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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="title-page.html">Rust 程序设计语言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="foreword.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="ch00-00-introduction.html">简介</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-00-getting-started.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门指南</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-01-installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 安装</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-02-hello-world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Hello, World!</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-03-hello-cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Hello, Cargo!</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 写个猜数字游戏</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-00-common-programming-concepts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 常见编程概念</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 变量与可变性</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-02-data-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 数据类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-03-how-functions-work.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-04-comments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 注释</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-05-control-flow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 控制流</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-00-understanding-ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 认识所有权</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 什么是所有权？</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> 引用与借用</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-03-slices.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Slice 类型</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-00-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 使用结构体组织相关联的数据</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-01-defining-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> 结构体的定义和实例化</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-02-example-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> 结构体示例程序</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-03-method-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> 方法语法</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-00-enums.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 枚举和模式匹配</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-01-defining-an-enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> 枚举的定义</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-02-match.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> match 控制流结构</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-03-if-let.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> if let 简洁控制流</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-00-managing-growing-projects-with-packages-crates-and-modules.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> 使用包、Crate 和模块管理不断增长的项目</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-01-packages-and-crates.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> 包和 Crate</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-02-defining-modules-to-control-scope-and-privacy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> 定义模块来控制作用域与私有性</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-03-paths-for-referring-to-an-item-in-the-module-tree.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> 引用模块项目的路径</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-04-bringing-paths-into-scope-with-the-use-keyword.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> 使用 use 关键字将路径引入作用域</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-05-separating-modules-into-different-files.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> 将模块拆分成多个文件</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-00-common-collections.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> 常见集合</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-01-vectors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> 使用 Vector 储存列表</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-02-strings.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> 使用字符串储存 UTF-8 编码的文本</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-03-hash-maps.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> 使用 Hash Map 储存键值对</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-00-error-handling.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> 错误处理</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-01-unrecoverable-errors-with-panic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> 用 panic! 处理不可恢复的错误</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> 用 Result 处理可恢复的错误</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> 要不要 panic!</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-00-generics.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> 泛型、Trait 和生命周期</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-01-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> 泛型数据类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-02-traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.2.</strong> Trait：定义共同行为</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-03-lifetime-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.3.</strong> 生命周期确保引用有效</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-00-testing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> 编写自动化测试</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-01-writing-tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> 如何编写测试</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-02-running-tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> 控制测试如何运行</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-03-test-organization.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> 测试的组织结构</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-00-an-io-project.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> 一个 I/O 项目：构建命令行程序</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-01-accepting-command-line-arguments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> 接受命令行参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-02-reading-a-file.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> 读取文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-03-improving-error-handling-and-modularity.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> 重构以改进模块化与错误处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-04-testing-the-librarys-functionality.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> 采用测试驱动开发完善库的功能</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-05-working-with-environment-variables.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.5.</strong> 处理环境变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-06-writing-to-stderr-instead-of-stdout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.6.</strong> 将错误信息输出到标准错误而不是标准输出</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-00-functional-features.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> Rust 中的函数式语言功能：迭代器与闭包</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-01-closures.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.1.</strong> 闭包：可以捕获其环境的匿名函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-02-iterators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.</strong> 使用迭代器处理元素序列</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-03-improving-our-io-project.