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<main>
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<h2 id="附录-b运算符与符号"><a class="header" href="#附录-b运算符与符号">附录 B：运算符与符号</a></h2>
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<!-- https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/main/src/appendix-02-operators.md -->
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<!-- commit 0833386eab8f37c60b8d80e05fabc4a97d0628ee -->
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<p>该附录包含了 Rust 语法的词汇表，包括运算符以及其它符号，这些符号单独出现或出现在路径、泛型、trait bounds、宏、属性、注释、元组以及大括号上下文中。</p>
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<h3 id="运算符"><a class="header" href="#运算符">运算符</a></h3>
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<p>表 B-1 包含了 Rust 中的运算符、运算符如何出现在上下文中的示例、简短解释以及该运算符是否可重载。如果一个运算符是可重载的，则该运算符上用于重载的相关 trait 也会列出。</p>
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<p><span class="caption">表 B-1: 运算符</span></p>
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<div class="table-wrapper">
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr><th>运算符</th><th>示例</th><th>解释</th><th>是否可重载</th></tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr><td><code>!</code></td><td><code>ident!(...)</code>, <code>ident!{...}</code>, <code>ident![...]</code></td><td>宏展开</td><td></td></tr>
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<tr><td><code>!</code></td><td><code>!expr</code></td><td>按位非或逻辑非</td><td><code>Not</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td><code>!=</code></td><td><code>expr != expr</code></td><td>不等比较</td><td><code>PartialEq</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td><code>%</code></td><td><code>expr % expr</code></td><td>算术取余</td><td><code>Rem</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td><code>%=</code></td><td><code>var %= expr</code></td><td>算术取余与赋值</td><td><code>RemAssign</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td><code>&</code></td><td><code>&expr</code>, <code>&mut expr</code></td><td>借用</td><td></td></tr>
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<tr><td><code>&</code></td><td><code>&type</code>, <code>&mut type</code>, <code>&'a type</code>, <code>&'a mut type</code></td><td>借用指针类型</td><td></td></tr>
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<tr><td><code>&</code></td><td><code>expr & expr</code></td><td>按位与</td><td><code>BitAnd</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td><code>&=</code></td><td><code>var &= expr</code></td><td>按位与及赋值</td><td><code>BitAndAssign</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td><code>&&</code></td><td><code>expr && expr</code></td><td>短路（Short-circuiting）逻辑与</td><td></td></tr>
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<tr><td><code>*</code></td><td><code>expr * expr</code></td><td>算术乘法</td><td><code>Mul</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td><code>*=</code></td><td><code>var *= expr</code></td><td>算术乘法与赋值</td><td><code>MulAssign</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td><code>*</code></td><td><code>*expr</code></td><td>解引用</td><td><code>Deref</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td><code>*</code></td><td><code>*const type</code>, <code>*mut type</code></td><td>裸指针</td><td></td></tr>
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|
<tr><td><code>+</code></td><td><code>trait + trait</code>, <code>'a + trait</code></td><td>复合类型限制</td><td></td></tr>
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|
<tr><td><code>+</code></td><td><code>expr + expr</code></td><td>算术加法</td><td><code>Add</code></td></tr>
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|
<tr><td><code>+=</code></td><td><code>var += expr</code></td><td>算术加法与赋值</td><td><code>AddAssign</code></td></tr>
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|
<tr><td><code>,</code></td><td><code>expr, expr</code></td><td>参数以及元素分隔符</td><td></td></tr>
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|
<tr><td><code>-</code></td><td><code>- expr</code></td><td>算术取负</td><td><code>Neg</code></td></tr>
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|
<tr><td><code>-</code></td><td><code>expr - expr</code></td><td>算术减法</td><td><code>Sub</code></td></tr>
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|
<tr><td><code>-=</code></td><td><code>var -= expr</code></td><td>算术减法与赋值</td><td><code>SubAssign</code></td></tr>
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|
<tr><td><code>-></code></td><td><code>fn(...) -> type</code>, <code>|…| -> type</code></td><td>函数与闭包的返回类型</td><td></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>.</code></td><td><code>expr.ident</code></td><td>字段访问</td><td></td></tr>
