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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="title-page.html">Rust 程序设计语言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="foreword.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="ch00-00-introduction.html">简介</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-00-getting-started.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门指南</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-01-installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 安装</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-02-hello-world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Hello, World!</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-03-hello-cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Hello, Cargo!</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 写个猜数字游戏</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-00-common-programming-concepts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 常见编程概念</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 变量与可变性</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-02-data-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 数据类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-03-how-functions-work.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-04-comments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 注释</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-05-control-flow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 控制流</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-00-understanding-ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 认识所有权</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 什么是所有权？</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> 引用与借用</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-03-slices.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Slice 类型</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-00-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 使用结构体组织相关联的数据</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-01-defining-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> 结构体的定义和实例化</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-02-example-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> 结构体示例程序</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-03-method-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> 方法语法</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-00-enums.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 枚举和模式匹配</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-01-defining-an-enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> 枚举的定义</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-02-match.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> match 控制流结构</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-03-if-let.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> if let 简洁控制流</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-00-managing-growing-projects-with-packages-crates-and-modules.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> 使用包、Crate 和模块管理不断增长的项目</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-01-packages-and-crates.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> 包和 Crate</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-02-defining-modules-to-control-scope-and-privacy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> 定义模块来控制作用域与私有性</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-03-paths-for-referring-to-an-item-in-the-module-tree.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> 引用模块项目的路径</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-04-bringing-paths-into-scope-with-the-use-keyword.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> 使用 use 关键字将路径引入作用域</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-05-separating-modules-into-different-files.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> 将模块拆分成多个文件</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-00-common-collections.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> 常见集合</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-01-vectors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> 使用 Vector 储存列表</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-02-strings.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> 使用字符串储存 UTF-8 编码的文本</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-03-hash-maps.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> 使用 Hash Map 储存键值对</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-00-error-handling.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> 错误处理</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-01-unrecoverable-errors-with-panic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> 用 panic! 处理不可恢复的错误</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> 用 Result 处理可恢复的错误</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> 要不要 panic!</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-00-generics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> 泛型、Trait 和生命周期</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-01-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> 泛型数据类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-02-traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.2.</strong> Trait：定义共同行为</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-03-lifetime-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.3.</strong> 生命周期确保引用有效</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-00-testing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> 编写自动化测试</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-01-writing-tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> 如何编写测试</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-02-running-tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> 控制测试如何运行</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-03-test-organization.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> 测试的组织结构</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-00-an-io-project.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> 一个 I/O 项目：构建命令行程序</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-01-accepting-command-line-arguments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> 接受命令行参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-02-reading-a-file.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> 读取文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-03-improving-error-handling-and-modularity.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> 重构以改进模块化与错误处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-04-testing-the-librarys-functionality.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> 采用测试驱动开发完善库的功能</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-05-working-with-environment-variables.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.5.</strong> 处理环境变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-06-writing-to-stderr-instead-of-stdout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.6.</strong> 将错误信息输出到标准错误而不是标准输出</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-00-functional-features.