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.</strong> 改进之前的 I/O 项目</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-04-performance.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.</strong> 性能比较：循环对迭代器</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-00-more-about-cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> 更多关于 Cargo 和 Crates.io 的内容</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-01-release-profiles.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> 采用发布配置自定义构建</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-02-publishing-to-crates-io.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.</strong> 将 crate 发布到 Crates.io</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-03-cargo-workspaces.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.3.</strong> Cargo 工作空间</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-04-installing-binaries.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.4.</strong> 使用 cargo install 安装二进制文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-05-extending-cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.5.</strong> Cargo 自定义扩展命令</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-00-smart-pointers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> 智能指针</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-01-box.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.</strong> 使用 Box<T> 指向堆上数据</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-02-deref.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.</strong> 使用 Deref Trait 将智能指针当作常规引用处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-03-drop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.</strong> 使用 Drop Trait 运行清理代码</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-04-rc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.4.</strong> Rc<T> 引用计数智能指针</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-05-interior-mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.5.</strong> RefCell<T> 与内部可变性模式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-06-reference-cycles.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.6.</strong> 引用循环会导致内存泄漏</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-00-concurrency.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> 无畏并发</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-01-threads.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.1.</strong> 使用线程同时地运行代码</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-02-message-passing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.2.</strong> 使用消息传递在线程间通信</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-03-shared-state.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.3.</strong> 共享状态并发</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-04-extensible-concurrency-sync-and-send.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.4.</strong> 使用 Sync 与 Send Traits 的可扩展并发</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-00-oop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.</strong> Rust 的面向对象编程特性</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-01-what-is-oo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.1.</strong> 面向对象语言的特点</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-02-trait-objects.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.2.</strong> 顾及不同类型值的 trait 对象</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-03-oo-design-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.3.</strong> 面向对象设计模式的实现</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-00-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.</strong> 模式与模式匹配</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-01-all-the-places-for-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.1.</strong> 所有可能会用到模式的位置</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-02-refutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.2.</strong> Refutability（可反驳性）: 模式是否会匹配失效</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-03-pattern-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.3.</strong> 模式语法</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-00-advanced-features.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.</strong> 高级特征</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-01-unsafe-rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.1.</strong> 不安全的 Rust</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-03-advanced-traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.2.</strong> 高级 trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-04-advanced-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.3.</strong> 高级类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-05-advanced-functions-and-closures.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.4.</strong> 高级函数与闭包</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-06-macros.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.5.</strong> 宏</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-00-final-project-a-web-server.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.</strong> 最后的项目：构建多线程 web server</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-01-single-threaded.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.1.</strong> 建立单线程 web server</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-02-multithreaded.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.2.</strong> 将单线程 server 变为多线程 server</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-03-graceful-shutdown-and-cleanup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.3.</strong> 优雅停机与清理</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-00.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.</strong> 附录</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-01-keywords.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.1.</strong> A - 关键字</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-02-operators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.2.</strong> B - 运算符与符号</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-03-derivable-traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.3.</strong> C - 可派生的 trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-04-useful-development-tools.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.4.</strong> D - 实用开发工具</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-05-editions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.5.</strong> E - 版本</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-06-translation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.6.</strong> F - 本书译本</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-07-nightly-rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.7.</strong> G - Rust 是如何开发的与 “Nightly Rust”</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<h1 class="menu-title">Rust 程序设计语言 简体中文版</h1>
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<main>
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<h1 id="泛型trait-和生命周期"><a class="header" href="#泛型trait-和生命周期">泛型、Trait 和生命周期</a></h1>
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<blockquote>
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<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/main/src/ch10-00-generics.md">ch10-00-generics.md</a>
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<br>
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commit 4aa96a3d20570f868bd20e8e3e865b047284be30</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>每一个编程语言都有高效处理重复概念的工具。在 Rust 中其工具之一就是 <strong>泛型</strong>（<em>generics</em>）。泛型是具体类型或其他属性的抽象替代。我们可以表达泛型的属性，比如它们的行为或如何与其他泛型相关联，而不需要在编写和编译代码时知道它们在这里实际上代表什么。</p>
