字，那该版本号就在允许的版本号范围中。例如 <code>"^0.1.12"</code> 最左边的非零数字是 <code>1</code>，因此，只要新的版本号是 <code>"0.1.z"</code> 就可以落在范围内，而<code>0.2.0</code> 显然就没有落在范围内，因此通过 <code>"^0.1.12"</code> 引入的依赖包是无法被升级到 <code>0.2.0</code> 版本的。</p>
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<p>同理，若是 <code>"^1.0"</code>，则 <code>1.1</code> 在范围中，<code>2.0</code> 则不在。 大家思考下，<code>"^0.0.1"</code> 与哪些版本兼容？答案是：无，因为它最左边的数字是 <code>1</code> ，而该数字已经退无可退，我们又不能修改 <code>1</code>，因此没有版本落在范围中。</p>
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<pre><code class="language-shell">^1.2.3 := >=1.2.3, <2.0.0
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^1.2 := >=1.2.0, <2.0.0
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^1 := >=1.0.0, <2.0.0
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^0.2.3 := >=0.2.3, <0.3.0
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^0.2 := >=0.2.0, <0.3.0
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^0.0.3 := >=0.0.3, <0.0.4
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^0.0 := >=0.0.0, <0.1.0
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^0 := >=0.0.0, <1.0.0
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</code></pre>
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<p>以上是更多的例子，<strong>事实上，这个规则跟 <code>SemVer</code> 还有所不同</strong>，因为对于 <code>SemVer</code> 而言，<code>0.x.y</code> 的版本是没有其它版本与其兼容的，而对于 Rust，只要版本号 <code>0.x.y</code> 满足 ： <code>z>=y</code> 且 <code>x>0</code> 的条件，那它就能更新到 <code>0.x.z</code> 版本。</p>
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<h4 id="-指定版本-1"><a class="header" href="#-指定版本-1"><code>~</code> 指定版本</a></h4>
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<p><code>~</code> 指定了最小化版本 :</p>
|
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
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</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
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</span>~1.2.3 := >=1.2.3, <1.3.0
|
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~1.2 := >=1.2.0, <1.3.0
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~1 := >=1.0.0, <2.0.0
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<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
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<h4 id="-通配符"><a class="header" href="#-通配符"><code>*</code> 通配符</a></h4>
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|
|
<p>这种方式允许将 <code>*</code> 所在的位置替换成任何数字:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
</span>* := >=0.0.0
|
|
|
1.* := >=1.0.0, <2.0.0
|
|
|
1.2.* := >=1.2.0, <1.3.0
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
<p>不过 <code>crates.io</code> 并不允许我们只使用孤零零一个 <code>*</code> 来指定版本号 : <code>*</code>。</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="比较符"><a class="header" href="#比较符">比较符</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>可以使用比较符的方式来指定一个版本号范围或一个精确的版本号:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
</span>>= 1.2.0
|
|
|
> 1
|
|
|
< 2
|
|
|
= 1.2.3
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
<p>同时还能使用比较符进行组合，并通过逗号分隔：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
</span>>= 1.2, < 1.5
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
<p>需要注意，以上的版本号规则仅仅针对 <code>crate.io</code> 和基于它搭建的注册服务(例如科大服务源) ，其它注册服务(例如 GitHub )有自己相应的规则。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="从其它注册服务引入依赖包"><a class="header" href="#从其它注册服务引入依赖包">从其它注册服务引入依赖包</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>为了使用 <code>crates.io</code> 之外的注册服务，我们需要对 <code>$HOME/.cargo/config.toml</code> ($CARGO_HOME 下) 文件进行配置，添加新的服务提供商，有两种方式可以实现。</p>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>由于国内访问国外注册服务的不稳定性，我们可以使用<a href="http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/help/crates.io-index.html">科大的注册服务</a>来提升下载速度，以下注册服务的链接都是科大的</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<p><strong>首先是在 <code>crates.io</code> 之外添加新的注册服务</strong>，修改 <code>.cargo/config.toml</code> 添加以下内容：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[registries]
