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<main>
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<h2 id="控制流"><a class="header" href="#控制流">控制流</a></h2>
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<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/9cc190796f28505c7a9a9cacea42f50d895ff3bd/src/ch03-05-control-flow.md">ch03-05-control-flow.md</a></p>
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<p>根据条件是否为 <code>true</code> 来决定是否执行某些代码,以及在条件为 <code>true</code> 时重复执行某些代码的能力,是大多数编程语言的基本构件。Rust 中最常见的控制执行流的结构是 <code>if</code> 表达式和循环。</p>
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<h3 id="if-表达式"><a class="header" href="#if-表达式"><code>if</code> 表达式</a></h3>
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<p><code>if</code> 表达式允许根据条件执行不同的代码分支。你提供一个条件并表示 “如果条件满足,运行这段代码;如果条件不满足,不运行这段代码。”</p>
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<p>在 <em>projects</em> 目录中创建一个名为 <em>branches</em> 的新项目,来体验 <code>if</code> 表达式。在 <em>src/main.rs</em> 文件中输入如下内容:</p>
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<p><span class="filename">文件名:src/main.rs</span></p>
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<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2024">fn main() {
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let number = 3;
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if number < 5 {
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println!("condition was true");
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} else {
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println!("condition was false");
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}
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}</code></pre>
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<p>所有 <code>if</code> 表达式都以 <code>if</code> 关键字开头,后面紧跟一个条件。在这个例子中,条件会检查变量 <code>number</code> 的值是否小于 5。如果条件为 <code>true</code>,就执行紧跟在条件后面的大括号中的代码块。与 <code>if</code> 表达式中各个条件关联的代码块有时也被称为 <em>arms</em>,就像我们在第二章<a href="ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.html#比较猜测的数字和秘密数字">“比较猜测的数字和秘密数字”</a>一节中讨论过的 <code>match</code> 表达式分支一样。</p>
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<p>也可以包含一个可选的 <code>else</code> 表达式来提供一个在条件为 <code>false</code> 时应当执行的代码块,这里我们就这么做了。如果不提供 <code>else</code> 表达式并且条件为 <code>false</code> 时,程序会直接忽略 <code>if</code> 代码块并继续执行下面的代码。</p>
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<p>尝试运行代码,应该能看到如下输出:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo run
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Compiling branches v0.1.0 (file:///projects/branches)
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Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.31s
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Running `target/debug/branches`
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condition was true
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</code></pre>
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|
|
<p>尝试改变 <code>number</code> 的值使条件为 <code>false</code> 时看看会发生什么:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-rust ignore"><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
</span> let number = 7;
|
|
|
<span class="boring">
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring"> if number < 5 {
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring"> println!("condition was true");
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring"> println!("condition was false");
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring"> }
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">}</span></code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>再次运行程序并查看输出:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo run
|
|
|
Compiling branches v0.1.0 (file:///projects/branches)
|
|
|
Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.31s
|
|
|
Running `target/debug/branches`
|
|
|
condition was false
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>还值得注意的是,条件<strong>必须</strong>是 <code>bool</code> 值。如果条件不是 <code>bool</code>,我们就会得到一个错误。例如,尝试运行下面这段代码:</p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="filename">文件名:src/main.rs</span></p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-rust ignore does_not_compile">fn main() {
|
|
|
let number = 3;
|
|
|
|
|
|
if number {
|
|
|
println!("number was three");
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>这里 <code>if</code> 条件的值是 <code>3</code>,Rust 抛出了一个错误:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo run
|
|
|
Compiling branches v0.1.0 (file:///projects/branches)
|
|
|
error[E0308]: mismatched types
|
|
|
--> src/main.rs:4:8
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 | if number {
|
|
|
| ^^^^^^ expected `bool`, found integer
|
|
|
|
|
|
For more information about this error, try `rustc --explain E0308`.
