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<main>
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<h2 id="安装"><a class="header" href="#安装">安装</a></h2>
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<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/369386fefd1138cbdf50ae628bae1ffc4ffce669/src/ch01-01-installation.md">ch01-01-installation.md</a></p>
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<p>第一步是安装 Rust。我们会通过 <code>rustup</code> 下载 Rust，这是一个管理 Rust 版本和相关工具的命令行工具。下载时需要联网。</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>注意：如果你出于某些理由倾向于不使用 <code>rustup</code>，请到 <a href="https://forge.rust-lang.org/infra/other-installation-methods.html">Rust 的其他安装方法页面</a> 查看其它安装选项。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>接下来的步骤会安装最新稳定版 Rust 编译器。Rust 的稳定性保证意味着，本书中所有能够编译的示例，在更新的 Rust 版本中也应继续能够编译。不同版本之间的输出可能略有差异，因为 Rust 经常会改进错误信息和警告。也就是说，按照这些步骤安装的任何较新的稳定版 Rust，都应该能正常配合本书内容使用。</p>
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<blockquote>
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<h3 id="命令行标记"><a class="header" href="#命令行标记">命令行标记</a></h3>
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<p>本章和全书中，我们会展示一些在终端中使用的命令。所有需要输入到终端的行都以 <code>$</code> 开头。你不需要输入 <code>$</code> 字符；这里显示的 <code>$</code> 字符表示命令行提示符，仅用于提示每行命令的起点。不以 <code>$</code> 起始的行通常展示前一个命令的输出。另外，PowerShell 专用的示例会采用 <code>></code> 而不是 <code>$</code>。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h3 id="在-linux-或-macos-上安装-rustup"><a class="header" href="#在-linux-或-macos-上安装-rustup">在 Linux 或 macOS 上安装 <code>rustup</code></a></h3>
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<p>如果你使用 Linux 或 macOS，打开终端并输入如下命令：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-console">$ curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | sh
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</code></pre>
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<p>这条命令会下载一个脚本并启动 <code>rustup</code> 工具的安装，它会安装最新稳定版 Rust。过程中可能会提示你输入密码。如果安装成功，将会出现如下内容：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-text">Rust is installed now. Great!
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</code></pre>
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<p>另外，你还需要一个 <em>链接器（linker）</em>，它是 Rust 用来将编译输出连接成单个文件的程序。你很可能已经安装了它。如果遇到链接器错误，你应该安装一个 C 编译器，其中通常会包含链接器。C 编译器本身也很有用，因为一些常见的 Rust 包依赖 C 代码，因此需要 C 编译器。</p>
|
|
|
<p>在 macOS 上，你可以通过运行以下命令获得 C 语言编译器：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ xcode-select --install
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>Linux 用户通常应根据自己发行版（distribution）的文档安装 GCC 或 Clang。比如，如果你使用 Ubuntu，可以安装 <code>build-essential</code> 包。</p>
|
|
|
<h3 id="在-windows-上安装-rustup"><a class="header" href="#在-windows-上安装-rustup">在 Windows 上安装 <code>rustup</code></a></h3>
|
|
|
<p>在 Windows 上，前往 <a href="https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install">https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install</a> 并按照说明安装 Rust。在安装过程中的某一步，你会被提示安装 Visual Studio。它提供了链接器以及编译程序所需的本地库。如果你在这一步需要更多帮助，请访问 <a href="https://rust-lang.github.io/rustup/installation/windows-msvc.html">https://rust-lang.github.io/rustup/installation/windows-msvc.html</a>。</p>
|
|
|
<p>本书的余下部分会使用能同时运行于 <em>cmd.exe</em> 和 PowerShell 的命令。如果存在特定差异，我们会解释使用哪一个。</p>
|
|
|
<h3 id="故障排除troubleshooting"><a class="header" href="#故障排除troubleshooting">故障排除（Troubleshooting）</a></h3>
|
|
|
<p>要检查 Rust 是否安装正确，打开 shell 并输入：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ rustc --version
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>你应该会看到已发布的最新稳定版的版本号、commit hash 和 commit 日期，格式如下：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-text">rustc x.y.z (abcabcabc yyyy-mm-dd)
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>如果看到了这些信息，就说明 Rust 已经安装成功了！如果没有看到，请按下面的方法检查 Rust 是否在你的 <code>%PATH%</code> 系统变量中。</p>
|
|
|
<p>在 Windows CMD 中，请使用命令：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">> echo %PATH%
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>在 PowerShell 中，请使用命令：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-powershell">> echo $env:Path
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>在 Linux 和 macOS 中，请使用命令：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ echo $PATH
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>如果这些都没问题但 Rust 仍然无法使用，还有很多地方可以求助。你可以在<a href="https://www.rust-lang.org/community">社区页面</a>查看如何联系其他 Rustaceans（Rust 用户对自己的一个戏称）。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="更新与卸载"><a class="header" href="#更新与卸载">更新与卸载</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>通过 <code>rustup</code> 安装 Rust 之后，更新到新发布的版本很简单。只需要在 shell 中运行下面的更新脚本：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ rustup update
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>若要卸载 Rust 和 <code>rustup</code>，请在 shell 中运行下面的卸载脚本：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ rustup self uninstall
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<h3 id="本地文档"><a class="header" href="#本地文档">本地文档</a></h3>
|
|
|
<p>安装 Rust 时也会附带一份文档的本地副本，供你离线阅读。运行 <code>rustup doc</code> 即可在浏览器中打开本地文档。</p>
|
|
|
<p>任何时候，如果标准库提供了某个类型或函数，而你不确定它是做什么的或该如何使用，请查阅应用程序接口（application programming interface，API）文档！</p>
|
|
|
<h3 id="文本编辑器和集成开发环境integrated-development-environments-ide"><a class="header" href="#文本编辑器和集成开发环境integrated-development-environments-ide">文本编辑器和集成开发环境（Integrated Development Environments, IDE）</a></h3>
|
|
|
<p>本书不假设你使用什么工具来编写 Rust 代码。几乎任何文本编辑器都能胜任！不过，许多文本编辑器和集成开发环境（IDE）都内置了对 Rust 的支持。你总是可以在 Rust 官网的<a href="https://www.rust-lang.org/tools">工具页面</a>找到一个相对较新的常见编辑器和 IDE 列表。</p>
|
|
|
<h3 id="离线使用本书"><a class="header" href="#离线使用本书">离线使用本书</a></h3>
|
|
|
<p>在一些示例中，我们会使用标准库之外的 Rust 包。要运行这些示例，你需要保持网络连接，或者提前下载好这些依赖。要预先下载依赖，可以运行以下命令。（稍后我们会详细解释 <code>cargo</code> 是什么，以及这些命令分别有什么作用。）</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo new get-dependencies
|
|
|
$ cd get-dependencies
|
|
|
$ cargo add rand@0.8.5 trpl@0.2.0
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>这会把这些包下载并缓存起来，因此之后你就不需要再次下载它们了。运行完这些命令后，你无需保留 <code>get-dependencies</code> 文件夹。只要你执行过这些命令，在本书后续所有的 <code>cargo</code> 命令中，都可以使用 <code>--offline</code> 参数来使用这些已缓存的版本，而不必尝试联网。</p>
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