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<h2 id="使用-vector-储存列表"><a class="header" href="#使用-vector-储存列表">使用 Vector 储存列表</a></h2>
<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/2581c23b669eff30c26e036a13475ec5cf70c1b8/src/ch08-01-vectors.md">ch08-01-vectors.md</a></p>
<p>我们要讨论的第一种集合类型是 <code>Vec&lt;T&gt;</code>,也被称为 <em>vector</em>。vector 允许你在单个数据结构中存放多个值并把这些值在内存中彼此相邻地排列起来。vector 只能存储相同类型的值。当你有一组项目要处理时,它就很有用,例如文件中的文本行,或者购物车中商品的价格。</p>
<h3 id="新建-vector"><a class="header" href="#新建-vector">新建 vector</a></h3>
<p>要创建一个新的空 vector可以调用 <code>Vec::new</code> 函数,如示例 8-1 所示。</p>
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2024"><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span> let v: Vec&lt;i32&gt; = Vec::new();
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre>
<p><span class="caption">示例 8-1新建一个空的 vector 来储存 <code>i32</code> 类型的值</span></p>
<p>注意,这里我们加了一个类型注解。因为还没有往这个 vector 里插入任何值Rust 并不知道我们打算存储什么类型的元素。这一点很重要。vector 是使用泛型实现的;第十章会讲到如何在你自己的类型上使用泛型。现在你只需要知道,标准库提供的 <code>Vec&lt;T&gt;</code> 类型可以容纳任意类型。当我们创建一个用来存放特定类型的 vector 时,可以在尖括号中指定这个类型。在示例 8-1 中,我们告诉 Rust<code>v</code> 中的 <code>Vec&lt;T&gt;</code> 将存放 <code>i32</code> 类型的元素。</p>
<p>更常见的情况是,我们会用初始值创建 <code>Vec&lt;T&gt;</code>,而 Rust 会推断出你想存储的值的类型所以很少需要写这种类型注解。Rust 还很贴心地提供了 <code>vec!</code> 宏,它会创建一个新的 vector并把你提供的值放进去。示例 8-2 创建了一个包含 <code>1</code><code>2</code><code>3</code> 的新 <code>Vec&lt;i32&gt;</code>。这里的整数类型之所以是 <code>i32</code>,是因为它是默认整数类型,正如我们在第三章的<a href="ch03-02-data-types.html#数据类型">“数据类型”</a>部分讨论过的那样:</p>
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2024"><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span> let v = vec![1, 2, 3];
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre>
<p><span class="caption">示例 8-2新建一个包含初值的 vector</span></p>
<p>因为我们给出了 <code>i32</code> 类型的初始值Rust 可以推断出 <code>v</code> 的类型是 <code>Vec&lt;i32&gt;</code>,因此这里不需要类型注解。接下来看看如何修改 vector。</p>
<h3 id="更新-vector"><a class="header" href="#更新-vector">更新 vector</a></h3>
<p>要先创建一个 vector 再向其中添加元素,可以使用 <code>push</code> 方法,如示例 8-3 所示:</p>
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2024"><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span> let mut v = Vec::new();
v.push(5);
v.push(6);
v.push(7);
v.push(8);
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre>
<p><span class="caption">示例 8-3使用 <code>push</code> 方法向 vector 增加值</span></p>
<p>和任何变量一样,如果想修改它的值,就必须像第三章讲过的那样,使用 <code>mut</code> 关键字让它变成可变的。放进去的数字都是 <code>i32</code> 类型Rust 会从数据中推断出这一点,因此也不需要写 <code>Vec&lt;i32&gt;</code> 注解。</p>
<h3 id="读取-vector-的元素"><a class="header" href="#读取-vector-的元素">读取 vector 的元素</a></h3>
<p>有两种方式可以引用 vector 中存储的值:通过索引,或者使用 <code>get</code> 方法。在接下来的示例中,为了更清楚地说明这一点,我们给这些函数返回的值标注了类型。</p>
<p>示例 8-4 展示了访问 vector 中某个值的两种方式:索引语法和 <code>get</code> 方法。</p>