|
|
|
error: could not compile `branches` (bin "branches") due to 1 previous error
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>这个错误表明 Rust 期望得到的是一个 <code>bool</code>,却收到了一个整数。不同于 Ruby 或 JavaScript 这样的语言,Rust 不会自动尝试把非布尔类型转换成布尔类型。你必须显式地为 <code>if</code> 提供一个布尔值作为条件。例如,如果我们希望 <code>if</code> 代码块只在某个数字不等于 <code>0</code> 时运行,就可以把 <code>if</code> 表达式改成下面这样:</p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="filename">文件名:src/main.rs</span></p>
|
|
|
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2024">fn main() {
|
|
|
let number = 3;
|
|
|
|
|
|
if number != 0 {
|
|
|
println!("number was something other than zero");
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>运行代码会打印出 <code>number was something other than zero</code>。</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="使用-else-if-处理多重条件"><a class="header" href="#使用-else-if-处理多重条件">使用 <code>else if</code> 处理多重条件</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>可以将 <code>else if</code> 表达式与 <code>if</code> 和 <code>else</code> 组合来实现多重条件。例如:</p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="filename">文件名:src/main.rs</span></p>
|
|
|
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2024">fn main() {
|
|
|
let number = 6;
|
|
|
|
|
|
if number % 4 == 0 {
|
|
|
println!("number is divisible by 4");
|
|
|
} else if number % 3 == 0 {
|
|
|
println!("number is divisible by 3");
|
|
|
} else if number % 2 == 0 {
|
|
|
println!("number is divisible by 2");
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
println!("number is not divisible by 4, 3, or 2");
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>这个程序有四个可能的执行路径。运行后应该能看到如下输出:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo run
|
|
|
Compiling branches v0.1.0 (file:///projects/branches)
|
|
|
Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.31s
|
|
|
Running `target/debug/branches`
|
|
|
number is divisible by 3
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>当执行这个程序时,它按顺序检查每个 <code>if</code> 表达式并执行第一个条件为 <code>true</code> 的代码块。注意即使 6 可以被 2 整除,也不会输出 <code>number is divisible by 2</code>,更不会输出 <code>else</code> 块中的 <code>number is not divisible by 4, 3, or 2</code>。原因是 Rust 只会执行第一个条件为 <code>true</code> 的代码块,并且一旦它找到一个以后,甚至都不会检查剩下的条件了。</p>
|
|
|
<p>使用过多的 <code>else if</code> 表达式会让代码显得杂乱,所以如果你有不止一个 <code>else if</code>,可能就该考虑重构代码了。针对这种情况,第六章会介绍一个强大的 Rust 分支结构(branching construct),叫做 <code>match</code>。</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="在-let-语句中使用-if"><a class="header" href="#在-let-语句中使用-if">在 <code>let</code> 语句中使用 <code>if</code></a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>因为 <code>if</code> 是一个表达式,我们可以在 <code>let</code> 语句的右侧使用它,例如在示例 3-2 中:</p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="filename">文件名:src/main.rs</span></p>
|
|
|
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2024">fn main() {
|
|
|
let condition = true;
|
|
|
let number = if condition { 5 } else { 6 };
|
|
|
|
|
|
println!("The value of number is: {number}");
|
|
|
}</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p><span class="caption">示例 3-2:将 <code>if</code> 表达式的返回值赋给一个变量</span></p>
|
|
|
<p>变量 <code>number</code> 会绑定到 <code>if</code> 表达式结果所产生的那个值。运行这段代码看看会发生什么:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo run
|
|
|
Compiling branches v0.1.0 (file:///projects/branches)
|
|
|
Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.30s
|
|
|
Running `target/debug/branches`
|
|
|
The value of number is: 5
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>记住,代码块的值就是其中最后一个表达式的值,而数字本身也是表达式。在这个例子中,整个 <code>if</code> 表达式的值取决于哪个代码块被执行。这意味着 <code>if</code> 的各个分支可能产生的结果值都必须是相同类型;在示例 3-2 中,<code>if</code> 分支和 <code>else</code> 分支的结果都是 <code>i32</code> 整数。如果类型不一致,就会像下面这个例子一样报错:</p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="filename">文件名:src/main.rs</span></p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-rust ignore does_not_compile">fn main() {
|
|
|
let condition = true;
|
|
|
|
|
|
let number = if condition { 5 } else { "six" };
|
|
|
|
|
|
println!("The value of number is: {number}");
|
|
|
}</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>当编译这段代码时,会得到一个错误。<code>if</code> 和 <code>else</code> 分支的值类型是不相容的,同时 Rust 也准确地指出在程序中的何处发现的这个问题:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo run
|
|
|
Compiling branches v0.1.0 (file:///projects/branches)
|
|
|
error[E0308]: `if` and `else` have incompatible types
|
|
|
--> src/main.rs:4:44
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 | let number = if condition { 5 } else { "six" };
|
|
|
| - ^^^^^ expected integer, found `&str`
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
| expected because of this
|
|
|
|
|
|
For more information about this error, try `rustc --explain E0308`.
