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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../about-book.html">关于本书</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../into-rust.html">进入 Rust 编程世界</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../first-try/sth-you-should-not-do.html">避免从入门到放弃</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../community.html">社区和锈书</a></li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../some-thoughts.html">Xobserve: 一切皆可观测</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../beat-ai.html">BeatAI: 工程师 AI 入门圣经</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><li class="part-title">Rust 语言基础学习</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../first-try/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 寻找牛刀,以便小试</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../first-try/installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 安装 Rust 环境</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../first-try/editor.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 墙推 VSCode!</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../first-try/cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 认识 Cargo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../first-try/hello-world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> 不仅仅是 Hello world</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../first-try/slowly-downloading.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 下载依赖太慢了?</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../basic/intro.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Rust 基础入门</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/variable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 变量绑定与解构</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/base-type/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 基本类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/base-type/numbers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> 数值类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/base-type/char-bool.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> 字符、布尔、单元类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/base-type/statement-expression.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> 语句与表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/base-type/function.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.4.</strong> 函数</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/ownership/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 所有权和借用</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/ownership/ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.1.</strong> 所有权</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/ownership/borrowing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.2.</strong> 引用与借用</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/compound-type/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 复合类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/compound-type/string-slice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.1.</strong> 字符串与切片</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/compound-type/tuple.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.2.</strong> 元组</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/compound-type/struct.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.3.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/compound-type/enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.4.</strong> 枚举</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/compound-type/array.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.5.</strong> 数组</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/flow
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<h1 id="rust-基本概念"><a class="header" href="#rust-基本概念">Rust 基本概念</a></h1>
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<p>从现在开始,我们正式踏入了 Rust 大陆,这片广袤而神秘的世界,在这个世界中,将接触到很多之前都没有听过的概念:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>所有权、借用、生命周期</li>
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<li>宏编程</li>
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<li>模式匹配</li>
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</ul>
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<p>类似的还有很多,不过不用怕,引用武林外传一句话:咱上面有人。有本书在,一切虚妄终将烟消云散。</p>
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<p>本章主要介绍 Rust 的基础语法、数据类型、项目结构等,学完本章,你将对 Rust 代码有一个清晰、完整的认识。</p>
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<p>开始之前先通过一段代码来简单浏览下 Rust 的语法:</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">// Rust 程序入口函数,跟其它语言一样,都是 main,该函数目前无返回值
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fn main() {
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// 使用let来声明变量,进行绑定,a是不可变的
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// 此处没有指定a的类型,编译器会默认根据a的值为a推断类型:i32,有符号32位整数
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// 语句的末尾必须以分号结尾
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let a = 10;
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// 主动指定b的类型为i32
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let b: i32 = 20;
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// 这里有两点值得注意:
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// 1. 可以在数值中带上类型:30i32表示数值是30,类型是i32
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// 2. c是可变的,mut是mutable的缩写
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let mut c = 30i32;
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// 还能在数值和类型中间添加一个下划线,让可读性更好
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let d = 30_i32;
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// 跟其它语言一样,可以使用一个函数的返回值来作为另一个函数的参数
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let e = add(add(a, b), add(c, d));
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// println!是宏调用,看起来像是函数但是它返回的是宏定义的代码块
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// 该函数将指定的格式化字符串输出到标准输出中(控制台)
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// {}是占位符,在具体执行过程中,会把e的值代入进来
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println!("( a + b ) + ( c + d ) = {}", e);
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}
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// 定义一个函数,输入两个i32类型的32位有符号整数,返回它们的和
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fn add(i: i32, j: i32) -> i32 {
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// 返回相加值,这里可以省略return
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i + j
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}</code></pre></pre>
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<blockquote>
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<p>注意
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在上面的 <code>add</code> 函数中,不要为 <code>i+j</code> 添加 <code>;</code>,这会改变语法导致函数返回 <code>()</code> 而不是 <code>i32</code>,具体参见<a href="https://course.rs/basic/base-type/statement-expression.html">语句和表达式</a>。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>有几点可以留意下:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>字符串使用双引号 <code>""</code> 而不是单引号 <code>''</code>,Rust 中单引号是留给单个字符类型(<code>char</code>)使用的</li>
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<li>Rust 使用 <code>{}</code> 来作为格式化输出占位符,其它语言可能使用的是 <code>%s</code>,<code>%d</code>,<code>%p</code> 等,由于 <code>println!</code> 会自动推导出具体的类型,因此无需手动指定</li>
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