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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="title-page.html">Rust 程序设计语言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="foreword.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="ch00-00-introduction.html">简介</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-00-getting-started.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门指南</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-01-installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 安装</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-02-hello-world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Hello, World!</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-03-hello-cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Hello, Cargo!</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 写个猜数字游戏</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-00-common-programming-concepts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 常见编程概念</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 变量与可变性</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-02-data-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 数据类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-03-how-functions-work.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-04-comments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 注释</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-05-control-flow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 控制流</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-00-understanding-ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 认识所有权</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 什么是所有权？</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> 引用与借用</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-03-slices.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Slice 类型</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-00-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 使用结构体组织相关联的数据</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-01-defining-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> 结构体的定义和实例化</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-02-example-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> 结构体示例程序</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-03-method-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> 方法语法</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-00-enums.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 枚举和模式匹配</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-01-defining-an-enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> 枚举的定义</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-02-match.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> match 控制流结构</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-03-if-let.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> if let 简洁控制流</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-00-managing-growing-projects-with-packages-crates-and-modules.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> 使用包、Crate 和模块管理不断增长的项目</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-01-packages-and-crates.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> 包和 Crate</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a h
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<h1 class="menu-title">Rust 程序设计语言 简体中文版</h1>
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<main>
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<h2 id="附录-d实用开发工具"><a class="header" href="#附录-d实用开发工具">附录 D：实用开发工具</a></h2>
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<blockquote>
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<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/main/src/appendix-04-useful-development-tools.md">appendix-04-useful-development-tools.md</a>
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<br />
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commit 5057f157cd0b35bc7d0dc0af6ef622fa4c480996</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>本附录，我们将讨论 Rust 项目提供的用于开发 Rust 代码的工具。</p>
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<h3 id="通过-rustfmt-自动格式化"><a class="header" href="#通过-rustfmt-自动格式化">通过 <code>rustfmt</code> 自动格式化</a></h3>
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<p><code>rustfmt</code> 工具根据社区代码风格格式化代码。很多项目使用 <code>rustfmt</code> 来避免编写 Rust 风格的争论：所有人都用这个工具格式化代码！</p>
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<p>安装 <code>rustfmt</code>：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-console">$ rustup component add rustfmt
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</code></pre>
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<p>这会提供 <code>rustfmt</code> 和 <code>cargo-fmt</code>，类似于 Rust 同时安装 <code>rustc</code> 和 <code>cargo</code>。为了格式化整个 Cargo 项目：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo fmt
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</code></pre>
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<p>运行此命令会格式化当前 crate 中所有的 Rust 代码。这应该只会改变代码风格，而不是代码语义。请查看 <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt">该文档</a> 了解 <code>rustfmt</code> 的更多信息。</p>
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<h3 id="通过-rustfix-修复代码"><a class="header" href="#通过-rustfix-修复代码">通过 <code>rustfix</code> 修复代码</a></h3>
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<p>如果你编写过 Rust 代码，那么你可能见过那些有很明显修复方式的编译器警告。例如，考虑如下代码：</p>
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<p><span class="filename">文件名：src/main.rs</span></p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">fn do_something() {}
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fn main() {
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for i in 0..100 {
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do_something();
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}
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}</code></pre></pre>