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|
|
<tr><td><code>.</code></td><td><code>expr.ident(expr, ...)</code></td><td>方法调用</td><td></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>.</code></td><td><code>expr.0</code>, <code>expr.1</code>, etc.</td><td>元组索引</td><td></td></tr>
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|
<tr><td><code>..</code></td><td><code>..</code>, <code>expr..</code>, <code>..expr</code>, <code>expr..expr</code></td><td>右开区间范围字面值</td><td><code>PartialOrd</code></td></tr>
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|
|
<tr><td><code>..=</code></td><td><code>..=expr</code>, <code>expr..=expr</code></td><td>右闭区间范围字面值</td><td><code>PartialOrd</code></td></tr>
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|
|
<tr><td><code>..</code></td><td><code>..expr</code></td><td>结构体更新语法</td><td></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>..</code></td><td><code>variant(x, ..)</code>, <code>struct_type { x, .. }</code></td><td>“与剩余部分” 的模式绑定</td><td></td></tr>
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|
|
<tr><td><code>...</code></td><td><code>expr...expr</code></td><td>（Deprecated，请使用 <code>..=</code>）在模式中：闭区间范围模式</td><td></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>/</code></td><td><code>expr / expr</code></td><td>算术除法</td><td><code>Div</code></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>/=</code></td><td><code>var /= expr</code></td><td>算术除法与赋值</td><td><code>DivAssign</code></td></tr>
|
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|
<tr><td><code>:</code></td><td><code>pat: type</code>, <code>ident: type</code></td><td>约束</td><td></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>:</code></td><td><code>ident: expr</code></td><td>结构体字段初始化</td><td></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>:</code></td><td><code>'a: loop {...}</code></td><td>循环标志</td><td></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>;</code></td><td><code>expr;</code></td><td>语句和语句结束符</td><td></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>;</code></td><td><code>[...; len]</code></td><td>固定大小数组语法的部分</td><td></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code><<</code></td><td><code>expr << expr</code></td><td>左移</td><td><code>Shl</code></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code><<=</code></td><td><code>var <<= expr</code></td><td>左移与赋值</td><td><code>ShlAssign</code></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code><</code></td><td><code>expr < expr</code></td><td>小于比较</td><td><code>PartialOrd</code></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code><=</code></td><td><code>expr <= expr</code></td><td>小于等于比较</td><td><code>PartialOrd</code></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>=</code></td><td><code>var = expr</code>, <code>ident = type</code></td><td>赋值/等值</td><td></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>==</code></td><td><code>expr == expr</code></td><td>等于比较</td><td><code>PartialEq</code></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>=></code></td><td><code>pat => expr</code></td><td>匹配分支语法的部分</td><td></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>></code></td><td><code>expr > expr</code></td><td>大于比较</td><td><code>PartialOrd</code></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>>=</code></td><td><code>expr >= expr</code></td><td>大于或等于比较</td><td><code>PartialOrd</code></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>>></code></td><td><code>expr >> expr</code></td><td>右移</td><td><code>Shr</code></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>>>=</code></td><td><code>var >>= expr</code></td><td>右移与赋值</td><td><code>ShrAssign</code></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>@</code></td><td><code>ident @ pat</code></td><td>模式绑定</td><td></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>^</code></td><td><code>expr ^ expr</code></td><td>按位异或</td><td><code>BitXor</code></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>^=</code></td><td><code>var ^= expr</code></td><td>按位异或与赋值</td><td><code>BitXorAssign</code></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>|</code></td><td><code>pat | pat</code></td><td>模式替代</td><td></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>|</code></td><td><code>expr | expr</code></td><td>按位或</td><td><code>BitOr</code></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>|=</code></td><td><code>var |= expr</code></td><td>按位或与赋值</td><td><code>BitOrAssign</code></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>||</code></td><td><code>expr || expr</code></td><td>短路（Short-circuiting）逻辑或</td><td></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>?</code></td><td><code>expr?</code></td><td>错误传播</td><td></td></tr>
