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<main>
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<h2 id="cargo-工作空间"><a class="header" href="#cargo-工作空间">Cargo 工作空间</a></h2>
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<!-- https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/main/src/ch14-03-cargo-workspaces.md -->
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<!-- commit 56ec353290429e6547109e88afea4de027b0f1a9 -->
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<p>第十二章中，我们构建一个包含二进制 crate 和库 crate 的包。你可能会发现，随着项目开发的深入，库 crate 持续增大，而你希望将其进一步拆分成多个库 crate。Cargo 提供了一个叫<strong>工作空间</strong>（<em>workspaces</em>）的功能，它可以帮助我们管理多个相关的协同开发的包。</p>
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<h3 id="创建工作空间"><a class="header" href="#创建工作空间">创建工作空间</a></h3>
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<p><strong>工作空间</strong>是一系列共享同样的 <em>Cargo.lock</em> 和输出目录的包。让我们使用工作空间创建一个项目 —— 这里采用常见的代码以便可以关注工作空间的结构。有多种组织工作空间的方式，所以我们只展示一个常用方法。我们的工作空间有一个二进制项目和两个库。二进制项目会提供主要功能，并会依赖另两个库。一个库会提供 <code>add_one</code> 方法而第二个会提供 <code>add_two</code> 方法。这三个 crate 将会是相同工作空间的一部分。让我们以新建工作空间目录开始：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-console">$ mkdir add
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$ cd add
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</code></pre>
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<p>接着在 <em>add</em> 目录中，创建 <em>Cargo.toml</em> 文件，用于配置整个整个工作空间。它不会包含 <code>[package]</code> 部分。相反，它以 <code>[workspace]</code> 部分作为开始，允许我们向工作区添加成员。我们还通过将 <code>resolver</code> 设置为 <code>"3"</code>，在工作区中使用 Cargo 最新且最强大的解析算法。</p>
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<p><span class="filename">文件名：Cargo.toml</span></p>
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<pre><code class="language-toml">[workspace]
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resolver = "3"
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</code></pre>
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<p>接下来，在 <em>add</em> 目录运行 <code>cargo new</code> 新建 <code>adder</code> 二进制 crate：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo new adder
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Creating binary (application) `adder` package
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Adding `adder` as member of workspace at `file:///projects/add`
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</code></pre>
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<p>在工作空间中运行 <code>cargo new</code> 也会自动将新建包加入到工作空间 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 的 <code>[workspace]</code> 定义的 <code>members</code> 键中，像这样：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-toml">[workspace]
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resolver = "3"
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members = ["adder"]
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</code></pre>
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|
|
<p>到此为止，可以运行 <code>cargo build</code> 来构建工作空间。<em>add</em> 目录中的文件应该看起来像这样：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-text">├── Cargo.lock
|
|
|
├── Cargo.toml
|
|
|
├── adder
|
|
|
│ ├── Cargo.toml
|
|
|
│ └── src
|
|
|
│ └── main.rs
|
|
|
└── target
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>工作空间在顶级目录只有一个 <em>target</em> 目录，用于存放编译生成的产物；<code>adder</code> 包并没有自己的 <em>target</em> 目录。即使进入 <em>adder</em> 目录运行 <code>cargo build</code>，构建结果也位于 <em>add/target</em> 而不是 <em>add/adder/target</em>。工作空间中的 crate 之间相互依赖。如果每个 crate 有其自己的 <em>target</em> 目录，为了在自己的 <em>target</em> 目录中生成构建结果，工作空间中的每一个 crate 都不得不相互重新编译其他 crate。通过共享一个 <em>target</em> 目录，工作空间可以避免其他 crate 重复构建。</p>
|
|
|
<h3 id="在工作空间中创建第二个包"><a class="header" href="#在工作空间中创建第二个包">在工作空间中创建第二个包</a></h3>
|
|
|
<p>接下来，让我们在工作空间中创建另一个成员包，并将其命名为 <code>add_one</code>。生成一个名为 <code>add_one</code> 的库 crate：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo new add_one --lib
|
|
|
Creating library `add_one` package
|
|
|
Adding `add_one` as member of workspace at `file:///projects/add`
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>现在顶层的 <em>Cargo.toml</em> 的 <code>members</code> 列表将会包含 <em>add_one</em> 路径：</p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="filename">文件名：Cargo.toml</span></p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[workspace]