|
|
|
ustc = { index = "https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/crates.io-index/" }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>对于这种方式，我们的项目的 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 中的依赖包引入方式也有所不同：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
|
|
|
time = { registry = "ustc" }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>在重新配置后，初次构建可能要较久的时间，因为要下载更新 <code>ustc</code> 注册服务的索引文件，还挺大的...</p>
|
|
|
<p>注意，这一种使用方式最大的缺点就是在引用依赖包时要指定注册服务: <code>time = { registry = "ustc" }</code>。</p>
|
|
|
<p><strong>而第二种方式就不需要，因为它是直接使用新注册服务来替代默认的 <code>crates.io</code></strong>。</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[source.crates-io]
|
|
|
replace-with = 'ustc'
|
|
|
|
|
|
[source.ustc]
|
|
|
registry = "git://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/crates.io-index"
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>上面配置中的第一个部分，首先将源 <code>source.crates-io</code> 替换为 <code>ustc</code>，然后在第二部分指定了 <code>ustc</code> 源的地址。</p>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>注意，如果你要发布包到 <code>crates.io</code> 上，那该包的依赖也必须在 <code>crates.io</code> 上</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<h4 id="引入-git-仓库作为依赖包"><a class="header" href="#引入-git-仓库作为依赖包">引入 git 仓库作为依赖包</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>若要引入 git 仓库中的库作为依赖包，你至少需要提供一个仓库的地址:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
|
|
|
regex = { git = "https://github.com/rust-lang/regex" }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>由于没有指定版本，Cargo 会假定我们使用 <code>master</code> 或 <code>main</code> 分支的最新 <code>commit</code> 。你可以使用 <code>rev</code>、<code>tag</code> 或 <code>branch</code> 来指定想要拉取的版本。例如下面代码拉取了 <code>next</code> 分支上的最新 <code>commit</code>：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
|
|
|
regex = { git = "https://github.com/rust-lang/regex", branch = "next" }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>任何非 <code>tag</code> 和 <code>branch</code> 的类型都可以通过 <code>rev</code> 来引入，例如通过最近一次 <code>commit</code> 的哈希值引入: <code>rev = "4c59b707"</code>，再比如远程仓库提供的的具名引用: <code>rev = "refs/pull/493/head"</code>。</p>
|
|
|
<p>一旦 <code>git</code> 依赖被拉取下来，该版本就会被记录到 <code>Cargo.lock</code> 中进行锁定。因此 <code>git</code> 仓库中后续新的提交不再会被自动拉取，除非你通过 <code>cargo update</code> 来升级。需要注意的是锁定一旦被删除，那 Cargo 依然会按照 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 中配置的地址和版本去拉取新的版本，如果你配置的版本不正确，那可能会拉取下来一个不兼容的新版本！</p>
|
|
|
<p><strong>因此不要依赖锁定来完成版本的控制，而应该老老实实的在 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 小心配置你希望使用的版本。</strong></p>
|
|
|
<p>如果访问的是私有仓库，你可能需要授权来访问该仓库，可以查看<a href="https://course.rs/cargo/git-auth.html">这里</a>了解授权的方式。</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="通过路径引入本地依赖包"><a class="header" href="#通过路径引入本地依赖包">通过路径引入本地依赖包</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>Cargo 支持通过路径的方式来引入本地的依赖包：一般来说，本地依赖包都是同一个项目内的内部包，例如假设我们有一个 <code>hello_world</code> 项目( package )，现在在其根目录下新建一个包:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-shell"># 在 hello_world/ 目录下
|
|
|
$ cargo new hello_utils
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>新建的 <code>hello_utils</code> 文件夹跟 <code>src</code>、<code>Cargo.toml</code> 同级，现在修改 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 让 <code>hello_world</code> 项目引入新建的包:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
|
|
|
hello_utils = { path = "hello_utils" }
|
|
|
# 以下路径也可以
|
|
|
# hello_utils = { path = "./hello_utils" }
|
|
|
# hello_utils = { path = "../hello_world/hello_utils" }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>但是，此时的 <code>hello_world</code> 是无法发布到 <code>crates.io</code> 上的。想要发布，需要先将 <code>hello_utils</code> 先发布到 <code>crates.io</code> 上，然后再通过 <code>crates.io</code> 的方式来引入:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
|
|
|