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2024"><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span> let v = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let third: &amp;i32 = &amp;v[2];
println!("The third element is {third}");
let third: Option&lt;&amp;i32&gt; = v.get(2);
match third {
Some(third) =&gt; println!("The third element is {third}"),
None =&gt; println!("There is no third element."),
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre>
<p><span class="caption">示例 8-4使用索引语法或 <code>get</code> 方法来访问 vector 中的项</span></p>
<p>这里有几个细节需要注意。我们用索引值 <code>2</code> 获取第三个元素,因为 vector 的索引是从 0 开始的。使用 <code>&amp;</code><code>[]</code> 会得到索引位置处元素的引用。当我们把索引作为参数传给 <code>get</code> 方法时,会得到一个可以与 <code>match</code> 一起使用的 <code>Option&lt;&amp;T&gt;</code></p>
<p>Rust 提供这两种引用元素的方式,是为了让你可以选择:当尝试使用超出已有元素范围的索引值时,程序该如何表现。举个例子,假设我们有一个包含 5 个元素的 vector然后尝试分别用这两种技术访问索引 100 处的元素,看看会发生什么,如示例 8-5 所示:</p>
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust should_panic panics edition2024"><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span> let v = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let does_not_exist = &amp;v[100];
let does_not_exist = v.get(100);
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre>
<p><span class="caption">示例 8-5尝试访问一个包含 5 个元素的 vector 的索引 100 处的元素</span></p>
<p>运行这段代码时,第一种 <code>[]</code> 方法会让程序 panic因为它引用了一个不存在的元素。当你希望程序在有人尝试访问 vector 末尾之外的元素时直接崩溃,这种方式就很合适。</p>
<p>当传给 <code>get</code> 方法的索引超出了 vector 的范围时,它不会 panic而是返回 <code>None</code>。如果在正常情况下,访问超出 vector 范围的元素偶尔是可能发生的,那么你就会使用这种方法。此时你的代码可以像第六章讨论过的那样,处理 <code>Some(&amp;element)</code><code>None</code> 两种情况。例如,索引可能来自用户输入的数字。如果用户不小心输入了一个过大的数字,程序就会得到 <code>None</code>,这时你可以告诉用户当前 vector 中有多少项,并给他们一次重新输入有效值的机会。这就比因为一个输入错误而让程序崩溃更友好。</p>
<p>当程序拿到了一个有效引用后,借用检查器会应用所有权和借用规则(第四章讲过),来确保这个对 vector 内容的引用以及其他任何引用都保持有效。回忆一下那条规则:在同一作用域中,不能同时拥有可变引用和不可变引用。这条规则就适用于示例 8-6我们持有了 vector 第一个元素的不可变引用,然后又尝试在 vector 末尾添加一个元素。如果还想在函数后面继续使用那个元素,这个程序就无法通过编译:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust ignore does_not_compile"><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span> let mut v = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let first = &amp;v[0];
v.push(6);
println!("The first element is: {first}");
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre>
<p><span class="caption">示例 8-6尝试在拥有 vector 中项的引用的同时向其增加一个元素</span></p>
<p>编译会给出这个错误:</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo run
Compiling collections v0.1.0 (file:///projects/collections)
error[E0502]: cannot borrow `v` as mutable because it is also borrowed as immutable
--&gt; src/main.rs:6:5
|
4 | let first = &amp;v[0];
| - immutable borrow occurs here
5 |
6 | v.push(6);
| ^^^^^^^^^ mutable borrow occurs here
7 |
8 | println!("The first element is: {first}");
| ----- immutable borrow later used here
For more information about this error, try `rustc --explain E0502`.