|
|
|
resolver = "3"
|
|
|
members = ["adder", "add_one"]
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>现在 <em>add</em> 目录应该有如下目录和文件：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-text">├── Cargo.lock
|
|
|
├── Cargo.toml
|
|
|
├── add_one
|
|
|
│ ├── Cargo.toml
|
|
|
│ └── src
|
|
|
│ └── lib.rs
|
|
|
├── adder
|
|
|
│ ├── Cargo.toml
|
|
|
│ └── src
|
|
|
│ └── main.rs
|
|
|
└── target
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>在 <em>add_one/src/lib.rs</em> 文件中，增加一个 <code>add_one</code> 函数：</p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="filename">文件名：add_one/src/lib.rs</span></p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-rust noplayground">pub fn add_one(x: i32) -> i32 {
|
|
|
x + 1
|
|
|
}</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>现在我们能够拥有二进制 <code>adder</code> 包以及其依赖的 <code>add_one</code> 包了。首先需要在 <em>adder/Cargo.toml</em> 文件中增加 <code>add_one</code> 作为路径依赖：</p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="filename">文件名：adder/Cargo.toml</span></p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
|
|
|
add_one = { path = "../add_one" }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>cargo 并不假定工作空间中的 Crates 会相互依赖，所以需要显式表明工作空间中 crate 的依赖关系。</p>
|
|
|
<p>接下来，让我们在 <code>adder</code> crate 中使用（ <code>add_one</code> crate 中的）函数 <code>add_one</code>。打开 <em>adder/src/main.rs</em> 文件并修改 <code>main</code> 函数来调用 <code>add_one</code> 函数，如示例 14-7 所示。</p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="filename">文件名：adder/src/main.rs</span></p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-rust ignore">fn main() {
|
|
|
let num = 10;
|
|
|
println!("Hello, world! {num} plus one is {}!", add_one::add_one(num));
|
|
|
}</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p><span class="caption">示例 14-7：在 <code>adder</code> crate 中使用 <code>add_one</code> 库 crate</span></p>
|
|
|
<p>在顶层 <em>add</em> 目录中运行 <code>cargo build</code> 来构建工作空间！</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo build
|
|
|
Compiling add_one v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/add_one)
|
|
|
Compiling adder v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/adder)
|
|
|
Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.22s
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>为了在顶层 <em>add</em> 目录运行二进制 crate，可以通过 <code>-p</code> 参数和包名称来运行 <code>cargo run</code> 指定工作空间中我们希望使用的包：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo run -p adder
|
|
|
Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.00s
|
|
|
Running `target/debug/adder`
|
|
|
Hello, world! 10 plus one is 11!
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>这会运行 <em>adder/src/main.rs</em> 中的代码，其依赖 <code>add_one</code> crate。</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="在工作空间中依赖外部包"><a class="header" href="#在工作空间中依赖外部包">在工作空间中依赖外部包</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>还需注意的是工作空间只在根目录有一个 <em>Cargo.lock</em>，而不是在每一个 crate 目录都有 <em>Cargo.lock</em>。这确保了所有的 crate 都使用完全相同版本的依赖。如果在 <em>Cargo.toml</em> 和 <em>add_one/Cargo.toml</em> 中都增加 <code>rand</code> crate，则 Cargo 会将其都解析为同一版本并记录到唯一的 <em>Cargo.lock</em> 中。使得工作空间中的所有 crate 都使用相同的依赖意味着其中的 crate 都是相互兼容的。让我们在 <em>add_one/Cargo.toml</em> 中的 <code>[dependencies]</code> 部分增加 <code>rand</code> crate 以便能够在 <code>add_one</code> crate 中使用 <code>rand</code> crate：</p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="filename">文件名：add_one/Cargo.toml</span></p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
|
|
|
rand = "0.8.5"
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>现在就可以在 <em>add_one/src/lib.rs</em> 中增加 <code>use rand;</code> 了，接着在 <em>add</em> 目录运行 <code>cargo build</code> 构建整个工作空间就会引入并编译 <code>rand</code> crate。我们会收到一个警告，因为我们并没有引用已导入作用域的 <code>rand</code>：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo build
|
|
|
Updating crates.io index
|
|
|
Downloaded rand v0.8.5
|
|
|
--snip--
|
|
|
Compiling rand v0.8.5
|
|
|
Compiling add_one v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/add_one)
|
|
|
warning: unused import: `rand`
|
|
|
--> add_one/src/lib.rs:1:5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 | use rand;
|
|
|
| ^^^^
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
= note: `#[warn(unused_imports)]` on by default
|
|
|
|
|
|
