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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="title-page.html">Rust 程序设计语言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="foreword.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="ch00-00-introduction.html">简介</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-00-getting-started.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门指南</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-01-installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 安装</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-02-hello-world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Hello, World!</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-03-hello-cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Hello, Cargo!</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 写个猜数字游戏</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-00-common-programming-concepts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 常见编程概念</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 变量与可变性</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-02-data-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 数据类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-03-how-functions-work.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-04-comments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 注释</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-05-control-flow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 控制流</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-00-understanding-ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 认识所有权</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 什么是所有权？</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> 引用与借用</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-03-slices.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Slice 类型</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-00-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 使用结构体组织相关联的数据</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-01-defining-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> 结构体的定义和实例化</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-02-example-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> 结构体示例程序</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-03-method-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> 方法语法</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-00-enums.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 枚举和模式匹配</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-01-defining-an-enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> 枚举的定义</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-02-match.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> match 控制流结构</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-03-if-let.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> if let 简洁控制流</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-00-managing-growing-projects-with-packages-crates-and-modules.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> 使用包、Crate 和模块管理不断增长的项目</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-01-packages-and-crates.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> 包和 Crate</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-02-defining-modules-to-control-scope-and-privacy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> 定义模块来控制作用域与私有性</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-03-paths-for-referring-to-an-item-in-the-module-tree.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> 引用模块项目的路径</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-04-bringing-paths-into-scope-with-the-use-keyword.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> 使用 use 关键字将路径引入作用域</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-05-separating-modules-into-different-files.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> 将模块拆分成多个文件</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-00-common-collections.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> 常见集合</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-01-vectors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> 使用 Vector 储存列表</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-02-strings.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> 使用字符串储存 UTF-8 编码的文本</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-03-hash-maps.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> 使用 Hash Map 储存键值对</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-00-error-handling.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> 错误处理</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-01-unrecoverable-errors-with-panic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> 用 panic! 处理不可恢复的错误</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> 用 Result 处理可恢复的错误</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> 要不要 panic!</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-00-generics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> 泛型、Trait 和生命周期</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-01-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> 泛型数据类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-02-traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.2.</strong> Trait：定义共同行为</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-03-lifetime-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.3.</strong> 生命周期确保引用有效</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-00-testing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> 编写自动化测试</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-01-writing-tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> 如何编写测试</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-02-running-tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> 控制测试如何运行</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-03-test-organization.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> 测试的组织结构</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-00-an-io-project.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> 一个 I/O 项目：构建命令行程序</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-01-accepting-command-line-arguments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> 接受命令行参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-02-reading-a-file.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> 读取文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-03-improving-error-handling-and-modularity.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> 重构以改进模块化与错误处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-04-testing-the-librarys-functionality.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> 采用测试驱动开发完善库的功能</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-05-working-with-environment-variables.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.5.</strong> 处理环境变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-06-writing-to-stderr-instead-of-stdout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.6.