|
|
|
error: could not compile `branches` (bin "branches") due to 1 previous error
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p><code>if</code> 代码块中的表达式会求值为一个整数,而 <code>else</code> 代码块中的表达式会求值为一个字符串。这是行不通的,因为变量必须只有一个类型。Rust 需要在编译时就明确知道 <code>number</code> 的类型,这样它才能在编译阶段验证每一处对 <code>number</code> 的使用是否合法。如果 <code>number</code> 的类型只能在运行时确定,Rust 就无法做到这一点;而如果编译器必须为每个变量跟踪多种假设类型,它也会变得更加复杂,并且对代码的保证会更少。</p>
|
|
|
<h3 id="使用循环重复执行"><a class="header" href="#使用循环重复执行">使用循环重复执行</a></h3>
|
|
|
<p>反复执行同一段代码是一件很常见的事,为此 Rust 提供了多种 <strong>循环</strong>(<em>loops</em>)。循环会执行循环体中的代码直到结尾,然后立即回到开头继续执行。为了体验循环,我们来新建一个叫做 <em>loops</em> 的项目。</p>
|
|
|
<p>Rust 有三种循环:<code>loop</code>、<code>while</code> 和 <code>for</code>。我们每一个都试试。</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="使用-loop-重复执行代码"><a class="header" href="#使用-loop-重复执行代码">使用 <code>loop</code> 重复执行代码</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p><code>loop</code> 关键字告诉 Rust 反复执行一段代码,要么永远执行下去,要么直到你明确要求它停止。</p>
|
|
|
<p>作为一个例子,将 <em>loops</em> 目录中的 <em>src/main.rs</em> 文件修改为如下:</p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="filename">文件名:src/main.rs</span></p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-rust ignore">fn main() {
|
|
|
loop {
|
|
|
println!("again!");
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>运行这个程序时,我们会看到 <code>again!</code> 被不断重复打印,直到我们手动停止程序。大多数终端都支持使用快捷键 <kbd>ctrl</kbd>-<kbd>C</kbd> 来中断一个陷入无限循环的程序。试试看:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo run
|
|
|
Compiling loops v0.1.0 (file:///projects/loops)
|
|
|
Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.08s
|
|
|
Running `target/debug/loops`
|
|
|
again!
|
|
|
again!
|
|
|
again!
|
|
|
again!
|
|
|
^Cagain!
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>符号 <code>^C</code> 表示你在这里按下了 <kbd>ctrl</kbd>-<kbd>C</kbd>。在 <code>^C</code> 后面,你可能会看到,也可能不会看到 <code>again!</code>,这取决于代码在收到中断信号时正执行到循环的哪个位置。</p>
|
|
|
<p>幸运的是,Rust 也提供了在代码中跳出循环的方法。你可以在循环中放置 <code>break</code> 关键字,告诉程序何时停止执行该循环。回忆一下,我们曾在第二章猜数字游戏的<a href="ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.html#猜测正确后退出">“猜测正确后退出”</a>一节中使用过它,让程序在用户猜中数字后退出。</p>
|
|
|
<p>我们在猜数字游戏中也使用过 <code>continue</code>。在循环里,<code>continue</code> 关键字会告诉程序跳过本次循环迭代剩余的代码,并直接进入下一次迭代。</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="从循环返回值"><a class="header" href="#从循环返回值">从循环返回值</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p><code>loop</code> 的一个用途是重试那些你知道可能失败的操作,比如检查某个线程是否完成了任务。不过,你也可能希望把这个操作的结果传递给其他代码。为此,你可以在用于停止循环的 <code>break</code> 表达式后面加上想要返回的值;这个值会作为循环的返回值返回出来,因而你就可以使用它,如下所示:</p>
|
|
|
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2024">fn main() {
|
|
|
let mut counter = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
|
let result = loop {
|
|
|
counter += 1;
|
|
|
|
|
|
if counter == 10 {
|
|
|
break counter * 2;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
|
|
println!("The result is {result}");
|
|
|
}</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>在循环之前,我们声明了一个名为 <code>counter</code> 的变量,并将其初始化为 <code>0</code>。然后,又声明了一个名为 <code>result</code> 的变量,用来保存循环返回的值。在循环的每次迭代中,我们都会给 <code>counter</code> 加 <code>1</code>,然后检查它是否等于 <code>10</code>。当条件满足时,就用 <code>break</code> 关键字返回 <code>counter * 2</code> 的值。循环结束后,我们用分号结束把值赋给 <code>result</code> 的那条语句。最后,打印出 <code>result</code> 的值,也就是 <code>20</code>。</p>
|
|
|
<p>如果你在循环内部使用 <code>return</code>,也可以从中返回。不过,<code>break</code> 只会退出当前循环,而 <code>return</code> 总是会退出当前函数。</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="循环标签在多个循环之间消除歧义"><a class="header" href="#循环标签在多个循环之间消除歧义">循环标签:在多个循环之间消除歧义</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>如果循环中又套了循环,那么 <code>break</code> 和 <code>continue</code> 默认只作用于当前最内层的那个循环。你可以选择给某个循环加上一个 <strong>循环标签</strong>(<em>loop label</em>),然后把这个标签和 <code>break</code> 或 <code>continue</code> 一起使用,这样这些关键字就会作用于被标记的循环,而不是最内层循环。下面是一个包含两层嵌套循环的例子:</p>