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
<h3 id="非运算符符号"><a class="header" href="#非运算符符号">非运算符符号</a></h3>
|
|
|
<p>下面的列表中包含了所有和运算符不一样功能的符号；也就是说，它们不表现为函数或方法调用。</p>
|
|
|
<p>表 B-2 展示了以其自身出现以及出现在合法其他各个地方的符号。</p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="caption">表 B-2：独立语法</span></p>
|
|
|
<div class="table-wrapper">
|
|
|
<table>
|
|
|
<thead>
|
|
|
<tr><th>符号</th><th>解释</th></tr>
|
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>'ident</code></td><td>命名生命周期或循环标签</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>...u8</code>, <code>...i32</code>, <code>...f64</code>, <code>...usize</code> 等</td><td>指定类型的数值常量</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>"..."</code></td><td>字符串字面值</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>r"..."</code>, <code>r#"..."#</code>, <code>r##"..."##</code>, etc.</td><td>原始字符串字面值，未处理的转义字符</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>b"..."</code></td><td>字节字符串字面值; 构造一个字节数组类型而非字符串</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>br"..."</code>, <code>br#"..."#</code>, <code>br##"..."##</code> 等</td><td>原始字节字符串字面值，原始和字节字符串字面值的结合</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>'...'</code></td><td>字符字面值</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>b'...'</code></td><td>ASCII 码字节字面值</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>|…| expr</code></td><td>闭包</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>!</code></td><td>离散函数的总是为空的类型</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>_</code></td><td>“忽略” 模式绑定；也用于增强整型字面值的可读性</td></tr>
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
<p>表 B-3 展示了出现在从模块结构到项的路径上下文中的符号</p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="caption">表 B-3：路径相关语法</span></p>
|
|
|
<div class="table-wrapper">
|
|
|
<table>
|
|
|
<thead>
|
|
|
<tr><th>符号</th><th>解释</th></tr>
|
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>ident::ident</code></td><td>命名空间路径</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>::path</code></td><td>与 extern prelude 相对的路径，其他所有 crate 都以此为根（即一个包含 crate 名称的显式绝对路径）</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>self::path</code></td><td>与当前模块相对的路径（即一个显式相对路径）</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>super::path</code></td><td>与当前模块的父模块相对的路径</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>type::ident</code>, <code><type as trait>::ident</code></td><td>关联常量、函数以及类型</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code><type>::...</code></td><td>不可以被直接命名的关联项类型（如 <code><&T>::...</code>，<code><[T]>::...</code>，等）</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>trait::method(...)</code></td><td>通过命名定义的 trait 来消除方法调用的二义性</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>type::method(...)</code></td><td>通过命名定义的类型来消除方法调用的二义性</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code><type as trait>::method(...)</code></td><td>通过命名 trait 和类型来消除方法调用的二义性</td></tr>
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
<p>表 B-4 展示了用于泛型类型参数上下文中的符号。</p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="caption">表 B-4：泛型</span></p>
|
|
|
<div class="table-wrapper">
|
|
|
<table>
|
|
|
<thead>
|
|
|
<tr><th>符号</th><th>解释</th></tr>
|
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>path<...></code></td><td>为一个类型中的泛型指定具体参数（如 <code>Vec<u8></code>）</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>path::<...></code>, <code>method::<...></code></td><td>为一个泛型、函数或表达式中的方法指定具体参数，通常指 turbofish（如 <code>"42".parse::<i32>()</code>）</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>fn ident<...> ...</code></td><td>泛型函数定义</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>struct ident<...> ...</code></td><td>泛型结构体定义</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>enum ident<...> ...</code></td><td>泛型枚举定义</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>impl<...> ...</code></td><td>定义泛型实现</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>for<...> type</code></td><td>高级生命周期限制</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>type<ident=type></code></td><td>泛型，其一个或多个相关类型必须被指定为特定类型（如 <code>Iterator<Item=T></code>）</td></tr>
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
<p>表 B-5 展示了出现在使用 trait bound 约束泛型参数上下文中的符号。</p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="caption">表 B-5: Trait Bound 约束</span></p>
|
|
|
<div class="table-wrapper">
|
|
|
<table>
|
|
|
<thead>
|
|
|
<tr><th>符号</th><th>解释</th></tr>
|
