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<main>
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<h2 id="安装"><a class="header" href="#安装">安装</a></h2>
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<!-- https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/main/src/ch01-01-installation.md -->
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<!-- a4f94174155ff413f23af936c3a31ab71f11cb6f -->
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<p>第一步是安装 Rust。我们会通过 <code>rustup</code> 下载 Rust，这是一个管理 Rust 版本和相关工具的命令行工具。下载时需要联网。</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>注意：如果你出于某些理由倾向于不使用 <code>rustup</code>，请到 <a href="https://forge.rust-lang.org/infra/other-installation-methods.html">Rust 的其他安装方法页面</a> 查看其它安装选项。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>接下来的步骤会安装最新的稳定版 Rust 编译器。Rust 的稳定性确保本书所有示例在最新版本的 Rust 中能够继续编译。不同版本的输出可能略有不同，因为 Rust 经常改进错误信息和警告。也就是说，任何通过这些步骤安装的最新稳定版 Rust，都应该能正常运行本书中的内容。</p>
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<blockquote>
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<h3 id="命令行标记"><a class="header" href="#命令行标记">命令行标记</a></h3>
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<p>本章和全书中，我们会展示一些在终端中使用的命令。所有需要输入到终端的行都以 <code>$</code> 开头。你不需要输入 <code>$</code> 字符；这里显示的 <code>$</code> 字符表示命令行提示符，仅用于提示每行命令的起点。不以 <code>$</code> 起始的行通常展示前一个命令的输出。另外，PowerShell 专用的示例会采用 <code>></code> 而不是 <code>$</code>。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h3 id="在-linux-或-macos-上安装-rustup"><a class="header" href="#在-linux-或-macos-上安装-rustup">在 Linux 或 macOS 上安装 <code>rustup</code></a></h3>
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<p>如果你使用 Linux 或 macOS，打开终端并输入如下命令：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-console">$ curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | sh
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</code></pre>
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<p>此命令下载一个脚本并开始安装 <code>rustup</code> 工具，这会安装最新稳定版 Rust。过程中可能会提示你输入密码。如果安装成功，将会出现如下内容：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-text">Rust is installed now. Great!
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</code></pre>
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<p>另外，你还需要一个 <em>链接器（linker）</em>，它是 Rust 用来将其编译的输出链接成一个文件的程序。很可能你已经有一个了。如果你遇到了链接器错误，请尝试安装一个 C 编译器，它通常包括一个链接器。C 编译器也很有用，因为一些常见的 Rust 包依赖于 C 代码，因此需要安装一个 C 编译器。</p>
|
|
|
<p>在 macOS 上，你可以通过运行以下命令获得 C 语言编译器：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ xcode-select --install
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>Linux 用户通常需要根据发行版（distribution）文档安装 GCC 或 Clang。比如，如果你使用 Ubuntu，可以安装 <code>build-essential</code> 包。</p>
|
|
|
<h3 id="在-windows-上安装-rustup"><a class="header" href="#在-windows-上安装-rustup">在 Windows 上安装 <code>rustup</code></a></h3>
|
|
|
<p>在 Windows 上，前往 <a href="https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install">https://www.rust-lang.org/install.html</a> 并按照说明安装 Rust。在安装过程的某个步骤，你会被提示要安装 Visual Studio。它提供了一个链接器和编译程序所需的原生库。如果你在此步骤需要更多帮助，请访问 <a href="https://rust-lang.github.io/rustup/installation/windows-msvc.html">https://rust-lang.github.io/rustup/installation/windows-msvc.html</a>。</p>
|
|
|
<p>本书的余下部分会使用能同时运行于 <em>cmd.exe</em> 和 PowerShell 的命令。如果存在特定差异，我们会解释使用哪一个。</p>
|
|
|
<h3 id="故障排除troubleshooting"><a class="header" href="#故障排除troubleshooting">故障排除（Troubleshooting）</a></h3>
|
|
|
<p>要检查是否正确安装了 Rust，打开命令行并输入：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ rustc --version
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>你应该可以看到按照以下格式显示的最新稳定版本的版本号、对应的 Commit Hash 和 Commit 日期：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-text">rustc x.y.z (abcabcabc yyyy-mm-dd)
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>如果看到了这样的信息，就说明 Rust 已经安装成功了！如果没看到，请按照下面说明的方法检查 Rust 是否在您的 <code>%PATH%</code> 系统变量中。</p>
|
|
|
<p>在 Windows CMD 中，请使用命令：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">> echo %PATH%
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>在 PowerShell 中，请使用命令：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-powershell">> echo $env:Path
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>在 Linux 和 macOS 中，请使用命令：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ echo $PATH
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>如果一切正确但 Rust 仍不能使用，有许多地方可以求助。您可以在<a href="https://www.rust-lang.org/community">社区页面</a>查看如何与其他 Rustaceans（Rust 用户的称号，有自嘲意味）联系。</p>
|
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|
<h2 id="更新与卸载"><a class="header" href="#更新与卸载">更新与卸载</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>通过 <code>rustup</code> 安装了 Rust 之后，更新到最新版本就很简单了。只需要在您对应的命令行中运行如下更新脚本：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ rustup update
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>若要卸载 Rust 和 <code>rustup</code>，请在命令行中运行如下卸载脚本：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ rustup self uninstall
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<h3 id="本地文档"><a class="header" href="#本地文档">本地文档</a></h3>
|
|
|
<p>安装程序也自带一份文档的本地拷贝，可以离线阅读。运行 <code>rustup doc</code> 在浏览器中查看本地文档。</p>
|
|
|
<p>任何时候，如果你拿不准标准库中的类型或函数的用途和用法，请查阅应用程序接口（application programming interface，API）文档！</p>
|
|
|
<h3 id="文本编辑器和集成开发环境integrated-development-environments-ide"><a class="header" href="#文本编辑器和集成开发环境integrated-development-environments-ide">文本编辑器和集成开发环境（Integrated Development Environments, IDE）</a></h3>
|
|
|
<p>本书不会假设你使用何种工具来编写 Rust 代码。几乎任何文本编辑器都可以搞定！然而，很多文本编辑器和集成开发环境（IDE）内置了 Rust 支持。你总是可以在 Rust 官网的<a href="https://www.rust-lang.org/tools">工具页面</a>找到很多相对流行的编辑器和 IDE 列表。</p>
|
|
|
<h3 id="离线使用本书"><a class="header" href="#离线使用本书">离线使用本书</a></h3>
|
|
|
<p>在一些示例中，我们将会使用标准库之外的 Rust 包。要运行这些示例，你需要保持网络连接，或者事先下载好这些依赖。要提前下载依赖，可以运行以下命令。（我们稍后会详细解释 <code>cargo</code> 是什么，以及这些命令分别的作用。）</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo new get-dependencies
|
|
|
$ cd get-dependencies
|
|
|
$ cargo add rand@0.8.5 trpl@0.2.0
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>这会将这些包的下载结果缓存起来，因此你之后就不需要再下载它们了。运行完该命令后，你无需保留 <code>get-dependencies</code> 文件夹。一旦你运行了这些命令，就可以在本书之后所有的 <code>cargo</code> 命令中，使用 <code>--offline</code> 参数来使用这些缓存的版本，而不必尝试使用网络。</p>
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