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<p>函数可以获取一些不同于 <code>i32</code> 或 <code>String</code> 这样具体类型的泛型参数，就像一个获取未知类型值的函数可以对多种具体类型的值运行同一段代码一样。事实上我们已经使用过第六章的 <code>Option<T></code>，第八章的 <code>Vec<T></code> 和 <code>HashMap<K, V></code>，以及第九章的 <code>Result<T, E></code> 这些泛型了。本章会探索如何使用泛型定义我们自己的类型、函数和方法！</p>
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<p>首先，我们将回顾一下提取函数以减少代码重复的机制。接下来，我们将使用相同的技术，从两个仅参数类型不同的函数中创建一个泛型函数。我们也会讲到结构体和枚举定义中的泛型。</p>
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<p>之后，我们讨论 <strong>trait</strong>，这是一个定义泛型行为的方法。trait 可以与泛型结合来将泛型限制为只接受拥有特定行为的类型，而不是任意类型。</p>
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<p>最后介绍 <strong>生命周期</strong>（<em>lifetimes</em>），它是一类允许我们向编译器提供引用如何相互关联的泛型。Rust 的生命周期功能允许在很多场景下借用值的同时仍然使编译器能够检查这些引用的有效性。</p>
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<h2 id="提取函数来减少重复"><a class="header" href="#提取函数来减少重复">提取函数来减少重复</a></h2>
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<p>泛型允许我们使用一个可以代表多种类型的占位符来替换特定类型，以此来减少代码冗余。在深入了解泛型的语法之前，我们首先来看一种没有使用泛型的减少冗余的方法，即提取一个函数。在这个函数中，我们用一个可以代表多种值的占位符来替换具体的值。接着我们使用相同的技术来提取一个泛型函数！！通过学习如何识别并提取可以整合进一个函数的重复代码，你也会开始识别出可以使用泛型的重复代码。</p>
|
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<p>让我们从下面这个这个寻找列表中最大值的小程序开始，如示例 10-1 所示：</p>
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<p><span class="filename">文件名：src/main.rs</span></p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
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let number_list = vec![34, 50, 25, 100, 65];
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let mut largest = &number_list[0];
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for number in &number_list {
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if number > largest {
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largest = number;
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}
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}
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println!("The largest number is {largest}");
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<span class="boring"> assert_eq!(*largest, 100);
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</span>}</code></pre></pre>
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<p><span class="caption">示例 10-1：在一个数字列表中寻找最大值的函数</span></p>
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<p>这段代码获取一个整型列表，存放在变量 <code>number_list</code> 中。它将列表的第一个数字的引用放入了变量 <code>largest</code> 中。接着遍历了列表中的所有数字，如果当前值大于 <code>largest</code> 中储存的值，将 <code>largest</code> 替换为这个值。如果当前值小于或者等于目前为止的最大值，<code>largest</code> 保持不变。当列表中所有值都被考虑到之后，<code>largest</code> 将会指向最大值，在这里也就是 100。</p>
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<p>我们的任务是在两个不同的数字列表中寻找最大值。为此我们可以选择重复示例 10-1 中的代码在程序的两个不同位置使用相同的逻辑，如示例 10-2 所示：</p>
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<p><span class="filename">文件名：src/main.rs</span></p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
|
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let number_list = vec![34, 50, 25, 100, 65];
|
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let mut largest = &number_list[0];
|
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for number in &number_list {
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if number > largest {
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largest = number;
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}
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}
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println!("The largest number is {largest}");
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let number_list = vec![102, 34, 6000, 89, 54, 2, 43, 8];
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let mut largest = &number_list[0];
|
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for number in &number_list {
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if number > largest {
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largest = number;
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}
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}
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println!("The largest number is {largest}");
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}</code></pre></pre>
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<p><span class="caption">示例 10-2：寻找 <strong>两个</strong> 数字列表最大值的代码</span></p>
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<p>虽然代码能够执行，但是重复的代码是冗余且容易出错的，更新逻辑时我们不得不记住需要修改多处地方的代码。</p>
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<p>为了消除重复，我们要创建一层抽象，定义一个处理任意整型列表作为参数的函数。这个方案使得代码更简洁，并且表现了寻找任意列表中最大值这一概念。</p>
|
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<p>在示例 10-3 的程序中将寻找最大值的代码提取到了一个叫做 <code>largest</code> 的函数中。接着我们调用该函数来寻找示例 10-2 中两个列表中的最大值。之后也可以将该函数用于任何可能的 <code>i32</code> 值的列表。</p>
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<p><span class="filename">文件名：src/main.rs</span></p>
|
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn largest(list: &[i32]) -> &i32 {
|
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let mut largest = &list[0];
|
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|
|
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for item in list {
|
|
|
if item > largest {
|
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|
largest = item;
|
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|
}
|
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|
}
|
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|
largest
|
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}
|
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|
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|
fn main() {
|
|
|
let number_list = vec![34, 50, 25, 100, 65];
|
|
|
|
|
|
let result = largest(&number_list);
|
|
|
println!("The largest number is {result}");
|
|
|
<span class="boring"> assert_eq!(*result, 100);
|
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|
</span>
|
|
|
let number_list = vec![102, 34, 6000, 89, 54, 2, 43, 8];
|
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|
|
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|
let result = largest(&number_list);
|
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|
println!("The largest number is {result}");
|
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<span class="boring"> assert_eq!(*result, 6000);
|
|
|
</span>}</code></pre></pre>
|
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|
<p><span class="caption">示例 10-3：抽象后的寻找两个数字列表最大值的代码</span></p>
|
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<p><code>largest</code> 函数有一个参数 <code>list</code>，它代表会传递给函数的任何具体的 <code>i32</code>值的 slice。函数定义中的 <code>list</code> 代表任何 <code>&[i32]</code>。当调用 <code>largest</code> 函数时，其代码实际上运行于我们传递的特定值上。</p>
|
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<p>总的来说，从示例 10-2 到示例 10-3 中涉及的机制经历了如下几步：</p>
|
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<ol>
|
|
|
<li>找出重复代码。</li>
|
|
|
<li>将重复代码提取到了一个函数中，并在函数签名中指定了代码中的输入和返回值。</li>
|
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<li>将重复代码的两个实例，改为调用函数。</li>
|
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</ol>
|
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<p>接下来我们会使用相同的步骤通过泛型来减少重复。与函数体可以处理任意的 <code>list</code> 而不是具体的值一样，泛型也允许代码处理任意类型。</p>
|
|
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<p>如果我们有两个函数，一个寻找一个 <code>i32</code> 值的 slice 中的最大项而另一个寻找 <code>char</code> 值的 slice 中的最大项该怎么办？该如何消除重复呢？让我们拭目以待！</p>
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