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>T: U</code></td><td>泛型参数 <code>T</code> 约束于实现了 <code>U</code> 的类型</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>T: 'a</code></td><td>泛型 <code>T</code> 的生命周期必须长于 <code>'a</code>（意味着该类型不能传递包含生命周期短于 <code>'a</code> 的任何引用）</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>T: 'static</code></td><td>泛型 T 不包含除 <code>'static</code> 之外的借用引用</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>'b: 'a</code></td><td>泛型 <code>'b</code> 生命周期必须长于泛型 <code>'a</code></td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>T: ?Sized</code></td><td>使用一个不定大小的泛型类型</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>'a + trait</code>, <code>trait + trait</code></td><td>复合类型限制</td></tr>
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
<p>表 B-6 展示了在调用或定义宏以及在项上指定属性的上下文中出现的符号。</p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="caption">表 B-6: 宏与属性</span></p>
|
|
|
<div class="table-wrapper">
|
|
|
<table>
|
|
|
<thead>
|
|
|
<tr><th>符号</th><th>解释</th></tr>
|
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>#[meta]</code></td><td>外部属性</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>#![meta]</code></td><td>内部属性</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>$ident</code></td><td>宏替换</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>$ident:kind</code></td><td>宏捕获</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>$(…)…</code></td><td>宏重复</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>ident!(...)</code>, <code>ident!{...}</code>, <code>ident![...]</code></td><td>宏调用</td></tr>
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
<p>表 B-7 展示了创建注释的符号。</p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="caption">表 B-7: 注释</span></p>
|
|
|
<div class="table-wrapper">
|
|
|
<table>
|
|
|
<thead>
|
|
|
<tr><th>符号</th><th>注释</th></tr>
|
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>//</code></td><td>行注释</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>//!</code></td><td>内部行文档注释</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>///</code></td><td>外部行文档注释</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>/*...*/</code></td><td>块注释</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>/*!...*/</code></td><td>内部块文档注释</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>/**...*/</code></td><td>外部块文档注释</td></tr>
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
<p>表 B-8 展示了出现在使用圆括号上下文中的符号。</p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="caption">表 B-8: 圆括号</span></p>
|
|
|
<div class="table-wrapper">
|
|
|
<table>
|
|
|
<thead>
|
|
|
<tr><th>符号</th><th>解释</th></tr>
|
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>()</code></td><td>空元组（亦称单元），即是字面值也是类型</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>(expr)</code></td><td>括号表达式</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>(expr,)</code></td><td>单一元素元组表达式</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>(type,)</code></td><td>单一元素元组类型</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>(expr, ...)</code></td><td>元组表达式</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>(type, ...)</code></td><td>元组类型</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>expr(expr, ...)</code></td><td>函数调用表达式；也用于初始化元组结构体 <code>struct</code> 以及元组枚举 <code>enum</code> 变体</td></tr>
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
<p>表 B-9 展示了使用大括号的上下文。</p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="caption">表 B-9: 大括号</span></p>
|
|
|
<div class="table-wrapper">
|
|
|
<table>
|
|
|
<thead>
|
|
|
<tr><th>符号</th><th>解释</th></tr>
|
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>{...}</code></td><td>块表达式</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>Type {...}</code></td><td><code>struct</code> 字面值</td></tr>
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
<p>表 B-10 展示了使用方括号的上下文。</p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="caption">表 B-10: 方括号</span></p>
|
|
|
<div class="table-wrapper">
|
|
|
<table>
|
|
|
<thead>
|
|
|
<tr><th>符号</th><th>解释</th></tr>
|
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>[...]</code></td><td>数组字面值</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>[expr; len]</code></td><td>复制了 <code>len</code> 个 <code>expr</code> 的数组</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>[type; len]</code></td><td>包含 <code>len</code> 个 <code>type</code> 类型的数组</td></tr>
|
|
|
<tr><td><code>expr[expr]</code></td><td>集合索引。重载（<code>Index</code>, <code>IndexMut</code>）</td></tr>
|
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<tr><td><code>expr[..]</code>, <code>expr[a..]</code>, <code>expr[..b]</code>, <code>expr[a..b]</code></td><td>集合索引，使用 <code>Range</code>，<code>RangeFrom</code>，<code>RangeTo</code> 或 <code>RangeFull</code> 作为索引来代替集合 slice</td></tr>
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