</strong> 将错误信息输出到标准错误而不是标准输出</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-00-functional-features.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> Rust 中的函数式语言功能：迭代器与闭包</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-01-closures.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.1.</strong> 闭包：可以捕获其环境的匿名函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-02-iterators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.</strong> 使用迭代器处理元素序列</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-03-improving-our-io-project.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.</strong> 改进之前的 I/O 项目</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-04-performance.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.</strong> 性能比较：循环对迭代器</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-00-more-about-cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> 更多关于 Cargo 和 Crates.io 的内容</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-01-release-profiles.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> 采用发布配置自定义构建</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-02-publishing-to-crates-io.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.</strong> 将 crate 发布到 Crates.io</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-03-cargo-workspaces.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.3.</strong> Cargo 工作空间</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-04-installing-binaries.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.4.</strong> 使用 cargo install 安装二进制文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-05-extending-cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.5.</strong> Cargo 自定义扩展命令</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-00-smart-pointers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> 智能指针</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-01-box.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.</strong> 使用 Box<T> 指向堆上数据</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-02-deref.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.</strong> 使用 Deref Trait 将智能指针当作常规引用处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-03-drop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.</strong> 使用 Drop Trait 运行清理代码</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-04-rc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.4.</strong> Rc<T> 引用计数智能指针</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-05-interior-mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.5.</strong> RefCell<T> 与内部可变性模式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-06-reference-cycles.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.6.</strong> 引用循环会导致内存泄漏</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-00-concurrency.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> 无畏并发</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-01-threads.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.1.</strong> 使用线程同时地运行代码</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-02-message-passing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.2.</strong> 使用消息传递在线程间通信</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-03-shared-state.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.3.</strong> 共享状态并发</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-04-extensible-concurrency-sync-and-send.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.4.</strong> 使用 Sync 与 Send Traits 的可扩展并发</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-00-oop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.</strong> Rust 的面向对象编程特性</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-01-what-is-oo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.1.</strong> 面向对象语言的特点</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-02-trait-objects.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.2.</strong> 顾及不同类型值的 trait 对象</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-03-oo-design-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.3.</strong> 面向对象设计模式的实现</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-00-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.</strong> 模式与模式匹配</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-01-all-the-places-for-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.1.</strong> 所有可能会用到模式的位置</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-02-refutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.2.</strong> Refutability（可反驳性）: 模式是否会匹配失效</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-03-pattern-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.3.</strong> 模式语法</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-00-advanced-features.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.</strong> 高级特征</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-01-unsafe-rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.1.</strong> 不安全的 Rust</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-03-advanced-traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.2.</strong> 高级 trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-04-advanced-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.3.</strong> 高级类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-05-advanced-functions-and-closures.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.4.</strong> 高级函数与闭包</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-06-macros.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.5.</strong> 宏</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-00-final-project-a-web-server.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.</strong> 最后的项目：构建多线程 web server</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-01-single-threaded.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.1.</strong> 建立单线程 web server</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-02-multithreaded.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.2.</strong> 将单线程 server 变为多线程 server</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-03-graceful-shutdown-and-cleanup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.3.</strong> 优雅停机与清理</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-00.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.</strong> 附录</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-01-keywords.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.1.</strong> A - 关键字</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-02-operators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.2.</strong> B - 运算符与符号</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-03-derivable-traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.3.</strong> C - 可派生的 trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-04-useful-development-tools.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.4.</strong> D - 实用开发工具</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-05-editions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.5.</strong> E - 版本</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-06-translation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.6.</strong> F - 本书译本</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-07-nightly-rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.7.</strong> G - Rust 是如何开发的与 “Nightly Rust”</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<main>