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|
<p>这里调用了 <code>do_something</code> 函数 100 次，不过从未在 <code>for</code> 循环体中使用变量 <code>i</code>。Rust 会警告说：</p>
|
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<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo build
|
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Compiling myprogram v0.1.0 (file:///projects/myprogram)
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warning: unused variable: `i`
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--> src/main.rs:4:9
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4 | for i in 0..100 {
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| ^ help: consider using `_i` instead
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|
= note: #[warn(unused_variables)] on by default
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Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.50s
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|
</code></pre>
|
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|
<p>警告中建议使用 <code>_i</code> 名称：下划线表明该变量有意不使用。我们可以通过 <code>cargo fix</code> 命令使用 <code>rustfix</code> 工具来自动采用该建议：</p>
|
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|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo fix
|
|
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|
|
|
Checking myprogram v0.1.0 (file:///projects/myprogram)
|
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|
|
Fixing src/main.rs (1 fix)
|
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|
Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.59s
|
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|
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|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>如果再次查看 <em>src/main.rs</em>，会发现 <code>cargo fix</code> 修改了代码：</p>
|
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|
|
|
|
<p><span class="filename">文件名：src/main.rs</span></p>
|
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|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">fn do_something() {}
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn main() {
|
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|
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|
for _i in 0..100 {
|
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|
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|
do_something();
|
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|
}
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|
}</code></pre></pre>
|
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|
<p>现在 <code>for</code> 循环变量变为 <code>_i</code>，警告也不再出现。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><code>cargo fix</code> 命令可以用于在不同 Rust 版本间迁移代码。版本在附录 E 中介绍。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="通过-clippy-提供更多-lint-功能"><a class="header" href="#通过-clippy-提供更多-lint-功能">通过 <code>clippy</code> 提供更多 lint 功能</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><code>clippy</code> 工具是一系列 lint 的集合，用于捕捉常见错误和改进 Rust 代码。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>安装 <code>clippy</code>：</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ rustup component add clippy
|
|
|
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>对任何 Cargo 项目运行 clippy 的 lint：</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo clippy
|
|
|
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>例如，如果程序使用了如 pi 这样数学常数的近似值，如下：</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><span class="filename">文件名：src/main.rs</span></p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
|
let x = 3.1415;
|
|
|
|
|
|
let r = 8.0;
|
|
|
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|
|
println!("the area of the circle is {}", x * r * r);
|
|
|
|
|
|
}</code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>在此项目上运行 <code>cargo clippy</code> 会导致这个错误：</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-text">error: approximate value of `f{32, 64}::consts::PI` found
|
|
|
|
|
|
--> src/main.rs:2:13
|
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|
|
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|
|
2 | let x = 3.1415;
|
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|
|
| ^^^^^^
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
= note: `#[deny(clippy::approx_constant)]` on by default
|
|
|
|
|
|
= help: consider using the constant directly
|
|
|
|
|
|
= help: for further information visit https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html#approx_constant
|
|
|
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>这告诉我们 Rust 定义了更为精确的常量，而如果使用了这些常量程序将更加准确。如下代码就不会导致 <code>clippy</code> 产生任何错误或警告：</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><span class="filename">文件名：src/main.rs</span></p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
|
let x = std::f64::consts::PI;
|
|
|
|
|
|
let r = 8.0;
|
|
|
|
|
|
println!("the area of the circle is {}", x * r * r);
|
|
|
|
|
|
}</code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>请查看 <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy">其文档</a> 来了解 <code>clippy</code> 的更多信息。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="使用-rust-analyzer-的-ide-集成"><a class="header" href="#使用-rust-analyzer-的-ide-集成">使用 <code>rust-analyzer</code> 的 IDE 集成</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>为了帮助 IDE 集成，Rust 社区建议使用 <a href="https://rust-analyzer.github.io"><code>rust-analyzer</code></a>。这个工具是一组以编译器为中心的实用程序，它实现了 <a href="http://langserver.org/">Language Server Protocol</a>（一个 IDE 与编程语言之间的通信规范）。<code>rust-analyzer</code> 可以用于不同的客户端，比如 <a href="https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=rust-lang.rust-analyzer">Visual Studio Code 的 Rust analyzer 插件</a>。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>访问 <code>rust-analyzer</code> 项目的 <a href="https://rust-analyzer.github.io">主页</a> 来了解如何安装它，然后为你的 IDE 安装 language server 支持。如此你的 IDE 便会获得如自动补全、跳转到定义和 inline error 之类的功能。</p>
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