|
|
|
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2024">fn main() {
|
|
|
let mut count = 0;
|
|
|
'counting_up: loop {
|
|
|
println!("count = {count}");
|
|
|
let mut remaining = 10;
|
|
|
|
|
|
loop {
|
|
|
println!("remaining = {remaining}");
|
|
|
if remaining == 9 {
|
|
|
break;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
if count == 2 {
|
|
|
break 'counting_up;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
remaining -= 1;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
count += 1;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
println!("End count = {count}");
|
|
|
}</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>外层循环带有标签 <code>'counting_up</code>,它会从 0 数到 2。没有标签的内层循环则从 10 倒数到 9。第一个没有指定标签的 <code>break</code> 只会退出内层循环。语句 <code>break 'counting_up;</code> 则会退出外层循环。这段代码会打印:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo run
|
|
|
Compiling loops v0.1.0 (file:///projects/loops)
|
|
|
Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.58s
|
|
|
Running `target/debug/loops`
|
|
|
count = 0
|
|
|
remaining = 10
|
|
|
remaining = 9
|
|
|
count = 1
|
|
|
remaining = 10
|
|
|
remaining = 9
|
|
|
count = 2
|
|
|
remaining = 10
|
|
|
End count = 2
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<h4 id="while-条件循环"><a class="header" href="#while-条件循环"><code>while</code> 条件循环</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>程序经常需要在循环中计算某个条件:只要条件为 <code>true</code>,循环就继续;当条件不再为 <code>true</code> 时,程序就会调用 <code>break</code> 来停止循环。这种循环类型可以通过组合 <code>loop</code>、<code>if</code>、<code>else</code> 和 <code>break</code> 来实现;如果你愿意,现在就可以在程序里试试看。不过,这种模式实在太常见了,所以 Rust 为它内置了一个语言结构,叫做 <code>while</code> 循环。在示例 3-3 中,我们使用 <code>while</code> 让程序循环三次,每次计数都减一;之后,在循环结束后打印另一条消息并退出。</p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="filename">文件名:src/main.rs</span></p>
|
|
|
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2024">fn main() {
|
|
|
let mut number = 3;
|
|
|
|
|
|
while number != 0 {
|
|
|
println!("{number}!");
|
|
|
|
|
|
number -= 1;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
println!("LIFTOFF!!!");
|
|
|
}</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p><span class="caption">示例 3-3: 当条件为 <code>true</code> 时,使用 <code>while</code> 循环运行代码</span></p>
|
|
|
<p>这种结构消除了使用 <code>loop</code>、<code>if</code>、<code>else</code> 和 <code>break</code> 时原本需要的大量嵌套,因此代码会更清晰。只要条件求值为 <code>true</code>,代码就会继续执行;否则就退出循环。</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="使用-for-遍历集合"><a class="header" href="#使用-for-遍历集合">使用 <code>for</code> 遍历集合</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>可以使用 <code>while</code> 结构来遍历集合中的元素,比如数组。例如,示例 3-4 中的循环会打印数组 <code>a</code> 中的每一个元素。</p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="filename">文件名:src/main.rs</span></p>
|
|
|
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2024">fn main() {
|
|
|
let a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50];
|
|
|
let mut index = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
|
while index < 5 {
|
|
|
println!("the value is: {}", a[index]);
|
|
|
|
|
|
index += 1;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p><span class="caption">示例 3-4:使用 <code>while</code> 循环遍历集合中的每一个元素</span></p>
|
|
|
<p>这里,代码对数组中的元素进行计数。它从索引 <code>0</code> 开始,并接着循环直到遇到数组的最后一个索引(这时,<code>index < 5</code> 不再为 <code>true</code>)。运行这段代码会打印出数组中的每一个元素:</p>
|
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<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo run
|
|
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Compiling loops v0.1.0 (file:///projects/loops)
