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<ul class="chapter"><li><a href="ch01-00-introduction.html"><strong>1.</strong> 介绍</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch01-01-installation.html"><strong>1.1.</strong> 安装</a></li><li><a href="ch01-02-hello-world.html"><strong>1.2.</strong> Hello, World!</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.html"><strong>2.</strong> 猜猜看教程</a></li><li><a href="ch03-00-common-programming-concepts.html"><strong>3.</strong> 通用编程概念</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.html"><strong>3.1.</strong> 变量和可变性</a></li><li><a href="ch03-02-data-types.html"><strong>3.2.</strong> 数据类型</a></li><li><a href="ch03-03-how-functions-work.html"><strong>3.3.</strong> 函数如何工作</a></li><li><a href="ch03-04-comments.html"><strong>3.4.</strong> 注释</a></li><li><a href="ch03-05-control-flow.html"><strong>3.5.</strong> 控制流</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch04-00-understanding-ownership.html"><strong>4.</strong> 认识所有权</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html"><strong>4.1.</strong> 什么是所有权</a></li><li><a href="ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.html"><strong>4.2.</strong> 引用 &amp; 借用</a></li><li><a href="ch04-03-slices.html"><strong>4.3.</strong> Slices</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch05-00-structs.html"><strong>5.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch05-01-method-syntax.html"><strong>5.1.</strong> 方法语法</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch06-00-enums.html"><strong>6.</strong> 枚举和模式匹配</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch06-01-defining-an-enum.html"><strong>6.1.</strong> 定义枚举</a></li><li><a href="ch06-02-match.html"><strong>6.2.</strong> <code>match</code>控制流运算符</a></li><li><a href="ch06-03-if-let.html"><strong>6.3.</strong> <code>if let</code>简单控制流</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch07-00-modules.html"><strong>7.</strong> 模块</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch07-01-mod-and-the-filesystem.html"><strong>7.1.</strong> <code>mod</code>和文件系统</a></li><li><a href="ch07-02-controlling-visibility-with-pub.html"><strong>7.2.</strong> 使用<code>pub</code>控制可见性</a></li><li><a href="ch07-03-importing-names-with-use.html"><strong>7.3.</strong> 使用<code>use</code>导入命名</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch08-00-common-collections.html"><strong>8.</strong> 通用集合类型</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch08-01-vectors.html"><strong>8.1.</strong> vector</a></li><li><a href="ch08-02-strings.html"><strong>8.2.</strong> 字符串</a></li><li><a href="ch08-03-hash-maps.html"><strong>8.3.</strong> 哈希 map</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch09-00-error-handling.html"><strong>9.</strong> 错误处理</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch09-01-unrecoverable-errors-with-panic.html"><strong>9.1.</strong> <code>panic!</code>与不可恢复的错误</a></li><li><a href="ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html"><strong>9.2.</strong> <code>Result</code>与可恢复的错误</a></li><li><a href="ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.html"><strong>9.3.</strong> <code>panic!</code>还是不<code>panic!</code></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch10-00-generics.html"><strong>10.</strong> 泛型、trait 和生命周期</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch10-01-syntax.html"><strong>10.1.</strong> 泛型数据类型</a></li><li><a href="ch10-02-traits.html" class="active"><strong>10.2.</strong> trait定义共享的行为</a></li><li><a href="ch10-03-lifetime-syntax.html"><strong>10.3.</strong> 生命周期与引用有效性</a></li></ul></li></ul>