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> Rust 中的函数式语言功能：迭代器与闭包</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-01-closures.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.1.</strong> 闭包：可以捕获其环境的匿名函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-02-iterators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.</strong> 使用迭代器处理元素序列</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-03-improving-our-io-project.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.</strong> 改进之前的 I/O 项目</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-04-performance.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.</strong> 性能比较：循环对迭代器</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-00-more-about-cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> 更多关于 Cargo 和 Crates.io 的内容</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-01-release-profiles.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> 采用发布配置自定义构建</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-02-publishing-to-crates-io.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.</strong> 将 crate 发布到 Crates.io</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-03-cargo-workspaces.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.3.</strong> Cargo 工作空间</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-04-installing-binaries.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.4.</strong> 使用 cargo install 安装二进制文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-05-extending-cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.5.</strong> Cargo 自定义扩展命令</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-00-smart-pointers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> 智能指针</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-01-box.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.</strong> 使用 Box<T> 指向堆上数据</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-02-deref.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.</strong> 使用 Deref Trait 将智能指针当作常规引用处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-03-drop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.</strong> 使用 Drop Trait 运行清理代码</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-04-rc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.4.</strong> Rc<T> 引用计数智能指针</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-05-interior-mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.5.</strong> RefCell<T> 与内部可变性模式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-06-reference-cycles.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.6.</strong> 引用循环会导致内存泄漏</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-00-concurrency.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> 无畏并发</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-01-threads.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.1.</strong> 使用线程同时地运行代码</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-02-message-passing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.2.</strong> 使用消息传递在线程间通信</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-03-shared-state.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.3.</strong> 共享状态并发</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-04-extensible-concurrency-sync-and-send.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.4.</strong> 使用 Sync 与 Send Traits 的可扩展并发</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-00-oop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.</strong> Rust 的面向对象编程特性</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-01-what-is-oo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.1.</strong> 面向对象语言的特点</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-02-trait-objects.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.2.</strong> 顾及不同类型值的 trait 对象</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-03-oo-design-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.3.</strong> 面向对象设计模式的实现</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-00-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.</strong> 模式与模式匹配</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-01-all-the-places-for-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.1.</strong> 所有可能会用到模式的位置</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-02-refutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.2.</strong> Refutability（可反驳性）: 模式是否会匹配失效</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-03-pattern-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.3.</strong> 模式语法</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-00-advanced-features.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.</strong> 高级特征</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-01-unsafe-rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.1.</strong> 不安全的 Rust</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-03-advanced-traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.2.</strong> 高级 trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-04-advanced-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.3.</strong> 高级类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-05-advanced-functions-and-closures.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.4.</strong> 高级函数与闭包</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-06-macros.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.5.</strong> 宏</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-00-final-project-a-web-server.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.</strong> 最后的项目：构建多线程 web server</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-01-single-threaded.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.1.</strong> 建立单线程 web server</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-02-multithreaded.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.2.</strong> 将单线程 server 变为多线程 server</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-03-graceful-shutdown-and-cleanup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.3.</strong> 优雅停机与清理</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-00.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.</strong> 附录</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-01-keywords.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.1.</strong> A - 关键字</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-02-operators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.2.</strong> B - 运算符与符号</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-03-derivable-traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.3.</strong> C - 可派生的 trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-04-useful-development-tools.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.4.</strong> D - 实用开发工具</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-05-editions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.5.</strong> E - 版本</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-06-translation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.6.</strong> F - 本书译本</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-07-nightly-rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.7.</strong> G - Rust 是如何开发的与 “Nightly Rust”</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<main>