hello_utils = { path = "hello_utils", version = "0.1.0" }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>注意！使用 <code>path</code> 指定依赖的 package 将无法发布到 <code>crates.io</code>，除非 <code>path</code> 存在于 <a href="#dev-dependencies">[dev-dependencies]</a> 中。当然，你还可以使用多种引用混合的方式来解决这个问题，下面将进行介绍</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<h2 id="多引用方式混合"><a class="header" href="#多引用方式混合">多引用方式混合</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>实际上，我们可以同时使用多种方式来引入同一个包，例如本地引入和 <code>crates.io</code> :</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
|
|
|
# 本地使用时，通过 path 引入,
|
|
|
# 发布到 `crates.io` 时，通过 `crates.io` 的方式引入： version = "1.0"
|
|
|
bitflags = { path = "my-bitflags", version = "1.0" }
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 本地使用时，通过 git 仓库引入
|
|
|
# 当发布时，通过 `crates.io` 引入： version = "1.0"
|
|
|
smallvec = { git = "https://github.com/servo/rust-smallvec", version = "1.0" }
|
|
|
|
|
|
# N.B. 若 version 无法匹配，Cargo 将无法编译
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>这种方式跟下章节将要讲述的依赖覆盖类似，但是前者只会应用到当前声明的依赖包上。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="根据平台引入依赖"><a class="header" href="#根据平台引入依赖">根据平台引入依赖</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>我们还可以根据特定的平台来引入依赖:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies]
|
|
|
winhttp = "0.4.0"
|
|
|
|
|
|
[target.'cfg(unix)'.dependencies]
|
|
|
openssl = "1.0.1"
|
|
|
|
|
|
[target.'cfg(target_arch = "x86")'.dependencies]
|
|
|
native = { path = "native/i686" }
|
|
|
|
|
|
[target.'cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")'.dependencies]
|
|
|
native = { path = "native/x86_64" }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>此处的语法跟 Rust 的 <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/reference/conditional-compilation.html"><code>#[cfg]</code></a> 语法非常相像，因此我们还能使用逻辑操作符进行控制:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[target.'cfg(not(unix))'.dependencies]
|
|
|
openssl = "1.0.1"
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>这里的意思是，当不是 <code>unix</code> 操作系统时，才对 <code>openssl</code> 进行引入。</p>
|
|
|
<p>如果你想要知道 <code>cfg</code> 能够作用的目标，可以在终端中运行 <code>rustc --print=cfg</code> 进行查询。当然，你可以指定平台查询: <code>rustc --print=cfg --target=x86_64-pc-windows-msvc</code>，该命令将对 <code>64bit</code> 的 Windows 进行查询。</p>
|
|
|
<p>聪明的同学已经发现，这非常类似于条件依赖引入，那我们是不是可以根据自定义的条件来决定是否引入某个依赖呢？具体答案参见后续的 <a href="https://course.rs/cargo/reference/features.html">feature</a> 章节。这里是一个简单的示例:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
|
|
|
foo = { version = "1.0", optional = true }
|
|
|
bar = { version = "1.0", optional = true }
|
|
|
|
|
|
[features]
|
|
|
fancy-feature = ["foo", "bar"]
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>但是需要注意的是，你如果妄图通过 <code>cfg(feature)</code>、<code>cfg(debug_assertions)</code>, <code>cfg(test)</code> 和 <code>cfg(proc_macro)</code> 的方式来条件引入依赖，那是不可行的。</p>
|
|
|
<p><code>Cargo</code> 还允许通过下面的方式来引入平台特定的依赖:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[target.x86_64-pc-windows-gnu.dependencies]
|
|
|
winhttp = "0.4.0"
|
|
|
|
|
|
[target.i686-unknown-linux-gnu.dependencies]
|
|
|
openssl = "1.0.1"
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<h2 id="自定义-target-引入"><a class="header" href="#自定义-target-引入">自定义 target 引入</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>如果你在使用自定义的 <code>target</code> ：例如 <code>--target bar.json</code>，那么可以通过下面方式来引入依赖:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[target.bar.dependencies]
|
|
|
winhttp = "0.4.0"
|
|
|
|
|
|
[target.my-special-i686-platform.dependencies]
|
|
|
openssl = "1.0.1"
|
|
|
native = { path = "native/i686" }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>需要注意，这种使用方式在 <code>stable</code> 版本的 Rust 中无法被使用，建议大家如果没有特别的需求，还是使用之前提到的 feature 方式</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<h2 id="dev-dependencies"><a class="header" href="#dev-dependencies">[dev-dependencies]</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>你还可以为项目添加只在测试时需要的依赖库，类似于 <code>package.json</code>( Nodejs )文件中的 <code>devDependencies</code>，可以在 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 中添加 <code>[dev-dependencies]</code> 来实现:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dev-dependencies]
