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<ul class="chapter"><li><a href="ch01-00-introduction.html"><strong>1.</strong> 介绍</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch01-01-installation.html"><strong>1.1.</strong> 安装</a></li><li><a href="ch01-02-hello-world.html"><strong>1.2.</strong> Hello, World!</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.html"><strong>2.</strong> 猜猜看教程</a></li><li><a href="ch03-00-common-programming-concepts.html"><strong>3.</strong> 通用编程概念</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.html"><strong>3.1.</strong> 变量和可变性</a></li><li><a href="ch03-02-data-types.html"><strong>3.2.</strong> 数据类型</a></li><li><a href="ch03-03-how-functions-work.html"><strong>3.3.</strong> 函数如何工作</a></li><li><a href="ch03-04-comments.html"><strong>3.4.</strong> 注释</a></li><li><a href="ch03-05-control-flow.html"><strong>3.5.</strong> 控制流</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch04-00-understanding-ownership.html"><strong>4.</strong> 认识所有权</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html"><strong>4.1.</strong> 什么是所有权</a></li><li><a href="ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.html"><strong>4.2.</strong> 引用 & 借用</a></li><li><a href="ch04-03-slices.html"><strong>4.3.</strong> Slices</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch05-00-structs.html"><strong>5.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch05-01-method-syntax.html"><strong>5.1.</strong> 方法语法</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch06-00-enums.html"><strong>6.</strong> 枚举和模式匹配</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch06-01-defining-an-enum.html"><strong>6.1.</strong> 定义枚举</a></li><li><a href="ch06-02-match.html"><strong>6.2.</strong> <code>match</code>控制流运算符</a></li><li><a href="ch06-03-if-let.html"><strong>6.3.</strong> <code>if let</code>简单控制流</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch07-00-modules.html"><strong>7.</strong> 模块</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch07-01-mod-and-the-filesystem.html"><strong>7.1.</strong> <code>mod</code>和文件系统</a></li><li><a href="ch07-02-controlling-visibility-with-pub.html"><strong>7.2.</strong> 使用<code>pub</code>控制可见性</a></li><li><a href="ch07-03-importing-names-with-use.html"><strong>7.3.</strong> 使用<code>use</code>导入命名</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch08-00-common-collections.html"><strong>8.</strong> 通用集合类型</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch08-01-vectors.html"><strong>8.1.</strong> vector</a></li><li><a href="ch08-02-strings.html"><strong>8.2.</strong> 字符串</a></li><li><a href="ch08-03-hash-maps.html"><strong>8.3.</strong> 哈希 map</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch09-00-error-handling.html"><strong>9.</strong> 错误处理</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch09-01-unrecoverable-errors-with-panic.html"><strong>9.1.</strong> <code>panic!</code>与不可恢复的错误</a></li><li><a href="ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html"><strong>9.2.</strong> <code>Result</code>与可恢复的错误</a></li><li><a href="ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.html"><strong>9.3.</strong> <code>panic!</code>还是不<code>panic!</code></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch10-00-generics.html"><strong>10.</strong> 泛型、trait 和生命周期</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch10-01-syntax.html"><strong>10.1.</strong> 泛型数据类型</a></li><li><a href="ch10-02-traits.html"><strong>10.2.</strong> trait：定义共享的行为</a></li><li><a href="ch10-03-lifetime-syntax.html"><strong>10.3.</strong> 生命周期与引用有效性</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch11-00-testing.html"><strong>11.</strong> 测试</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch11-01-writing-tests.html"><strong>11.1.</strong> 编写测试</a></li><li><a href="ch11-02-running-tests.html"><strong>11.2.</strong> 运行测试</a></li><li><a href="ch11-03-test-organization.html"><strong>11.3.</strong> 测试的组织结构</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch12-00-an-io-project.html"><strong>12.</strong> 一个 I/O 项目</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch12-01-accepting-command-line-arguments.html"><strong>12.1.</strong> 接受命令行参数</a></li><li><a href="ch12-02-reading-a-file.html"><strong>12.2.</strong> 读取文件</a></li><li><a href="ch12-03-improving-error-handling-and-modularity.html"><strong>12.3.</strong> 增强错误处理和模块化</a></li><li><a href="ch12-04-testing-the-librarys-functionality.html"><strong>12.4.</strong> 测试库的功能</a></li><li><a href="ch12-05-working-with-environment-variables.html"><strong>12.5.</strong> 处理环境变量</a></li><li><a href="ch12-06-writing-to-stderr-instead-of-stdout.html"><strong>12.6.</strong> 输出到<code>stderr</code>而不是<code>stdout</code></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch13-00-functional-features.html"><strong>13.</strong> Rust 中的函数式语言功能</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch13-01-closures.html"><strong>13.1.</strong> 闭包</a></li><li><a href="ch13-02-iterators.html"><strong>13.2.</strong> 迭代器</a></li><li><a href="ch13-03-improving-our-io-project.html"><strong>13.3.</strong> 改进 I/O 项目</a></li><li><a href="ch13-04-performance.html"><strong>13.4.</strong> 性能</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch14-00-more-about-cargo.html"><strong>14.</strong> 更多关于 Cargo 和 Crates.io</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch14-01-release-profiles.html"><strong>14.1.</strong> 发布配置</a></li><li><a href="ch14-02-publishing-to-crates-io.html"><strong>14.2.</strong> 将 crate 发布到 Crates.io</a></li><li><a href="ch14-03-cargo-workspaces.html"><strong>14.3.</strong> Cargo 工作空间</a></li><li><a href="ch14-04-installing-binaries.html"><strong>14.4.</strong> 使用<code>cargo install</code>从 Crates.io 安装文件</a></li><li><a href="ch14-05-extending-cargo.html"><strong>14.5.</strong> Cargo 自定义扩展命令</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch15-00-smart-pointers.html"><strong>15.</strong> 智能指针</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch15-01-box.html"><strong>15.1.</strong> <code>Box<T></code>用于已知大小的堆上数据</a></li><li><a href="ch15-02-deref.html"><strong>15.2.