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<h2 id="将模块拆分成多个文件"><a class="header" href="#将模块拆分成多个文件">将模块拆分成多个文件</a></h2>
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<blockquote>
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<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/main/src/ch07-05-separating-modules-into-different-files.md">ch07-05-separating-modules-into-different-files.md</a>
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<br>
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commit 2b4565662d1a7973d870744a923f58f8f7dcce91</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>到目前为止，本章所有的例子都在一个文件中定义多个模块。当模块变得更大时，你可能想要将它们的定义移动到单独的文件中，从而使代码更容易阅读。</p>
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<p>例如，我们从示例 7-17 中包含多个餐厅模块的代码开始。我们会将模块提取到各自的文件中，而不是将所有模块都定义到 crate 根文件中。在这里，crate 根文件是 <em>src/lib.rs</em>，不过这个过程也适用于 crate 根文件是 <em>src/main.rs</em> 的二进制 crate。</p>
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<p>首先将 <code>front_of_house</code> 模块提取到其自己的文件中。删除 <code>front_of_house</code> 模块的大括号中的代码，只留下 <code>mod front_of_house;</code> 声明，这样 <em>src/lib.rs</em> 会包含如示例 7-21 所示的代码。注意直到创建示例 7-22 中的 <em>src/front_of_house.rs</em> 文件之前代码都不能编译。</p>
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<p><span class="filename">文件名：src/lib.rs</span></p>
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<pre><code class="language-rust ignore does_not_compile">mod front_of_house;
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pub use crate::front_of_house::hosting;
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pub fn eat_at_restaurant() {
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hosting::add_to_waitlist();
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}</code></pre>
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<p><span class="caption">示例 7-21: 声明 <code>front_of_house</code> 模块，其内容将位于 <em>src/front_of_house.rs</em></span></p>
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<p>接下来将之前大括号内的代码放入一个名叫 <em>src/front_of_house.rs</em> 的新文件中，如示例 7-22 所示。因为编译器找到了 crate 根中名叫 <code>front_of_house</code> 的模块声明，它就知道去搜寻这个文件。</p>
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<p><span class="filename">文件名：src/front_of_house.rs</span></p>
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<pre><code class="language-rust ignore">pub mod hosting {
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pub fn add_to_waitlist() {}
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}</code></pre>
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<p><span class="caption">示例 7-22: 在 <em>src/front_of_house.rs</em> 中定义 <code>front_of_house</code>
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模块</span></p>
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<p>注意你只需在模块树中的某处使用一次 <code>mod</code> 声明就可以加载这个文件。一旦编译器知道了这个文件是项目的一部分（并且通过 <code>mod</code> 语句的位置知道了代码在模块树中的位置），项目中的其他文件应该使用其所声明的位置的路径来引用那个文件的代码，这在<a href="ch07-03-paths-for-referring-to-an-item-in-the-module-tree.html">“引用模块项目的路径”</a>部分有讲到。换句话说，<code>mod</code> <strong>不是</strong> 你可能会在其他编程语言中看到的 "include" 操作。</p>
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<p>接下来我们同样将 <code>hosting</code> 模块提取到自己的文件中。这个过程会有所不同，因为 <code>hosting</code> 是 <code>front_of_house</code> 的子模块而不是根模块。我们将 <code>hosting</code> 的文件放在与模块树中它的父级模块同名的目录中，在这里是 <em>src/front_of_house/</em>。</p>
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<p>为了移动 <code>hosting</code>，修改 <em>src/front_of_house.rs</em> 使之仅包含 <code>hosting</code> 模块的声明。</p>
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<p><span class="filename">文件名：src/front_of_house.rs</span></p>
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<pre><code class="language-rust ignore">pub mod hosting;</code></pre>
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<p>接着我们创建一个 <em>src/front_of_house</em> 目录和一个包含 <code>hosting</code> 模块定义的 <em>hosting.rs</em> 文件：</p>
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<p><span class="filename">文件名：src/front_of_house/hosting.rs</span></p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
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</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
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</span>pub fn add_to_waitlist() {}
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<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
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<p>如果将 <em>hosting.rs</em> 放在 <em>src</em> 目录，编译器会认为 <code>hosting</code> 模块中的 <em>hosting.rs</em> 的代码声明于 crate 根，而不是声明为 <code>front_of_house</code> 的子模块。编译器所遵循的哪些文件对应哪些模块的代码的规则，意味着目录和文件更接近于模块树。</p>
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<blockquote>
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<h3 id="另一种文件路径"><a class="header" href="#另一种文件路径">另一种文件路径</a></h3>
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<p>目前为止我们介绍了 Rust 编译器所最常用的文件路径；不过一种更老的文件路径也仍然是支持的。</p>
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<p>对于声明于 crate 根的 <code>front_of_house</code> 模块，编译器会在如下位置查找模块代码：</p>
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<ul>
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<li><em>src/front_of_house.rs</em>（我们所介绍的）</li>
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<li><em>src/front_of_house/mod.rs</em>（老风格，不过仍然支持）</li>
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</ul>
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<p>对于 <code>front_of_house</code> 的子模块 <code>hosting</code>，编译器会在如下位置查找模块代码：</p>
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<ul>
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<li><em>src/front_of_house/hosting.rs</em>（我们所介绍的）</li>
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<li><em>src/front_of_house/hosting/mod.rs</em>（老风格，不过仍然支持）</li>
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</ul>
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<p>如果你对同一模块同时使用这两种路径风格，会得到一个编译错误。在同一项目中的不同模块混用不同的路径风格是允许的，不过这会使他人感到疑惑。</p>
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<p>使用 <em>mod.rs</em> 这一文件名的风格的主要缺点是会导致项目中出现很多 <em>mod.rs</em> 文件，当你在编辑器中同时打开它们时会感到疑惑。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>我们将各个模块的代码移动到独立文件了，同时模块树依旧相同。<code>eat_at_restaurant</code> 中的函数调用也无需修改继续保持有效，即便其定义存在于不同的文件中。这个技巧让你可以在模块代码增长时，将它们移动到新文件中。</p>
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<p>注意，<em>src/lib.rs</em> 中的 <code>pub use crate::front_of_house::hosting</code> 语句也并未发生改变。use 也不会对哪些文件会被编译为 crate 的一部分有任何影响。<code>mod</code> 关键字声明了模块，而 Rust 会在与模块同名的文件中查找模块的代码。</p>
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<h2 id="总结"><a class="header" href="#总结">总结</a></h2>
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<p>Rust 提供了将包分成多个 crate，将 crate 分成模块，以及通过指定绝对或相对路径从一个模块引用另一个模块中定义的项的方式。你可以通过使用 <code>use</code> 语句将路径引入作用域，这样在多次使用时可以使用更短的路径。模块定义的代码默认是私有的，不过可以选择增加 <code>pub</code> 关键字使其定义变为公有。</p>
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<p>接下来，让我们看看一些标准库提供的集合数据类型，你可以利用它们编写出漂亮整洁的代码。</p>
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