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<main>
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<h1 id="为何会有-cargo"><a class="header" href="#为何会有-cargo">为何会有 Cargo</a></h1>
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<p>根据之前学习的知识，Rust 有两种类型的包: 库包和二进制包，前者是我们经常使用的依赖包，用于被其它包所引入，而后者是一个应用服务，可以编译成二进制可执行文件进行运行。</p>
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<p>包是通过 Rust 编译器 <code>rustc</code> 进行编译的:</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
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</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
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</span>$ rustc hello.rs
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$ ./hello
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Hello, world!
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<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
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<p>上面我们直接使用 <code>rustc</code> 对二进制包 <code>hello.rs</code> 进行编译，生成二进制可执行文件 <code>hello</code>，并对其进行运行。</p>
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<p>该方式虽然简单，但有几个问题：</p>
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<ul>
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<li>必须要指定文件名编译，当项目复杂后，这种编译方式也随之更加复杂</li>
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<li>如果要指定编译参数，情况将更加复杂</li>
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</ul>
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<p>最关键的是，外部依赖库的引入也将是一个大问题。大部分实际的项目都有不少依赖包，而这些依赖包又间接的依赖了新的依赖包，在这种复杂情况下，如何管理依赖包及其版本也成为一个相当棘手的问题。</p>
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<p>正是因为这些原因，与其使用 <code>rustc</code> ，我们可以使用一个强大的包管理工具来解决问题：欢迎 <code>Cargo</code> 闪亮登场。</p>
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<h2 id="cargo"><a class="header" href="#cargo">Cargo</a></h2>
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<p><code>Cargo</code> 解决了之前描述的所有问题，同时它保证了每次重复的构建都不会改变上一次构建的结果，这背后是通过完善且强大的依赖包版本管理来实现的。</p>
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<p>总之，<code>Cargo</code> 为了实现目标，做了四件事：</p>
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<ul>
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<li>引入两个元数据文件，包含项目的方方面面信息: <code>Cargo.toml</code> 和 <code>Cargo.lock</code></li>
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<li>获取和构建项目的依赖，例如 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 中的依赖包版本描述，以及从 <code>crates.io</code> 下载包</li>
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<li>调用 <code>rustc</code> (或其它编译器) 并使用的正确的参数来构建项目，例如 <code>cargo build</code></li>
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<li>引入一些惯例，让项目的使用更加简单</li>
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</ul>
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<p>毫不夸张的说，得益于 <code>Cargo</code> 的标准化，只要你使用它构建过一个项目，那构建其它使用 <code>Cargo</code> 的项目，也将不存在任何困难。</p>
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