|
|
|
tempdir = "0.3"
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>这里的依赖只会在运行测试、示例和 benchmark 时才会被引入。并且，假设<code>A</code> 包引用了 <code>B</code>，而 <code>B</code> 通过 <code>[dev-dependencies]</code> 的方式引用了 <code>C</code> 包， 那 <code>A</code> 是不会引用 <code>C</code> 包的。</p>
|
|
|
<p>当然，我们还可以指定平台特定的测试依赖包:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[target.'cfg(unix)'.dev-dependencies]
|
|
|
mio = "0.0.1"
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>注意，当发布包到 crates.io 时，<code>[dev-dependencies]</code> 中的依赖只有指定了 <code>version</code> 的才会被包含在发布包中。况且，再加上测试稳定性的考虑，我们建议为 <code>[dev-dependencies]</code> 中的包指定相应的版本号</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<h2 id="build-dependencies"><a class="header" href="#build-dependencies">[build-dependencies]</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>我们还可以指定某些依赖仅用于构建脚本:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[build-dependencies]
|
|
|
cc = "1.0.3"
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>当然，平台特定的依然可以使用：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[target.'cfg(unix)'.build-dependencies]
|
|
|
cc = "1.0.3"
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>有一点需要注意：构建脚本(<code> build.rs</code> )和项目的正常代码是彼此独立，因此它们的依赖不能互通： 构建脚本无法使用 <code>[dependencies]</code> 或 <code>[dev-dependencies]</code> 中的依赖，而 <code>[build-dependencies]</code> 中的依赖也无法被构建脚本之外的代码所使用。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="选择-features"><a class="header" href="#选择-features">选择 features</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>如果你依赖的包提供了条件性的 <code>features</code>，你可以指定使用哪一个:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies.awesome]
|
|
|
version = "1.3.5"
|
|
|
default-features = false # 不要包含默认的 features，而是通过下面的方式来指定
|
|
|
features = ["secure-password", "civet"]
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>更多的信息参见 <a href="https://course.rs/cargo/reference/features.html">Features 章节</a></p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="在-cargotoml-中重命名依赖"><a class="header" href="#在-cargotoml-中重命名依赖">在 Cargo.toml 中重命名依赖</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>如果你想要实现以下目标：</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>避免在 Rust 代码中使用 <code>use foo as bar</code></li>
|
|
|
<li>依赖某个包的多个版本</li>
|
|
|
<li>依赖来自于不同注册服务的同名包</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p>那可以使用 Cargo 提供的 <code>package key</code> :</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[package]
|
|
|
name = "mypackage"
|
|
|
version = "0.0.1"
|
|
|
|
|
|
[dependencies]
|
|
|
foo = "0.1"
|
|
|
bar = { git = "https://github.com/example/project", package = "foo" }
|
|
|
baz = { version = "0.1", registry = "custom", package = "foo" }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>此时，你的代码中可以使用三个包：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
</span>extern crate foo; // 来自 crates.io
|
|
|
extern crate bar; // 来自 git repository
|
|
|
extern crate baz; // 来自 registry `custom`
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
<p>有趣的是，由于这三个 <code>package</code> 的名称都是 <code>foo</code>(在各自的 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 中定义)，因此我们显式的通过 <code>package = "foo"</code> 的方式告诉 Cargo：我们需要的就是这个 <code>foo package</code>，虽然它被重命名为 <code>bar</code> 或 <code>baz</code>。</p>
|
|
|
<p>有一点需要注意，当使用可选依赖时，如果你将 <code>foo</code> 包重命名为 <code>bar</code> 包，那引用前者的 feature 时的路径名也要做相应的修改:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
|
|
|
bar = { version = "0.1", package = 'foo', optional = true }
|
|
|
|
|
|
[features]
|
|
|
log-debug = ['bar/log-debug'] # 若使用 'foo/log-debug' 会导致报错
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="giscus-container"></div>
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</main>
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