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<main>
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<h1 id="使用包crate-和模块管理不断增长的项目"><a class="header" href="#使用包crate-和模块管理不断增长的项目">使用包、Crate 和模块管理不断增长的项目</a></h1>
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<!-- https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/main/src/ch07-00-managing-growing-projects-with-packages-crates-and-modules.md -->
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<!-- commit 5d22a358fb2380aa3f270d7b6269b67b8e44849e -->
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<p>当你编写大型程序时，组织代码显得尤为重要。通过对相关功能进行分组和划分不同功能的代码，你可以清楚在哪里可以找到实现了特定功能的代码，以及在哪里可以改变一个功能的工作方式。</p>
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<p>到目前为止，我们编写的程序都在一个文件的一个模块中。伴随着项目的增长，你应该通过将代码分解为多个模块和多个文件来组织代码。一个包（package）可以包含多个二进制 crate 项和一个可选的库 crate。伴随着包的增长，你可以将包中的部分代码提取出来，做成独立的 crate，这些 crate 则作为外部依赖项。本章将会涵盖所有这些概念。对于一个由一系列相互关联的包组成的超大型项目，Cargo 提供了<strong>工作空间</strong>（<em>workspaces</em>）这一功能，我们将在第十四章的 <a href="ch14-03-cargo-workspaces.html">“Cargo Workspaces”</a> 对此进行讲解。</p>
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<p>我们也会讨论封装来实现细节，这可以让你在更高层面重用代码：你实现了一个操作后，其他的代码可以通过该代码的公共接口来进行调用，而不需要知道它是如何实现的。你在编写代码时可以定义哪些部分是其他代码可以使用的公共部分，以及哪些部分是你有权更改实现细节的私有部分。这是另一种减少你在脑海中记住项目内容数量的方法。</p>
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<p>这里有一个需要说明的概念 “作用域（scope）”：代码所在的嵌套上下文有一组定义为 “in scope” 的名称。当阅读、编写和编译代码时，程序员和编译器需要知道特定位置的特定名称是否引用了变量、函数、结构体、枚举、模块、常量或者其他有意义的项。你可以创建作用域，以及改变哪些名称在作用域内还是作用域外。同一个作用域内不能拥有两个相同名称的项；可以使用一些工具来解决名称冲突。</p>
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<p>Rust 有许多功能可以让你管理代码的组织，包括哪些细节可以被公开，哪些细节作为私有部分，以及程序中各个作用域中有哪些名称。这些特性，有时被统称为 “模块系统（the module system）”，包括：</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>包</strong>（<em>Packages</em>）：Cargo 的一个功能，它允许你构建、测试和分享 crate。</li>
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<li><strong>Crates</strong> ：一个模块的树形结构，它形成了库或可执行文件项目。</li>
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<li><strong>模块</strong>（<em>Modules</em>）和 <strong>use</strong>：允许你控制作用域和路径的私有性。</li>
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<li><strong>路径</strong>（<em>path</em>）：一个为例如结构体、函数或模块等项命名的方式。</li>
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</ul>
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<p>本章将会涵盖所有这些概念，讨论它们如何交互，并说明如何使用它们来管理作用域。到最后，你会对模块系统有深入的了解，并且能够像专业人士一样使用作用域！</p>
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