</strong> <code>Deref</code> Trait 允许通过引用访问数据</a></li><li><a href="ch15-03-drop.html"><strong>15.3.</strong> <code>Drop</code> Trait 运行清理代码</a></li><li><a href="ch15-04-rc.html"><strong>15.4.</strong> <code>Rc<T></code> 引用计数智能指针</a></li><li><a href="ch15-05-interior-mutability.html"><strong>15.5.</strong> <code>RefCell<T></code>和内部可变性模式</a></li><li><a href="ch15-06-reference-cycles.html"><strong>15.6.</strong> 引用循环和内存泄漏是安全的</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch16-00-concurrency.html"><strong>16.</strong> 无畏并发</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch16-01-threads.html"><strong>16.1.</strong> 线程</a></li><li><a href="ch16-02-message-passing.html"><strong>16.2.</strong> 消息传递</a></li><li><a href="ch16-03-shared-state.html"><strong>16.3.</strong> 共享状态</a></li><li><a href="ch16-04-extensible-concurrency-sync-and-send.html"><strong>16.4.</strong> 可扩展的并发：<code>Sync</code>和<code>Send</code></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch17-00-oop.html"><strong>17.</strong> 面向对象</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch17-01-what-is-oo.html" class="active"><strong>17.1.</strong> 什么是面向对象</a></li></ul></li></ul>
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<h1 class="menu-title">Rust 程序设计语言 简体中文版</h1>
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<a class="header" href="#什么是面向对象" name="什么是面向对象"><h2>什么是面向对象？</h2></a>
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<blockquote>
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<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/master/second-edition/src/ch17-01-what-is-oo.md">ch17-01-what-is-oo.md</a>
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<br>
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commit 46334522e22d6217b392451cff8b4feca2d69d79</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>关于一门语言是否需要是面向对象，在编程社区内并达成一致意见。Rust被很多不同的编程模式影响，我们探索了13章提到的函数式编程的特性。面向对象编程语言的一些特性往往是对象、封装和继承。我们看一下每个的含义和Rust是否支持它们。</p>
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<a class="header" href="#对象包含数据和行为" name="对象包含数据和行为"><h2>对象包含数据和行为</h2></a>
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<p><code>Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software</code>这本书被俗称为<code>The Gang of Four book</code>，是面向对象编程模式的目录。它这样定义面向对象编程：</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>面向对象的程序是由对象组成的。一个对象包数据和操作这些数据的程序。程序通常被称为方法或操作。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>在这个定一下，Rust是面向对象的：结构体和枚举包含数据和impl块提供了在结构体和枚举上的方法。虽然带有方法的结构体和枚举不称为对象，但是他们提供了和对象相同的功能，使用了<code>Gang of Four</code>定义的对象。</p>
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<a class="header" href="#隐藏了实现细节的封装" name="隐藏了实现细节的封装"><h2>隐藏了实现细节的封装</h2></a>
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<p>通常与面向对象编程相关的另一个方面是封装的思想：对象的实现细节不能被使用对象的代码获取到。唯一与对象交互的方式是通过对象提供的public API，使用对象的代码无法深入到对象内部并直接改变数据或者行为。封装使得改变和重构对象的内部，无需改变使用对象的代码。</p>
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<p>就像我们在第7张讨论的那样，我们可以使用pub关键字来决定模块、类型函数和方法是public的（默认情况下一切都是private）。比如，我们可以定义一个结构体<code>AveragedCollection</code>包含一个<code>i32</code>类型的vector。结构体也可以有一个字段，该字段保存了vector中所有值的平均值。这样，希望知道结构体中的vector的平均值的人可以随着获取到，而无需自己计算。<code>AveragedCollection</code> 会为我们缓存平均值结果。 Listing 17-1有<code>AveragedCollection</code> 结构体的定义。</p>
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<p>Filename: src/lib.rs</p>
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<pre><code>pub struct AveragedCollection {
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list: Vec<i32>,
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average: f64,
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p><code>AveragedCollection</code>结构体维护了一个Integer列表和集合中所有元素的平均值。</p>
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<p>注意，结构体本身被标记为pub，这样其他代码可以使用这个结构体，但是在结构体内部的字段仍然是private。这是非常重要的，因为我们希望保证变量被增加到列表或者被从列表删除时，也会同时更新平均值。我们通过在结构体上实现add、remove和average方法来做到这一点（ Listing 17-2:）：</p>
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<p>Filename: src/lib.rs</p>
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<pre><code># pub struct AveragedCollection {
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# list: Vec<i32>,
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# average: f64,
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# }
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impl AveragedCollection {
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pub fn add(&mut self, value: i32) {
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self.list.push(value);
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self.update_average();
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}
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pub fn remove(&mut self) -> Option<i32> {
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let result = self.list.pop();
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match result {
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Some(value) => {
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self.update_average();
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Some(value)
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},
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None => None,
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}
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}
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pub fn average(&self) -> f64 {
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self.average
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}
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fn update_average(&mut self) {
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let total: i32 = self.list.iter().sum();
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self.average = total as f64 / self.list.len() as f64;
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}
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>Listing 17-2:在<code>AveragedCollection</code>结构体上实现了add、remove和average public方法</p>
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