|
|
|
Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.32s
|
|
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Running `target/debug/loops`
|
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the value is: 10
|
|
|
the value is: 20
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|
|
the value is: 30
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|
|
the value is: 40
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|
|
the value is: 50
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
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<p>数组中的所有五个元素都如期出现在终端中。尽管 <code>index</code> 在某一时刻会到达值 <code>5</code>,不过循环在其尝试从数组获取第六个值(会越界)之前就停止了。</p>
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<p>不过,这种方式很容易出错;如果索引值或测试条件写错了,就会导致程序 panic。例如,如果你把数组 <code>a</code> 改成只有 4 个元素,却忘了把条件更新成 <code>while index < 4</code>,代码就会 panic。它也会让程序变慢,因为编译器会加入运行时代码,在每次循环迭代时检查索引是否仍然位于数组边界之内。</p>
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<p>作为更简洁的替代方案,可以使用 <code>for</code> 循环来对一个集合的每个元素执行一些代码。<code>for</code> 循环看起来如示例 3-5 所示:</p>
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<p><span class="filename">文件名:src/main.rs</span></p>
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<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2024">fn main() {
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let a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50];
|
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for element in a {
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println!("the value is: {element}");
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}
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}</code></pre>
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<p><span class="caption">示例 3-5:使用 <code>for</code> 循环遍历集合中的元素</span></p>
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<p>运行这段代码时,你会看到和示例 3-4 相同的输出。更重要的是,我们提高了代码的安全性,并消除了那种可能因为越过数组末尾,或遍历不够完整而漏掉某些元素所导致的 bug。</p>
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<p>例如,在示例 3-4 的代码中,如果你把数组 <code>a</code> 改成只有 4 个元素,却忘了把条件更新为 <code>while index < 4</code>,代码就会 panic。而使用 <code>for</code> 循环时,你就不必记着在修改数组元素个数时还要同步修改其他代码了。</p>
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<p><code>for</code> 循环的安全性和简洁性,使它成为 Rust 中最常用的循环结构。即使是在你只想把某段代码执行特定次数的情况下,比如示例 3-3 里那个使用 <code>while</code> 的倒计时例子,大多数 Rustaceans 也会选择使用 <code>for</code> 循环。实现这种写法的方式是使用 <code>Range</code>,这是标准库提供的一种类型,用来生成从某个数字开始、到另一个数字之前结束的所有数字序列。</p>
|
|
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<p>下面是一个使用 <code>for</code> 循环来倒计时的例子,它还用到了一个我们尚未讲到的方法 <code>rev</code>,用于反转 range。</p>
|
|
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<p><span class="filename">文件名:src/main.rs</span></p>
|
|
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<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2024">fn main() {
|
|
|
for number in (1..4).rev() {
|
|
|
println!("{number}!");
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
println!("LIFTOFF!!!");
|
|
|
}</code></pre>
|
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<p>这段代码是不是更好一些?</p>
|
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<h2 id="总结"><a class="header" href="#总结">总结</a></h2>
|
|
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<p>你做到了!这是内容相当丰富的一章:你学习了变量、标量和复合数据类型、函数、注释、<code>if</code> 表达式以及循环!如果你想练习本章讨论的概念,可以尝试构建下面这些程序:</p>
|
|
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<ul>
|
|
|
<li>相互转换摄氏与华氏温度。</li>
|
|
|
<li>生成第 n 个斐波那契数。</li>
|
|
|
<li>打印圣诞颂歌 “The Twelve Days of Christmas” 的歌词,并利用歌曲中的重复部分(通过编写循环)。</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p>当你准备好继续时,我们将讨论一个在其他编程语言中<strong>并不</strong>常见的概念:所有权(ownership)。</p>
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