warning: `add_one` (lib) generated 1 warning (run `cargo fix --lib -p add_one` to apply 1 suggestion)
|
|
|
Compiling adder v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/adder)
|
|
|
Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.95s
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>现在顶级的 <em>Cargo.lock</em> 包含了 <code>add_one</code> 的 <code>rand</code> 依赖的信息。然而，即使 <code>rand</code> 被用于工作空间的某处，也不能在其他 crate 中使用它，除非也在它们的 <em>Cargo.toml</em> 中加入 <code>rand</code>。例如，如果在顶级的 <code>adder</code> crate 的 <em>adder/src/main.rs</em> 中增加 <code>use rand;</code>，会得到一个错误：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo build
|
|
|
--snip--
|
|
|
Compiling adder v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/adder)
|
|
|
error[E0432]: unresolved import `rand`
|
|
|
--> adder/src/main.rs:2:5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 | use rand;
|
|
|
| ^^^^ no external crate `rand`
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>为了修复这个错误，修改顶级 <code>adder</code> crate 的 <em>Cargo.toml</em> 来表明 <code>rand</code> 也是这个 crate 的依赖。构建 <code>adder</code> crate 会将 <code>rand</code> 加入到 <em>Cargo.lock</em> 中 <code>adder</code> 的依赖列表中，但是这并不会下载 <code>rand</code> 的额外拷贝。Cargo 确保了工作空间中任何使用 <code>rand</code> 的 crate 都采用相同的版本，这节省了空间并确保了工作空间中的 crate 将是相互兼容的。</p>
|
|
|
<p>如果工作空间中的 crate 指定了不兼容的同一依赖的不同版本，Cargo 会解析它们，但仍会尽量减少解析的版本数量。</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="为工作空间增加测试"><a class="header" href="#为工作空间增加测试">为工作空间增加测试</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>作为另一个改进，让我们为 <code>add_one</code> crate 中的 <code>add_one::add_one</code> 函数增加一个测试：</p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="filename">文件名：add_one/src/lib.rs</span></p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-rust noplayground">pub fn add_one(x: i32) -> i32 {
|
|
|
x + 1
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
#[cfg(test)]
|
|
|
mod tests {
|
|
|
use super::*;
|
|
|
|
|
|
#[test]
|
|
|
fn it_works() {
|
|
|
assert_eq!(3, add_one(2));
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>在顶级 <em>add</em> 目录运行 <code>cargo test --workspace</code>。在像这样的工作空间结构中运行 <code>cargo test --workspace</code> 会运行工作空间中所有 crate 的测试。：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo test
|
|
|
Compiling add_one v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/add_one)
|
|
|
Compiling adder v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/adder)
|
|
|
Finished `test` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.20s
|
|
|
Running unittests src/lib.rs (target/debug/deps/add_one-93c49ee75dc46543)
|
|
|
|
|
|
running 1 test
|
|
|
test tests::it_works ... ok
|
|
|
|
|
|
test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
|
|
|
|
|
|
Running unittests src/main.rs (target/debug/deps/adder-3a47283c568d2b6a)
|
|
|
|
|
|
running 0 tests
|
|
|
|
|
|
test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
|
|
|
|
|
|
Doc-tests add_one
|
|
|
|
|
|
running 0 tests
|
|
|
|
|
|
test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>输出的第一部分显示 <code>add_one</code> crate 的 <code>it_works</code> 测试通过了。下一个部分显示 <code>adder</code> crate 中找到了零个测试，最后一部分显示 <code>add_one</code> crate 中有零个文档测试。</p>
|
|
|
<p>也可以选择运行工作空间中特定 crate 的测试，通过在根目录使用 <code>-p</code> 参数并指定希望测试的 crate 名称：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo test -p add_one
|
|
|
Finished `test` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.00s
|
|
|
Running unittests src/lib.rs (target/debug/deps/add_one-93c49ee75dc46543)
|
|
|
|
|
|
running 1 test
|
|
|
test tests::it_works ... ok
|
|
|
|
|
|
test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
|
|
|
|
|
|
Doc-tests add_one
|
|
|
|
|
|
running 0 tests
|
|
|
|
|
|
test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>输出显示了 <code>cargo test</code> 只运行了 <code>add_one</code> crate 的测试而没有运行 <code>adder</code> crate 的测试。</p>
|
|
|
<p>如果你选择向 <a href="https://crates.io/">crates.io</a> 发布工作空间中的 crate，每一个工作空间中的 crate 需要单独发布。就像 <code>cargo test</code> 一样，可以通过 <code>-p</code> 参数并指定期望发布的 crate 名来发布工作空间中的某个特定的 crate。</p>
|
|
|
<p>现在尝试以类似 <code>add_one</code> crate 的方式向工作空间增加 <code>add_two</code> crate 来作为更多的练习！</p>
|
|
|
<p>随着项目增长，考虑使用工作空间：每一个更小的组件比一大块代码要容易理解。如果它们经常需要同时被修改的话，将 crate 保持在工作空间中更易于协调 crate 的改变。</p>
|
|
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|
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