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## Cargo 工作空间
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> [ch14-03-cargo-workspaces.md](https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/master/second-edition/src/ch14-03-cargo-workspaces.md)
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> <br>
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> commit d945f6d4046f4fc3c09326213100492790aebb45
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第十二章中,我们构建一个包含二进制 crate 和库 crate 的包。不过如果库 crate 继续变得更大而我们想要进一步将包拆分为多个库 crate 呢?随着包增长,拆分出其主要组件将是非常有帮助的。对于这种情况,Cargo 提供了一个叫**工作空间**(*workspaces*)的功能,它可以帮助我们管理多个相关的并行开发的包。
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**工作空间**是一系列的包都共享同样的 *Cargo.lock* 和输出目录。让我们使用工作空间创建一个项目,这是我们熟悉的所以就可以关注工作空间的结构了。这里有一个二进制项目它使用了两个库:一个会提供`add_one`方法而第二个会提供`add_two`方法。让我们为这个二进制项目创建一个新 crate 作为开始:
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```
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$ cargo new --bin adder
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Created binary (application) `adder` project
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$ cd adder
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```
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需要修改二进制包的 *Cargo.toml* 来告诉 Cargo 包`adder`是一个工作空间。再文件末尾增加如下:
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```toml
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[workspace]
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```
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类似于很多 Cargo 的功能,工作空间支持配置惯例:只要遵循这些惯例就无需再增加任何配置了。这个惯例是任何作为子目录依赖的 crate 将是工作空间的一部分。让我们像这样在 *Cargo.toml* 中的`[dependencies]`增加一个`adder` crate 的路径依赖:
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```toml
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[dependencies]
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add-one = { path = "add-one" }
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```
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如果增加依赖但没有指定`path`,这将是一个不位于工作空间的正常的依赖。
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接下来,在`adder`目录中生成`add-one` crate:
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```
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$ cargo new add-one
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Created library `add-one` project
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```
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现在`adder`目录应该有如下目录和文件:
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```
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├── Cargo.toml
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├── add-one
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│ ├── Cargo.toml
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│ └── src
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│ └── lib.rs
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└── src
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└── main.rs
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```
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在 *add-one/src/lib.rs* 中增加`add_one`函数的实现:
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<span class="filename">Filename: add-one/src/lib.rs</span>
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```rust
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pub fn add_one(x: i32) -> i32 {
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x + 1
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}
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```
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打开`adder`的 *src/main.rs* 并增加一行`extern crate`将新的`add-one`库引入作用域,并修改`main`函数来使用`add_one`函数:
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```rust,ignore
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extern crate add_one;
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fn main() {
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let num = 10;
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println!("Hello, world! {} plus one is {}!", num, add_one::add_one(num));
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}
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```
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让我们构建一下!
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```
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$ cargo build
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Compiling add-one v0.1.0 (file:///projects/adder/add-one)
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Compiling adder v0.1.0 (file:///projects/adder)
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Finished debug [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.68 secs
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```
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注意在 *adder* 目录运行`cargo build`会构建这个 crate 和 *adder/add-one* 中的`add-one` crate,不过只创建一个 *Cargo.lock* 和一个 *target* 目录,他们都位于 *adder* 目录。试试你能否用相同的方式增加`add-two` crate。
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假如我们想要在`add-one` crate 中使用`rand` crate。一如既往在`Cargo.toml`的`[dependencies]`部分增加这个 crate:
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<span class="filename">Filename: add-one/Cargo.toml</span>
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```toml
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[dependencies]
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rand = "0.3.14"
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```
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如果在 *add-one/src/lib.rs* 中加上`extern crate rand;`后再运行`cargo build`,则会编译成功:
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```
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$ cargo build
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Updating registry `https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index`
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Downloading rand v0.3.14
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...snip...
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Compiling rand v0.3.14
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Compiling add-one v0.1.0 (file:///projects/adder/add-one)
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Compiling adder v0.1.0 (file:///projects/adder)
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Finished debug [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 10.18 secs
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```
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现在 *Cargo.lock* 的顶部反映了`add-one`依赖`rand`这一事实。然而即使在工作空间的某处使用了`rand`,也不能在工作空间的其他 crate 使用它,除非在对应的 *Cargo.toml* 也增加`rand`的依赖。例如,如果在顶层的`adder` crate 的 *src/main.rs* 中增加`extern crate rand;`,将会出现一个错误:
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```
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$ cargo build
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Compiling adder v0.1.0 (file:///projects/adder)
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error[E0463]: can't find crate for `rand`
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--> src/main.rs:1:1
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1 | extern crate rand;
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| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ can't find crate
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```
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为了修复这个错误,修改顶层的 *Cargo.toml* 并表明`rand`是`adder` crate 的一个依赖。
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作为另一个提高,为 crate 中的`add_one::add_one`函数增加一个测试:
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<span class="filename">Filename: add-one/src/lib.rs</span>
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```rust
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pub fn add_one(x: i32) -> i32 {
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x + 1
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}
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#[cfg(test)]
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mod tests {
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use super::*;
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#[test]
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fn it_works() {
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assert_eq!(3, add_one(2));
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}
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}
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```
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现在在顶层的 *adder* 目录运行`cargo test`:
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```
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$ cargo test
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Compiling adder v0.1.0 (file:///projects/adder)
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Finished debug [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.27 secs
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Running target/debug/adder-f0253159197f7841
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running 0 tests
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test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured
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```
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等等,零个测试?我们不是刚增加了一个吗?如果我们观察输出,就不难发现在工作空间中的`cargo test`只运行顶层 crate 的测试。为了运行其他 crate 的测试,需要使用`-p`参数来表明我们希望与逆行测试包的测试:
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```
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$ cargo test -p add-one
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Finished debug [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.0 secs
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Running target/debug/deps/add_one-abcabcabc
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running 1 test
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test tests::it_works ... ok
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test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured
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Doc-tests add-one
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running 0 tests
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test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured
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```
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类似的,如果选择将工作空间发布到 crates.io,其中的每一个包都需要单独发布。
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随着项目增长,考虑使用工作空间:每一个更小的组件比一大块代码要容易理解。将 crate 保持在工作空间中易于协调他们的改变,如果他们一起运行并经常需要同时被修改的话。
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