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<h1 id="rust-基本概念"><a class="header" href="#rust-基本概念">Rust 基本概念</a></h1>
<p>从现在开始,我们正式踏入了 Rust 大陆,这片广袤而神秘的世界,在这个世界中,将接触到很多之前都没有听过的概念:</p>
<ul>
<li>所有权、借用、生命周期</li>
<li>宏编程</li>
<li>模式匹配</li>
</ul>
<p>类似的还有很多,不过不用怕,引用武林外传一句话:咱上面有人。有本书在,一切虚妄终将烟消云散。</p>
<p>本章主要介绍 Rust 的基础语法、数据类型、项目结构等,学完本章,你将对 Rust 代码有一个清晰、完整的认识。</p>
<p>开始之前先通过一段代码来简单浏览下 Rust 的语法:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">// Rust 程序入口函数,跟其它语言一样,都是 main该函数目前无返回值
fn main() {
// 使用let来声明变量进行绑定a是不可变的
// 此处没有指定a的类型编译器会默认根据a的值为a推断类型i32有符号32位整数
// 语句的末尾必须以分号结尾
let a = 10;
// 主动指定b的类型为i32
let b: i32 = 20;
// 这里有两点值得注意:
// 1. 可以在数值中带上类型:30i32表示数值是30类型是i32
// 2. c是可变的mut是mutable的缩写
let mut c = 30i32;
// 还能在数值和类型中间添加一个下划线,让可读性更好
let d = 30_i32;
// 跟其它语言一样,可以使用一个函数的返回值来作为另一个函数的参数
let e = add(add(a, b), add(c, d));
// println!是宏调用,看起来像是函数但是它返回的是宏定义的代码块
// 该函数将指定的格式化字符串输出到标准输出中(控制台)
// {}是占位符在具体执行过程中会把e的值代入进来
println!("( a + b ) + ( c + d ) = {}", e);
}
// 定义一个函数输入两个i32类型的32位有符号整数返回它们的和
fn add(i: i32, j: i32) -&gt; i32 {
// 返回相加值这里可以省略return
i + j
}</code></pre></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>注意
在上面的 <code>add</code> 函数中,不要为 <code>i+j</code> 添加 <code>;</code>,这会改变语法导致函数返回 <code>()</code> 而不是 <code>i32</code>,具体参见<a href="https://course.rs/basic/base-type/statement-expression.html">语句和表达式</a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>有几点可以留意下:</p>
<ul>
<li>字符串使用双引号 <code>""</code> 而不是单引号 <code>''</code>Rust 中单引号是留给单个字符类型(<code>char</code>)使用的</li>
<li>Rust 使用 <code>{}</code> 来作为格式化输出占位符,其它语言可能使用的是 <code>%s</code><code>%d</code><code>%p</code> 等,由于 <code>println!</code> 会自动推导出具体的类型,因此无需手动指定</li>
</ul>
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