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<a class="header" href="#trait定义共享的行为" name="trait定义共享的行为"><h2>trait定义共享的行为</h2></a>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/master/src/ch10-02-traits.md">ch10-02-traits.md</a>
<br>
commit 709eb1eaca48864fafd9263042f5f9d9d6ffe08d</p>
</blockquote>
<p>trait 允许我们进行另一种抽象:他们让我们可以抽象类型所通用的行为。<em>trait</em> 告诉 Rust 编译器某个特定类型拥有可能与其他类型共享的功能。在使用泛型类型参数的场景中,可以使用 <em>trait bounds</em> 在编译时指定泛型可以是任何实现了某个 trait 的类型,并由此在这个场景下拥有我们希望的功能。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>注意:<em>trait</em> 类似于其他语言中的常被称为<strong>接口</strong><em>interfaces</em>)的功能,虽然有一些不同。</p>
</blockquote>
<a class="header" href="#定义-trait" name="定义-trait"><h3>定义 trait</h3></a>
<p>一个类型的行为由其可供调用的方法构成。如果可以对不同类型调用相同的方法的话这些类型就可以共享相同的行为了。trait 定义是一种将方法签名组合起来的方法,目的是定义一个实现某些目的所必须行为的集合。</p>
<p>例如,这里有多个存放了不同类型和属性文本的结构体:结构体<code>NewsArticle</code>用于存放发生于世界各地的新闻故事,而结构体<code>Tweet</code>最多只能存放 140 个字符的内容,以及像是否转推或是否是对推友的回复这样的元数据。</p>
<p>我们想要创建一个多媒体聚合库用来显示可能储存在<code>NewsArticle</code><code>Tweet</code>实例中的数据的总结。每一个结构体都需要的行为是他们是能够被总结的,这样的话就可以调用实例的<code>summary</code>方法来请求总结。列表 10-11 中展示了一个表现这个概念的<code>Summarizable</code> trait 的定义:</p>
<figure>
<span class="filename">Filename: lib.rs</span>
<pre><code class="language-rust">pub trait Summarizable {
fn summary(&amp;self) -&gt; String;
}
</code></pre>
<figcaption>
<p>Listing 10-11: Definition of a <code>Summarizable</code> trait that consists of the
behavior provided by a <code>summary</code> method</p>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>使用<code>trait</code>关键字来定义一个 trait后面是 trait 的名字,在这个例子中是<code>Summarizable</code>。在大括号中声明描述实现这个 trait 的类型所需要的行为的方法签名,在这个例子中是是<code>fn summary(&amp;self) -&gt; String</code>。在方法签名后跟分号而不是在大括号中提供其实现。接着每一个实现这个 trait 的类型都需要提供其自定义行为的方法体,编译器也会确保任何实现<code>Summarizable</code> trait 的类型都拥有与这个签名的定义完全一致的<code>summary</code>方法。</p>
<p>trait 体中可以有多个方法,一行一个方法签名且都以分号结尾。</p>
<a class="header" href="#为类型实现-trait" name="为类型实现-trait"><h3>为类型实现 trait</h3></a>
<p>现在我们定义了<code>Summarizable</code> trait接着就可以在多媒体聚合库中需要拥有这个行为的类型上实现它了。列表 10-12 中展示了<code>NewsArticle</code>结构体上<code>Summarizable</code> trait 的一个实现,它使用标题、作者和创建的位置作为<code>summary</code>的返回值。对于<code>Tweet</code>结构体,我们选择将<code>summary</code>定义为用户名后跟推文的全部文本作为返回值,并假设推文内容已经被限制为 140 字符以内。</p>
<figure>
<span class="filename">Filename: lib.rs</span>
<pre><code class="language-rust"># pub trait Summarizable {
# fn summary(&amp;self) -&gt; String;
# }
#
pub struct NewsArticle {
pub headline: String,
pub location: String,
pub author: String,
pub content: String,
}
impl Summarizable for NewsArticle {
fn summary(&amp;self) -&gt; String {
format!(&quot;{}, by {} ({})&quot;, self.headline, self.author, self.location)
}
}
pub struct Tweet {
pub username: String,
pub content: String,
pub reply: bool,
pub retweet: bool,
}
impl Summarizable for Tweet {
fn summary(&amp;self) -&gt; String {
format!(&quot;{}: {}&quot;, self.username, self.content)
}
}
</code></pre>
<figcaption>
<p>Listing 10-12: Implementing the <code>Summarizable</code> trait on the <code>NewsArticle</code> and
<code>Tweet</code> types</p>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>在类型上实现 trait 类似与实现与 trait 无关的方法。区别在于<code>impl</code>关键字之后,我们提供需要实现 trait 的名称,接着是<code>for</code>和需要实现 trait 的类型的名称。</p>
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