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<h2 id="if-let-简洁控制流"><a class="header" href="#if-let-简洁控制流"><code>if let</code> 简洁控制流</a></h2>
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<blockquote>
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<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/main/src/ch06-03-if-let.md">ch06-03-if-let.md</a>
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<br>
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commit bb7e429ad6b59d9a0c37db7434976364cbb9c6da</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p><code>if let</code> 语法让我们以一种不那么冗长的方式结合 <code>if</code> 和 <code>let</code>，来处理只匹配一个模式的值而忽略其他模式的情况。考虑示例 6-6 中的程序，它匹配一个 <code>config_max</code> 变量中的 <code>Option<u8></code> 值并只希望当值为 <code>Some</code> 成员时执行代码：</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust"><span class="boring">fn main() {
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</span> let config_max = Some(3u8);
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match config_max {
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Some(max) => println!("The maximum is configured to be {max}"),
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_ => (),
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}
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<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
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<p><span class="caption">示例 6-6：<code>match</code> 只关心当值为 <code>Some</code> 时执行代码</span></p>
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<p>如果值是 <code>Some</code>，我们希望打印出 <code>Some</code> 成员中的值，这个值被绑定到模式中的 <code>max</code> 变量里。对于 <code>None</code> 值我们不希望做任何操作。为了满足 <code>match</code> 表达式（穷尽性）的要求，必须在处理完这唯一的成员后加上 <code>_ => ()</code>，这样也要增加很多烦人的样板代码。</p>
|
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<p>不过我们可以使用 <code>if let</code> 这种更短的方式编写。如下代码与示例 6-6 中的 <code>match</code> 行为一致：</p>
|
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust"><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
</span> let config_max = Some(3u8);
|
|
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if let Some(max) = config_max {
|
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println!("The maximum is configured to be {max}");
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}
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<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
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<p><code>if let</code> 语法获取通过等号分隔的一个模式和一个表达式。它的工作方式与 <code>match</code> 相同，这里的表达式对应 <code>match</code> 而模式则对应第一个分支。在这个例子中，模式是 <code>Some(max)</code>，<code>max</code> 绑定为 <code>Some</code> 中的值。接着可以在 <code>if let</code> 代码块中使用 <code>max</code> 了，就跟在对应的 <code>match</code> 分支中一样。模式不匹配时 <code>if let</code> 块中的代码不会执行。</p>
|
|
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<p>使用 <code>if let</code> 意味着编写更少代码，更少的缩进和更少的样板代码。然而，这样会失去 <code>match</code> 强制要求的穷尽性检查。<code>match</code> 和 <code>if let</code> 之间的选择依赖特定的环境以及增加简洁度和失去穷尽性检查的权衡取舍。</p>
|
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<p>换句话说，可以认为 <code>if let</code> 是 <code>match</code> 的一个语法糖，它当值匹配某一模式时执行代码而忽略所有其他值。</p>
|
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<p>可以在 <code>if let</code> 中包含一个 <code>else</code>。<code>else</code> 块中的代码与 <code>match</code> 表达式中的 <code>_</code> 分支块中的代码相同，这样的 <code>match</code> 表达式就等同于 <code>if let</code> 和 <code>else</code>。回忆一下示例 6-4 中 <code>Coin</code> 枚举的定义，其 <code>Quarter</code> 成员也包含一个 <code>UsState</code> 值。如果想要计数所有不是 25 美分的硬币的同时也报告 25 美分硬币所属的州，可以使用这样一个 <code>match</code> 表达式：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust"><span class="boring">#[derive(Debug)]
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">enum UsState {
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring"> Alabama,
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring"> Alaska,
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring"> // --snip--
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">}
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">enum Coin {
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring"> Penny,
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring"> Nickel,
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring"> Dime,
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring"> Quarter(UsState),
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">}
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring"> let coin = Coin::Penny;
|
|
|
</span> let mut count = 0;
|
|
|
match coin {
|
|
|
Coin::Quarter(state) => println!("State quarter from {state:?}!"),
|
|
|
_ => count += 1,
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
<p>或者可以使用这样的 <code>if let</code> 和 <code>else</code> 表达式：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust"><span class="boring">#[derive(Debug)]
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">enum UsState {
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring"> Alabama,
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring"> Alaska,
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring"> // --snip--
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">}
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">enum Coin {
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring"> Penny,
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring"> Nickel,
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring"> Dime,
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring"> Quarter(UsState),
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">}
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring"> let coin = Coin::Penny;
|
|
|
</span> let mut count = 0;
|
|
|
if let Coin::Quarter(state) = coin {
|
|
|
println!("State quarter from {state:?}!");
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
count += 1;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
<p>如果你的程序遇到一个使用 <code>match</code> 表达起来过于啰嗦的逻辑，记住 <code>if let</code> 也在你的 Rust 工具箱中。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="总结"><a class="header" href="#总结">总结</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>现在我们涉及到了如何使用枚举来创建有一系列可列举值的自定义类型。我们也展示了标准库的 <code>Option<T></code> 类型是如何帮助你利用类型系统来避免出错的。当枚举值包含数据时，你可以根据需要处理多少情况来选择使用 <code>match</code> 或 <code>if let</code> 来获取并使用这些值。</p>
|
|
|
<p>你的 Rust 程序现在能够使用结构体和枚举在自己的作用域内表现其内容了。在你的 API 中使用自定义类型保证了类型安全：编译器会确保你的函数只会得到它期望的类型的值。</p>
|
|
|
<p>为了向你的用户提供一个组织良好的 API，它使用起来很直观并且只向用户暴露他们确实需要的部分，那么现在就让我们转向 Rust 的模块系统吧。</p>
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