nomicon/vec-alloc.md

% Allocating Memory

So:

#![feature(heap_api)]

use std::rt::heap::EMPTY;
use std::mem;

impl<T> Vec<T> {
    fn new() -> Self {
        assert!(mem::size_of::<T>() != 0, "We're not ready to handle ZSTs");
        unsafe {
            // need to cast EMPTY to the actual ptr type we want, let
            // inference handle it.
            Vec { ptr: Unique::new(heap::EMPTY as *mut _), len: 0, cap: 0 }
        }
    }
}

I slipped in that assert there because zero-sized types will require some special handling throughout our code, and I want to defer the issue for now. Without this assert, some of our early drafts will do some Very Bad Things.

Next we need to figure out what to actually do when we do want space. For that, we'll need to use the rest of the heap APIs. These basically allow us to talk directly to Rust's instance of jemalloc.

We'll also need a way to handle out-of-memory conditions. The standard library calls the abort intrinsic, but calling intrinsics from normal Rust code is a pretty bad idea. Unfortunately, the abort exposed by the standard library allocates. Not something we want to do during oom! Instead, we'll call std::process::exit.

fn oom() {
    ::std::process::exit(-9999);
}

Okay, now we can write growing. Roughly, we want to have this logic:

if cap == 0:
    allocate()
    cap = 1
else
    reallocate
    cap *= 2

But Rust's only supported allocator API is so low level that we'll need to do a fair bit of extra work, though. We also need to guard against some special conditions that can occur with really large allocations. In particular, we index into arrays using unsigned integers, but ptr::offset takes signed integers. This means Bad Things will happen if we ever manage to grow to contain more than isize::MAX elements. Thankfully, this isn't something we need to worry about in most cases.

On 64-bit targets we're artifically limited to only 48-bits, so we'll run out of memory far before we reach that point. However on 32-bit targets, particularly those with extensions to use more of the address space, it's theoretically possible to successfully allocate more than isize::MAX bytes of memory. Still, we only really need to worry about that if we're allocating elements that are a byte large. Anything else will use up too much space.

However since this is a tutorial, we're not going to be particularly optimal here, and just unconditionally check, rather than use clever platform-specific cfgs.

fn grow(&mut self) {
    // this is all pretty delicate, so let's say it's all unsafe
    unsafe {
        let align = mem::min_align_of::<T>();
        let elem_size = mem::size_of::<T>();

        let (new_cap, ptr) = if self.cap == 0 {
            let ptr = heap::allocate(elem_size, align);
            (1, ptr)
        } else {
            // as an invariant, we can assume that `self.cap < isize::MAX`,
            // so this doesn't need to be checked.
            let new_cap = self.cap * 2;
            // Similarly this can't overflow due to previously allocating this
            let old_num_bytes = self.cap * elem_size;

            // check that the new allocation doesn't exceed `isize::MAX` at all
            // regardless of the actual size of the capacity. This combines the
            // `new_cap <= isize::MAX` and `new_num_bytes <= usize::MAX` checks
            // we need to make. We lose the ability to allocate e.g. 2/3rds of
            // the address space with a single Vec of i16's on 32-bit though.
            // Alas, poor Yorick -- I knew him, Horatio.
            assert!(old_num_bytes <= (::std::isize::MAX as usize) / 2,
                    "capacity overflow");

            let new_num_bytes = old_num_bytes * 2;
            let ptr = heap::reallocate(*self.ptr as *mut _,
                                        old_num_bytes,
                                        new_num_bytes,
                                        align);
            (new_cap, ptr)
        };

        // If allocate or reallocate fail, we'll get `null` back
        if ptr.is_null() { oom(); }

        self.ptr = Unique::new(ptr as *mut _);
        self.cap = new_cap;
    }
}

Nothing particularly tricky here. Just computing sizes and alignments and doing some careful multiplication checks.