error: could not compile `collections` (bin "collections") due to 1 previous error
</code></pre>
<p>示例 8-6 中的代码看起来似乎应该能工作:为什么对第一个元素的引用,会在乎 vector 末尾发生的变化呢?这是由 vector 的工作方式决定的。因为 vector 会把值彼此相邻地存放在内存中,所以如果末尾追加一个新元素,而当前存放位置又没有足够空间容纳所有元素,程序就可能需要分配一块新内存,并把旧元素复制到新空间里去。在这种情况下,原来指向第一个元素的引用就会指向已释放的内存。借用规则正是为了防止程序陷入这种情况。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>注意:如果想了解 <code>Vec&lt;T&gt;</code> 类型更多的实现细节,请参阅 <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/vec/vec.html">“The Rustonomicon”</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="遍历-vector-中的元素"><a class="header" href="#遍历-vector-中的元素">遍历 vector 中的元素</a></h3>
<p>如果想依次访问 vector 中的每个元素,我们会遍历所有元素,而不是一次只通过索引访问一个。示例 8-7 展示了如何使用 <code>for</code> 循环,获取一个装有 <code>i32</code> 值的 vector 中每个元素的不可变引用,并把它们打印出来:</p>
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2024"><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span> let v = vec![100, 32, 57];
for i in &amp;v {
println!("{i}");
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre>
<p><span class="caption">示例 8-7通过 <code>for</code> 循环遍历 vector 的元素并打印</span></p>
<p>我们也可以遍历可变 vector 中每个元素的可变引用,从而修改所有元素。示例 8-8 中的 <code>for</code> 循环会给每个元素都加上 <code>50</code></p>
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2024"><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span> let mut v = vec![100, 32, 57];
for i in &amp;mut v {
*i += 50;
}
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre>
<p><span class="caption">示例 8-8遍历 vector 中元素的可变引用</span></p>
<p>要修改可变引用所指向的值,在使用 <code>+=</code> 运算符前,必须先使用解引用运算符 <code>*</code> 取到 <code>i</code> 指向的值。第十五章的<a href="ch15-02-deref.html#追踪引用的值">“追踪引用的值”</a>部分会更详细地讨论解引用运算符。</p>
<p>由于借用检查器的规则,不管是可变还是不可变地遍历 vector都是安全的。如果我们尝试在示例 8-7 和示例 8-8 的 <code>for</code> 循环体内插入或删除项,就会得到一个和示例 8-6 类似的编译错误。<code>for</code> 循环持有的那个对 vector 的引用,会阻止对整个 vector 的同时修改。</p>
<h3 id="使用枚举来储存多种类型"><a class="header" href="#使用枚举来储存多种类型">使用枚举来储存多种类型</a></h3>
<p>vector 只能存储相同类型的值。这可能会带来不便;确实有些场景需要存放一组不同类型的值。幸运的是,枚举的各个变体都定义在同一个枚举类型之下,所以当我们需要用一个类型来表示不同种类的元素时,就可以定义并使用枚举!</p>
<p>例如,假设我们想从电子表格的一行中读取值,而这一行中有些列包含整数,有些包含浮点数,还有些是字符串。我们可以定义一个枚举,让它的各个变体分别持有这些不同类型的值,而所有这些枚举变体都会被视为同一种类型,也就是该枚举本身的类型。然后,我们就可以创建一个存放这种枚举的 vector从而最终在其中保存不同类型的值。示例 8-9 展示了这种做法:</p>
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2024"><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span> enum SpreadsheetCell {
Int(i32),
Float(f64),
Text(String),
}
let row = vec![
SpreadsheetCell::Int(3),
SpreadsheetCell::Text(String::from("blue")),
SpreadsheetCell::Float(10.12),
];
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre>
<p><span class="caption">示例 8-9定义一个枚举以便能在 vector 中存放不同类型的数据</span></p>
<p>Rust 必须在编译时知道 vector 中会有哪些类型,这样它才能准确知道在堆上存储每个元素需要多少内存。我们还必须明确指出这个 vector 允许哪些类型。如果 Rust 允许 vector 存放任意类型,那么在对 vector 元素执行操作时,就有可能因为某一种或多种类型而导致错误。使用枚举再配合 <code>match</code> 表达式,意味着 Rust 会像第六章所说的那样,在编译时确保每一种可能的情况都得到了处理。</p>
<p>如果在编写程序时,你并不知道运行时究竟会有哪些类型需要存进 vector那么这种枚举技巧就不适用了。相反你可以使用 trait 对象,第 18 章会讲到它。</p>
<p>现在我们已经讨论了一些最常见的 vector 用法,记得去看看标准库为 <code>Vec&lt;T&gt;</code> 定义的许多其他实用方法的 <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html">API 文档</a>。例如,除了 <code>push</code> 之外,还有一个 <code>pop</code> 方法会移除并返回 vector 的最后一个元素。</p>
<h3 id="丢弃-vector-时也会丢弃其所有元素"><a class="header" href="#丢弃-vector-时也会丢弃其所有元素">丢弃 vector 时也会丢弃其所有元素</a></h3>
<p>和其他任何 <code>struct</code> 一样vector 会在离开作用域时被释放,如示例 8-10 所标示的那样:</p>
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2024"><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span> {
let v = vec![1, 2, 3, 4];
// 使用 v
} // &lt;- 在这里 v 离开作用域并被释放
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre>
<p><span class="caption">示例 8-10展示 vector 和其元素于何处被丢弃</span></p>
<p>当 vector 被丢弃时,它包含的所有内容也都会被一并丢弃,这意味着它持有的整数会被清理掉。借用检查器会确保,对 vector 内容的任何引用都只会在 vector 本身有效时被使用。</p>
<p>让我们继续下一个集合类型:<code>String</code></p>
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